香溪河水质的平面二维数值模拟

三峡工程建成后改变了三峡库区及长江支流的水动力条件,对水生态环境产生重要影响,导致近年来水华现象频繁发生.该文采用空气动力学数值格式的平面二维水质模型对香溪河的水流水质进行了模拟研究,并采用2007年9月～10月和2008年6月～7月香溪河的水质监测数据对此模型进行了率定和验证.计算结果表明:该模型可以准确地模拟香溪河水流水质时空分布,并验证了流速是诱发香溪河水华发生的重要因素,且0.03 m/s为香溪河水华发生的临界流速;香溪河的营养物质浓度在水华期间处于动态变化中,特别是上游河段的浓度受来流所含营养物质浓度的影响明显,此研究结果可为三峡库区水质管理提供相关科学依据.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究

针对三峡水库蓄水运行后支流库湾春季水华频现问题,利用CE-QUAL-W2模型建立了香溪河-三峡库区整体立面二维水动力数学模型,对三峡水电站不同开机数量和春季不同水文条件下的香溪河库湾流速进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:香溪河上游来流量较小时,滞留区表层流速小于香溪河库湾水华的临界流速0.05 m/s;而香溪河上游来流量增大到合适的值时,香溪河滞留区表层流速可大于0.05 m/s;仅利用三峡电站小幅度日调节对支流库湾流速的改善效果十分有限,而利用干支流水库对香溪河库湾流速的联合调控效果明显,可控制三峡水库香溪河库湾水华爆发。     

三峡电站日调度驱动的支流振荡对支流水温垂向结构的影响

三峡电站日调度驱动的重力波对其支流动力过程造成显著影响,其中的高频水流波动会显著影响支流库湾的物质、能量等垂向扩散和输运过程,进而影响水华暴发等环境问题。基于三峡水库香溪河支流2021年蓄水期末的水动力及水温垂向结构监测数据,分析了三峡电站日调度驱动的支流库湾高频振荡对水温结构的影响。研究发现,三峡出库流量日波动驱动支流水位也呈日波动和高频波动特征,其中水位日波动振幅约0.3~0.5 m,高频水位波幅约0.04 m。库湾底层水温高频波动比中上层更加明显,与香溪河库湾水深从河口向上游逐渐变浅有关系。支流近底水温波动功率谱分析显示,香溪河湍流耗散速率(6.5×10^-7 W/kg)明显高出一般水库的近底耗散率,表明水库调度驱动的水体高频波动导致较强的湍流发育和耗散。     

三峡蓄水过程对香溪河水文特性的影响

三峡蓄水后,库区支流水文条件发生了巨大变化,导致库区支流多次发生水华现象,为研究三峡蓄水后库区支流水文特性的变化,以香溪河为例,建立了香溪河及其长江段的水文模型,重点分析了三峡坝前水位及其变化与长江来流对香溪河水文特性的影响,结果表明:根据坝前水位的不同可以将香溪河分为河道区,过渡区以及回水影响区,回水影响区的流速较小,一般在0.01m/s左右;长江来流仅影响香溪河河口处的小部分区域,主要集中在距香溪河河口处约0.15km处,流速因受到长江来流的影响而有所偏转,流速增大。香溪河由原来的天然河道性质逐步转变为水库湖泊性质。     

三峡水库春季调度对香溪河水动力场的影响

为了研究香溪河库湾水体富营养化的问题,采用数值模拟的方法分析了香溪河库湾春季水动力场的特点,并按照持续抬高和降低三峡水库水位两种工况研究了香溪河水动力场的变化。结果表明:①春季香溪河库湾水体存在着明显的分层异向流动,主要表现为表层水体由长江干流流向库湾,长江干流与库湾支流水体的交换作用明显;②水位持续下降或者持续上升的调度方式会对香溪河水动力场产生一定的影响,不仅使水体流向发生改变的位置有所变化,而且明显改变了库湾中上游水体流速,主要是表层水体流速;③水位持续下降会对水体分层流动产生抑制作用,而水位持续上升会促进水体的分层流动。     

粒子轨迹跟踪模型在香溪河 试验中的应用

应用三维动力学模型ELcirc及粒子轨迹跟踪模型模拟2007年9～10月三峡库区支流香溪河的水流及水藻颗粒的输移。结果表明：长江干流水体倒灌入香溪库湾产生的回流使藻类颗粒向上游运动造成了水华爆发。此三维粒子轨迹跟踪模型可以较好地模拟水华过程，所得结论可供相关研究人员参考。     

三峡水库调峰运行下的香溪河水动力二维数值模拟

为研究三峡水库调峰运行方式对库区支流香溪河水动力特性的影响,建立了非恒定流二维水动力模型.利用该模型计算了三峡水库在双峰调节运行方式下,香溪河的水位、流速、流量变化过程,分析了三峡水库调峰运行时导致的波动性对香溪河流场的影响程度.结果表明:水库调峰运行可以显著增强库区和支流的水位波动,促进水体交换.     

