超导电缆液氮减压制冷研究

制冷系统是实现高温超导电缆运行的最基本保障,制冷系统传热效率直接关系到超导电缆运行的稳定性和经济性,随着高温超导技术的不断进步,超导临界温度已升至液氮温区,液氮具有自然资源丰富、成本低廉等特点,使高温超导电缆工业化应用成为可能,液氮减压制冷技术已经成为高温超导技术的重要研究方向。本文介绍了超导电缆制冷系统,包括制冷机直接制冷方式和液氮减压过冷方式的工作结构,对液氮减压制冷方式进行计算分析和成本核算,探讨了液氮减压制冷在超导电缆低温传热研究中尚需解决的关键问题。     

超导电缆绝缘及其材料性能

在26篇文献的基础上综述了超导电缆本体及终端结构和绝缘特点。分析了不同绝缘结构的特点及主要绝缘材料常温和低温条件下的电气及机械性能。固体绝缘在低温下具有更优异的电气性能,但机械性能下降。EPR绝缘在液氮低温下的机械性能优于同条件下PE及XLPE的性能。液氮浸渍复合绝缘结构较易产生局部放电,纤维基绝缘材料的耐局部放电性能比薄膜材料差。提高液氮浸渍复合绝缘中液氮的压力可提高绝缘层局部放电的起始放电电压。     

超导电缆终端系统的设计与应用

高温超导材料在液氮温度下具有零电阻特性和完全抗磁性,使用高温超导材料制备的超导电缆具有大容量、低损耗等特点,在未来城市电网建设中具有重要意义。超导电缆系统通常由电缆本体、终端系统、制冷系统和监控系统构成。其中,终端系统是超导电缆本体、高压电网和制冷系统三者的汇接处,对于超导电缆系统的运行和性能具有重要影响。因此,本文在国内外文献的基础上介绍了超导电缆终端系统设计和应用的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

高温超导输电电缆的研究情况

介绍了当今研制的无损耗,大容量高温超导输电电缆的结构和性能。综述了其终端设备及世界各国的研制情况,并提出目前高温超导输电电缆在实际应用中存在的问题。     

超高分子量聚乙烯用作低温电缆绝缘的试验研究

为了解决固体合成绝缘材料低温下的脆裂问题,本文研究了超高分子量聚乙烯用作低温电缆绝缘层的可能性。通过试验比较了各种电缆绝缘材料在低温下的脆裂情况,并在液氮温区中测定了 UHMW-PE 的电气绝缘性能。试验结果是满意的。     

超导直流电缆低温绝缘材料的研究进展

随着柔性直流输电技术的发展,高温超导(HTS)直流电缆研究越来越受到各界重视。与超导交流电缆相比,低温绝缘结构HTS直流电缆损耗更低、传输容量更大,是HTS直流电缆的重要发展方向。本文在查阅国内外大量文献资料的基础上,结合绝缘介质在直流电场下暂态和稳态时的电场分布特点,综合考虑低温绝缘材料力学性能、绝缘特性、成本等因素,综述了HTS直流电缆低温绝缘材料的研究进展、存在的问题和发展趋势。     

高温超导输电电缆的研究情况

介绍了当今研制的无损耗、大容量高温超导输电电缆的结构与性能。综述了其终端设备及世界各国的研制情况，并提出目前高温超导输电电缆在实际应用中存在的问题。     

超导屏蔽对低温绝缘超导电缆运行性状的影响

从理论上证明三相系统用低温绝缘(CD)高温超导电缆在屏蔽层互联和特定敷设条件下可以达到屏蔽电流与导体电流量值相等、相位相反,实现屏蔽处无磁场的理想运行状态。可以用于CD绝缘超导电缆的结构和CD绝缘超导电缆线路电气参数的确定。     

320kV国产交联聚乙烯绝缘料高压直流电缆设计

为促进国产交联聚乙烯绝缘料在高压直流电缆绝缘中的应用,根据实验数据推导出国产交联聚乙烯绝缘料的电导率方程,得到了电导率与温度和电场之间的关系;实验测得五种不同厚度薄试样的击穿场强,根据双参数威布尔分布推导出绝缘料的击穿场强与厚度的关系,得出厚度为26 mm下绝缘材料的击穿场强;根据TICW 7.2标准设计出320 kV高压直流电缆的结构,利用Comsol Multiphysics软件仿真得出电缆在不同负荷状态下的电场和温度场分布。仿真结果表明:当导体绝缘内温差大于5.3℃时,绝缘外部场强开始高于内部场强;当导体温度为70℃时,绝缘内部电场最大值为15.1 kV/mm,远低于材料的击穿场强。通过仿真分析,为成功设计320 kV高压直流电缆提供参考。     

