基于抗火性能的混杂纤维自密实混凝土设计(2)——常温力学性能

在混杂纤维自密实混凝土高温下内部蒸汽压力测试研究的基础上,对混凝土配合比进行了优选,主要通过坍落流动度试验、J-环试验、U形管试验以及L-槽试验研究了所筛选的混杂纤维自密实混凝土的工作性,并测试了其常温力学性能。研究发现,钢纤维的引入会降低新拌自密实混凝土的工作性,而钢纤维与PVA纤维混杂以及钢纤维与PP纤维混杂对自密实混凝土的工作性影响较小;钢纤维与PP纤维的混杂对新拌自密实混凝土工作性影响最小;钢纤维或者混杂纤维的引入并没有明显地影响自密实混凝土的抗压强度,而抗弯强度得到了显著提高;相比于单掺钢纤维自密实混凝土,混杂纤维并没有进一步提高自密实混凝土的抗弯强度,但是弯曲韧性有较为明显的提高。     

基于抗火性能的混杂纤维自密实混凝土设计(1)——蒸汽压力测试

近年来建筑火灾频发,而随着自密实混凝土在建筑工程中的广泛应用,开展自密实混凝土以及纤维自密实混凝土抗火性能的研究已变得尤为重要。该系列研究以提高自密实混凝土材料的抗火性能为目标,开展了基于抗火性能的混杂纤维自密实混凝土设计研究,包括以蒸汽压爆裂理论为基础的混杂纤维自密实混凝土配合比设计与优化、新拌混凝土工作性评价、常温力学性能测试、高温爆裂分析以及高温下力学性能测试等内容。重点介绍了不同种类、不同几何尺寸的纤维对自密实混凝土在高温作用下蒸汽压力变化的影响,并基于试验结果对混杂纤维自密实混凝土的配合比进行了优选。     

高性能混凝土高温爆裂研究进展

基于高性能混凝土应用的广泛性和遭遇火灾的危害性,对国内外关于高性能混凝土在高温或火灾下发生爆裂的研究进行分类总结。高性能混凝土爆裂研究的梳理工作围绕爆裂机理、爆裂影响因素、爆裂抑制3个方面来展开。结果表明:当前爆裂机理学说还不能全面揭示高性能混凝土爆裂发生的原因,但是存在的共同点是蒸汽压力和热应力与混凝土抗拉强度的相互作用;高性能混凝土爆裂的影响因素众多,有必要对基本因素的孔压力计算方法开展进一步研究;高性能混凝土爆裂的预防措施众多且有效,单掺聚丙烯纤维、钢纤维的掺量可参照相关表达式进行预测,二者混杂时掺量间的关系还未见报道,经过综合对比分析,推荐在高性能混凝土中掺入聚丙烯纤维;针对新建、既有的高性能混凝土结构以及超高性能混凝土,建议开展爆裂设计,从源头上实现爆裂抑制;对于掺入外加物的高性能混凝土结构,还需要进行火灾中与火灾后的力学性能研究,而对于采取外涂或外贴方式抑制爆裂的结构则需要进行拆装施工工艺与规范化的研究。     

混凝土高温爆裂临界温度和防爆裂纤维掺量研究综述与分析

确定无纤维或低纤维掺量的不同强度等级混凝土的爆裂临界温度,以及防止火灾时不同强度混凝土爆裂所需聚丙烯（PP）纤维或钢纤维最小掺量,对混凝土结构抗火设计具有重要意义。为此,对国内外大量高温爆裂试验研究结果进行分析,获得了爆裂临界温度与混凝土抗压强度（23~238MPa）的关系曲线,发现混凝土抗压强度越高,爆裂临界温度越低。通过大量试验数据拟合得到了防爆裂PP纤维掺量、钢纤维掺量与混凝土抗压强度的关系曲线,发现随着混凝土抗压强度的提高,所需防爆裂PP纤维掺量呈线性增长,而所需防爆裂钢纤维掺量呈指数增长。按EN 1992-1-2:2004《欧洲混凝土抗火设计规范》建议值,PP纤维掺量为0.22%的防爆裂混凝土,火灾下仍可能发生爆裂;按所提出计算式计算的掺量,则可有效降低火灾下混凝土爆裂的风险。     

改性聚丙烯纤维混凝土氯离子扩散试验研究

聚丙烯纤维通过提高混凝土的早期抗裂能力增强了混凝土的抗渗性能。将掺入改性聚丙烯纤维的混凝土试件浸泡于3.5%NaCl溶液和青岛海域海水溶液中,测试混凝土不同深度的氯离子浓度,并计算不同腐蚀龄期混凝土的氯离子扩散系数,通过对比分析,研究掺入改性聚丙烯粗纤维或粗细混杂纤维后的混凝土的抗氯离子腐蚀性能。研究结果表明,掺加改性聚丙烯纤维能提高混凝土抗氯离子腐蚀性能,降低氯离子在混凝土中的扩散速率,且掺粗、细混杂纤维的效果要好于单掺纤维。     