长江口盐和泥沙密度分层对垂向紊动扩散的影响

为研究河口水域盐和泥沙的垂向密度分层对垂向紊动扩散的影响,基于长江口北槽12.5 m深水航道南侧的实测水沙盐资料,分析长江口北槽水域的盐度及含沙量垂向分布特征,并利用Richardson数和PP81方案的零方程模型计算垂向紊动扩散系数,研究北槽水域盐和泥沙的垂向密度分层对垂向紊动扩散的影响。结果表明：盐和泥沙垂向密度分层影响下,长江口北槽河段沿程水体的垂向紊动扩散系数由近底层向近表层增大,水体中盐和泥沙等物质的垂向密度分层在北槽中下游河段对水体垂向紊动扩散产生较为明显的抑制作用;盐的垂向密度分层对水体垂向紊动扩散系数的抑制影响程度为大潮小于小潮、涨潮大于落潮;泥沙垂向密度分层的抑制影响为大潮大于小潮、涨潮大于落潮;盐的垂向密度分层是抑制水体垂向紊动扩散的主要因素,清水和盐水条件下的垂向紊动扩散系数比值最大可达5;泥沙的抑制作用相对较弱,清水和浑水条件下的水体垂向紊动扩散系数比值最大为2,垂向紊动抑制影响最大区域出现在近底层;盐和泥沙综合作用下的垂向密度分层,对物质垂向紊动扩散抑制程度更为明显,抑制前后物质垂向紊动扩散系数的比值在北槽中段的近底层达到最大值（约22）。     

水动力调控：抑制三峡库区支流水华的路径

三峡水利枢纽工程是治理开发长江的关键性骨干工程，在防洪、发电、航运等方面有着巨大的综合效益。但与此同时，三峡工程也为长江生态环境带来深远影响。其中，三峡水库建成后库区支流水华问题成为社会关注的一个焦点。自2003年三峡水库蓄水以来，由于库区水位抬升，库区水流减缓、紊动扩散能力降低,导致水体自净能力减弱和污染物在支流库湾的滞留。尽管目前三峡库区干流水质保持良好，但是库湾水质呈现不同程度下降，许多支流甚至频繁发生水华。     

水动力调控:抑制三峡库区支流水华的路径

三峡水利枢纽工程是治理开发长江的关键性骨干工程,在防洪、发电、航运等方面有着巨大的综合效益.但与此同时,三峡工程也为长江生态环境带来深远影响.其中,三峡水库建成后库区支流水华问题成为社会关注的一个焦点.自2003年三峡水库蓄水以来,由于库区水位抬升,库区水流减缓、紊动扩散能力降低,导致水体自净能力减弱和污染物在支流库湾的滞留.尽管目前三峡库区干流水质保持良好,但是库湾水质呈现不同程度下降,许多支流甚至频繁发生水华.     

Prediction of chlorophyll a concentration using HJ-1 satellite imagery for Xiangxi Bay in Three Gorges Reservoir简

Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003, algal blooms have frequently been observed in it. The chlorophyll a concentration is an important parameter for evaluating algal blooms. In this study, the chlorophyll a concentration in Xiangxi Bay, in the Three Gorges Reservoir, was predicted using HJ-1 satellite imagery. Several models were established based on a correlation analysis between in situ measurements of the chlorophyll a concentration and the values obtained from satellite images of the study area from January 2010 to December 2011. Chlorophyll a concentrations in Xiangxi Bay were predicted based on the established models. The results show that the maximum correlation is between the reflectance of the band combination of B4/（B2＋B3） and in situ measurements of chlorophyll a concentration. The root mean square errors of the predicted values using the linear and quadratic models are 18.49 mg/m3 and 18.52 mg/m3, respectively, and the average relative errors are 37.79% and 36.79%, respectively. The results provide a reference for water bloom prediction in typical tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir and contribute to large-scale remote sensing monitoring and water quality management.     

Driving factors of the flushing time of bays formed where tributaries enter a reservoir

Flushing time is an integrative parameter that can represent water exchange capacity and sensitivity to pollution threats. As bays formed where tributaries enter the Three Gorges Reservoir of China have experienced frequent algal blooms over the past decade, we examine the spatially variable flushing time of a typical tributary bay (Xiangxi Bay) by numerical tracer experiments. First, the tracer concentration reduction could be approximated well by a double exponential decay curve, and the local flushing time of Xiangxi Bay is determined using key flushing coefficients. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of upstream inflow, temperature difference, wind, water level of the reservoir, and daily water level fluctuation on the spatial variation in local flushing time. Finally, according to local flushing time values and the sensitivity analysis results, the bay can be generally characterized by three zones: riverine, transitional, and mainstream‐influenced zones. In particular, the local flushing times in the riverine zone are mainly affected by the upstream inflow. The difference in temperature between the reservoir mainstream and Xiangxi Bay is the main forcing in the transitional and mainstream‐influenced zones. This study is the first to investigate different driving factors for flushing time in a typical reservoir tributary bay. The findings provide insights on the transport processes in such water bodies, suggesting the possibility of using the longitudinal zonation of flushing time for reservoir management.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾富营养化状态的评价研究