高温超导电缆的本体结构及基本设计原理

作为一种新型的输电方式,高温超导输电是当前最为热点的研究方向之一。相比于传统的输电方式,高温超导技术输电在能效上更有优势。本文简要介绍了高温超导电缆的结构,重点介绍了支撑体、载流层及绝缘层设计的基本原理,为高温超导电缆的研究提供基础理论支撑。     

Verification tests and insulation design method of cold dielectric superconducting cable

A High‐Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable has a bulk power transmission capacity as a candidate for the replacement of aged cables and/or for the increase of the power transmission capacity, and its diameter is preferred to be smaller than the inner diameter of the duct for the existing cables. To reduce the diameter of HTS cable, the cold dielectric (CD)‐type electrical insulation in which a cable core is immersed into liquid nitrogen (LN₂) should be adopted, and the thickness of its electrical insulation layer has to be optimized. Since a partial discharge (PD) in the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable is considered as a major cause for the aging of the insulation layer, PD‐free design must be adopted for the CD‐type HTS cable. This paper describes a design method for the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable adopting the PD‐free design under AC stress, based on the experimental results such as a PD inception stress (PDIE), an impulse breakdown stress, and PD extinction characteristics under AC stress superimposed with an impulse stress. Moreover, the proposed design method was applied to a 500‐m HTS cable and was verified by a field test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 25–36, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20512     

Electrical insulation characteristics of cold dielectric high temperature superconducting cable

For the optimization of electrical insulation design for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, evaluation of electrical insulation characteristics especially for butt gap of LN/sub 2/ impregnated cold dielectric (CD) which consists of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ plays an important role. This paper presents partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown characteristics in LN/sub 2/ impregnated butt gap model which modeled a weak point of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ and cable model with short length with polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP/sup /spl reg//), Nomex/sup /spl reg// paper and cellulose paper. PD current pulse was found to have a steep rise time of /spl sim/ ns and amplitude of /spl sim/ tens /spl mu/A at PD inception voltage region. Little dependency of breakdown stress on the insulating material is found. PD inception stress is almost independent of insulation thickness of 1 to 3 mm. The requirement insulation thickness for 66 kV class HTS cable is estimated to be /spl sim/ 5 mm under PD-free condition from viewpoint of long-term reliability.     

高温超导变压器关键技术

由于超导材料的无阻载流特性,其在超导电缆、超导限流器、超导变压器、超导储能、超导电机等超导电力装置中的应用引起人们极大兴趣。其中超导变压器具有体积小、重量轻、损耗低、无火灾隐患、无环境污染和低漏抗等特点。简要介绍了高温超导变压器基本结构,重点介绍了变压器研发过程中的关键技术问题,包括液氮和气氮低温绝缘特性、超导绕组损耗分析、电流引线设计、非金属低温容器设计等,为高温超导变压器的研发提供有用的参考。     

Prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena under uniform field in liquid nitrogen and comparison with mineral oil

This paper presents a study of breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena (streamers) in liquid nitrogen and mineral oil under quasi uniform electric field, under ac and impulse voltage. Streamers preceding breakdown are studied up to 0.5 MPa by high-speed visualization and recording of emitted light. In these conditions, breakdown in LN/sub 2/ is mainly due to negative streamers, initiated at lower voltage than the corresponding positive voltage. Hydrostatic pressure has a limited effect on breakdown voltage, such as in mineral oil. It is shown that the ratio of impulse to ac breakdown voltage in LN/sub 2/ is surprisingly low (close to 1), whereas in the same conditions ac breakdown voltage in mineral oil is lower than impulse breakdown voltage. Practical consequences for the design of HV insulation in superconducting systems are discussed.     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of TR-XLPE and XLPE cables with Super-smooth conductor shields

This paper provides data on four commercial tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and one cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated 15 kV cables supplied by three manufacturers. The cables have "super-smooth" conductor shields and "extra-clean" insulation and insulation shields. AC and impulse voltage breakdown and selected other characterization data are presented for cables that were aged immersed in room temperature water (15-30/spl deg/C) up to 24 months of a planned 48 months aging program. The five cables have high ac voltage breakdown strength, three of the TR-XLPE cables, actually increased in breakdown strength during aging. The one TR-XLPE cable that had the lowest ac voltage breakdown had vented trees at the insulation shield and high dissipation factor, which the other cables did not have. The impulse voltage breakdown strength of all cables decreased during aging; the cable with the lowest ac voltage breakdown also has the lowest impulse voltage breakdown. The dissimilar performance of the TR-XLPE cables and the excellent performance of the XLPE cable indicates evaluations at longer times are required to differentiate between modern TR-XLPE and XLPE insulated cables.     