以2008年三峡水库一级支流香溪河库湾为研究对象,在野外监测的基础上,对该库湾的富营养状态进行了评价研究。研究表明,整个库湾已呈现中度富营养化。库湾上游区域富营养化程度较下游区域严重,其中上游回水末端XX09和XX10样点富营养化程度最严重。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水环境容量研究

三峡水库蓄水后,水库回水区的水文情势发生了显著变化,香溪河库湾受回水顶托,营养物质大量富集,致使该库湾的许多污染指标超标,直接威胁流域生态、经济的可持续发展.欲有效地改善香溪河库湾水环境质量,必须研究库湾的水环境容量,并以此作为污染防治的依据,对主要污染物实行总量控制.通过对香溪河库湾水质野外监测和数据分析,表明主要污染物为PO4、NH4.应用WASP水质模型,对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行水质模拟.根据水质模拟结果,采用解析法、功能区段首控制法定量计算出了香溪河库湾各功能控制区段的水环境容量,各控制区污染物应削减量或可新增加量,并初步地提出了一些相应的污染治理措施.     

Eutrophication model for river-type reservoir tributaries and its applications

With the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, algal blooms have been found in some tributaries. In this study, according to the theoretical analysis of the eutrophication mechanismin a river-type reservoir tributary, a one-dimensional eutrophication model was developed for the Xiangxi River tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on the primary growth rate of algae was investigated. Furthermore, numericalpredictions of hydraulic variables and eutrophication factors, such as the concentration distribution of TP, TN, and Chl-a in the spatial and temporal domains, were carded out. Comparison of computation results of TP, TN, and Chl-a concentrations along the river in the spring of 2005 with experimental data demonstrates the validity of the model. The agreement between the computation results and the experimental data of TP and TN concentrations is better than the agreement between those of Chl-a concentration. The simulated results also show that the Chl-a concentration downstream is much higher than that in the upstream tributary, which potentially indicates the outbreak of algae in this area. Therefore, this study provides a feasible method of accurately predicting the state of eutrophication in river-type reservoirs and their tributaries.     

三峡水库大宁河春季水华藻类分布及影响因子

以三峡水库支流大宁河2010年3月中旬的水华调查数据为依据,分析浮游藻类分布规律,并探讨其影响因子。结果表明,在容易暴发水华的库湾开阔地带之外,狭窄的峡谷地带亦会暴发严重水华,并且持续时间更长;河口区域的浮游藻类则表现出比其他区域更好的群落稳定性和生物均匀性。在此次水华的前、中期,浮游藻类的群落稳定性随生物量增大而降低;后期则随其增大而增加。通过对样品的定量分析,共鉴定浮游藻类7门24属,主要为绿藻和甲藻,第一优势种为拟多甲藻,占到总藻类的38%,其次为小球藻和衣藻。观察到藻类群体有垂直迁移现象,可能因藻类有趋光性所致。拟多甲藻水华的暴发会降低水体氮磷比,而随着水华的消退,水体氮磷比会较迅速地恢复到一个较高水平。在水华前期,总磷与浮游藻类群落稳定性呈现高度负相关,在中、后期其相关性减弱。     

流速对藻类生长影响的试验研究

水华的发生除与营养盐、光照等条件有关外,还和水体的流速等水文条件有关.以故宫筒子河为例,分析了推流技术对水体水华的抑制效果,证明增加水体流速可以在一定程度上抑制水华.在此基础上介绍了水体流速对藻类生长影响的试验研究,探讨了水体流速与藻类生长的关系.     

Mussel-derived stimulation of benthic filamentous algae: The importance of nutrients and spatial scale

The reoccurrence of benthic filamentous algal (FA) blooms in the Great Lakes, without associated increases in phosphorus loading, has stimulated renewed interest in determining the causes of Great Lakes benthic algal blooms. We investigated the potential roles of invasive mussels and nutrient limitation with experimental substrata within inner Saginaw Bay. FA abundance on live mussel substrata was typically significantly greater than that on inert (empty shell or rock) substrata. Nutrient addition (from an artificial source) significantly increased FA abundance on inert substrata. These results suggest that: 1) mussel nutrient excretion could be a primary stimulatory mechanism; 2) mussel-mediated stimulation may be even stronger in other, more oligotrophic, Great Lakes nearshore zones; and 3) increased nutrient loading to inner Saginaw Bay may exacerbate existing FA blooms. FA abundance on inert substrata was not affected, even in close proximity to mussels, indicating that the observed stimulatory effect of mussel-derived P on live mussels attenuated at very small spatial scales, on the order of centimeters or less.