高压直流电缆用纳米复合聚乙烯的研究

高压直流电缆运行中的温度梯度效应导致电缆外绝缘层场强严重畸变,降低了绝缘的电气强度和使用寿命。通过添加1%纳米填料制备复合低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)绝缘材料,能有效消弱温度梯度场对LDPE绝缘中场强的畸变特性。同时,添加1%的纳米填料,不但未改变LDPE的直流击穿强度,且体积电阻率略有增加。     

Impulse breakdown superposed on ac voltage in XLPE cable insulation

This paper discusses tree inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of XLPE cable insulation subjected to impulse voltages superimposed on ac voltage. The tree initiation tests were performed on laboratory-molded specimens equipped with needle electrodes, whereas the breakdown tests were conducted on a full-sized cable. The impulse tree initiation stress was found to be dependent on the magnitude of the pre-applied ac stress and the relative polarities of the impulse and the ac peak at the instant of their superposition. Although the impulse polarity has an effect on the tree inception, the general behavior is that the tree inception stress always decreases with an increase of the pre-applied ac stress. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of the space charge effect and the influence of the impulse voltage application itself. The impulse strength of a full-sized cable insulation was found to be independent of the pre-applied ac stress as long as that stress did not exceed the operating stress of a 500 kV cable insulation. However, subjecting cable insulation to higher ac stresses before impulse application caused a reduction of its breakdown strength as compared with the insulation without ac prestressing     

Partial discharge inception characteristics under butt gap condition in liquid nitrogen/ PPLP/sup /spl reg// composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting cable

The partial discharge (PD) inception characteristics are studied in liquid nitrogen (LN/sub 2/)/polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP/sup /spl reg//) composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable. Experimental results revealed that the magnitude of the initial PD increased as the PD inception electric field strength was increased, because the injected energy increased. Initial PD was generated at the first and third quadrant of applied AC voltage phase. The probability of initial PD at the positive and negative voltage phase was almost the same. The reason is because liquid nitrogen is a nonpolar molecule and we used symmetric electrode configuration with uniform electric field distribution. Finally, it was pointed out that PD inception electric field strength (PDIE) depended on the volume of the butt gap because of the increasing probability of weak points of electrical insulation, and PDIE linearly decreased with increasing stressed volume of the butt gap in the log-log scale.     

Influence of post-manufacturing residual mechanical stress andcrosslinking by-products on dielectric strength of HV extruded cables

Residual mechanical stresses from manufacturing always exist in freshly extruded HV cables. These stresses are not uniformly distributed in the cable insulation bulk material. Five different HV cables were analyzed with respect to residual mechanical stresses and dielectric breakdown strength. Photoelastic measurements have been carried out and show that maximum residual stresses range from 4.5 to 6 MPa and are located near the conductor shield. Breakdown strength measurements with respect to mechanical stresses have also been performed up to, and above the maximum stresses observed. A significant decrease in ac breakdown strength was observed for stresses higher than 6 MPa. Typical crosslinking by-products from dicumyl peroxide (DCP) have been measured by FTIR spectroscopy at five radial positions in the insulation bulk. Measured by-products consisted in acetophenone and cumyl alcohol. FTIR measurements show that crosslinking by-products content is higher in the bulk of the insulation than near the conductor and insulation shields thus showing a diffusion process. Moreover, residual amount of cumyl alcohol is generally between 1 and 3 times that of acetophenone. No important effect of both by-products on the ac dielectric breakdown strength was observed     

Development of 3‐in‐one high‐temperature superconducting cable

A three‐in‐one HTS cable has been developed. Its cable core is composed of a conductor and a shield wound with BSCCO and electrical insulation of the PPLP. The three cable cores are covered in thermal insulated stainless corrugated pipes. The BSCCO wires represent a dramatic innovation by virtue of a newly developed process named Controlled Over‐Pressure (CT‐OP). As a new cable technology, a 350‐m thermal insulation pipe was tested for 7 months to find that the life of the vacuum intensity is more than 10 years. The HTS cable with tension members was designed for installation into an underground duct. In addition, a fault current of 23 kA, 0.63 s, was applied to a sample cable with no damage to the BSCCO wires or the cable insulation. These technologies will be applied to the Albany project in the USA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(1): 15–24, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20577