机场道面混掺纤维混凝土强度与抗弯韧性试验

为了降低机场道面混凝土脆性,通过混掺高性能粗聚烯烃纤维（PP）和细聚乙烯醇纤维（PVA）来提高道面混凝土韧性。通过四点弯曲试验,测得了梁试件荷载 挠度曲线,分析了2种纤维体积掺率混掺对改善三级配机场道面混凝土弯曲韧性的效果。结果表明:纤维混掺可明显改善混凝土抗弯韧性;PP的掺入使荷载 挠度曲线出现了2次峰值;PVA体积掺率为0.2%或0.4%时,随着PP掺率增加,韧性指标值P₃₀₀,P₇₅,P₅₀均呈增大趋势;PP掺率的增加对后期韧性指标值P₇₅,P₅₀的提高更为显著;增加PVA掺率对提高第一峰值强度较为显著;PP和PVA分别以体积掺率1.1%和0.4%混掺时,机场道面混凝土抗弯韧性提高最为明显。     

纤维对深部隧道用高性能混凝土渗透性能的影响

研究了不同纤维掺加方式与掺量对深部隧道用C50高性能混凝土力学性能、抗氯离子侵蚀性能和表面透气性能的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析。结果表明,纤维的掺入能显著提高混凝土的力学性能;当聚丙烯纤维体积掺量为0.6%时,混凝土的力学性能最好,28 d抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度相比于对照组分别提高了9.3%和13.2%,而混杂纤维混凝土的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度都有一定的降低;混杂纤维对提高混凝土抗氯离子性能和降低表面透气性能的作用明显优于单种纤维,混杂纤维混凝土56 d电通量比单掺0.3%的聚丙烯纤维混凝土和单掺0.6%的木质素纤维混凝土分别降低了19.1%和15.5%,56 d表面透气系数则分别降低了42.3%和16.7%;纤维不仅能够填充混凝土内部的孔隙裂缝,还能消除混凝土内部"积水",促进未水化水泥颗粒水化,使混凝土更加密实,从而提高混凝土的抗渗性和耐久性。     

高强混凝土受火后湿扩散特性研究

采用PCK法测量了高强混凝土受火后的吸水率 ,用以表征混凝土受火后的渗透性及高温时的温扩散能力。研究表明 ,随着受火温度升高、恒温时间延长 ,试件吸水率增大 ,且温度的影响更敏感 ;PP纤维掺入后可提高试件的湿扩散能力 ,从而降低爆裂度 ,但也削弱了受火后混凝土抗环境介质渗透的能力 ;硅灰混凝土结构更为密实 ,湿扩散能力低 ,更易爆裂。验证了蒸气压是爆裂的主要原因     

基于抗火性能的混杂纤维自密实混凝土设计(3)——高温弯曲性能

测试了钢纤维混杂聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土高温下的弯曲性能。研究发现,高温下混凝土的弯曲性能明显低于高温后的弯曲性能;高温下,纤维自密实混凝土、混杂纤维自密实混凝土的抗弯强度和弯曲韧性均随着温度的升高而不断降低;混杂纤维自密实混凝土在高温下的弯曲性能要优于普通自密实混凝土、聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土以及钢纤维自密实混凝土。钢纤维与聚丙烯纤维以及钢纤维与聚乙烯醇纤维在高温下均表现出了明显的正混杂效应;聚丙烯纤维有利于抵抗混凝土爆裂,钢纤维对于提高混凝土高温下的剩余承载能力具有重要作用。     

玄武岩纤维自密实混凝土的性能试验研究

研究了玄武岩纤维体积掺量对自密实混凝土工作性能及力学性能的影响;并以体积掺量为0.3%的钢纤维自密实混凝土抗折试验为参照对象,分析了纤维掺入对自密实混凝土韧性的影响。研究表明,在自密实混凝土中掺入玄武岩纤维会影响拌合物的工作性能,并且玄武岩纤维掺量越大,影响越明显;抗压强度随着玄武岩纤维掺量的增加而降低;玄武岩纤维的掺入限制了自密实混凝土在受压破坏过程中裂缝的开展和延伸,随玄武岩纤维掺量的增加,抗折强度提高,折压比也随之增大,玄武岩纤维起到了一定的增韧效果,但是不如钢纤维明显。     

The Influence of Pressure in the Pore System on Fire Spalling of Concrete

Fire spalling of concrete is often attributed to the pressure in the pore system. Recent results from fire tests on Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) have shown that the connection between pressure in the capillary pore system and fire spalling of concrete is not obvious [Jansson (2006) Proceedings from the 4th international workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, pp 747–756]. This issue has been investigated by performing pressure measurements on SCC and a traditional vibrated concrete designed for tunnel construction. In the tests conducted on SCC data from exposure to the hydrocarbon (HC) fire curve are presented. In the tests conducted on vibrated concrete, measurements were performed in concrete exposed to the standard fire curve (EN1363-1) and the Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) curve. The highest pressures in the two test series were measured in the concretes that did not exhibit spalling during fire. One conclusion from the tests is that pressure in the capillary system is not the driving force for spalling during fire exposure. However, pressure is involved in the redistribution of moisture during fire exposure. A new theory is proposed to explain the spalling reducing function of PP-fibres based on the presence and movement of moisture.     

Improvement of residual compressive strength and spalling resistance of high-strength RC columns subjected to fire

This paper investigates the spalling properties of high-strength concrete in order to improve the residual compressive strength and spalling resistance in specimens subjected to 3 h of unloading fire conditions. This study consists of three series of experiments with eighteen different specimens varying in fiber type and content, finishing material and simultaneous fiber content and lateral confinement. They were fabricated to a 300 × 300 × 600 mm mock-up size. Results of the fire test showed that the control concrete was explosive, while the specimens that contained more than 0.1 vol% of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) fibers were prevented from spalling. One specimen, finished by a fire endurance spray, exhibited even more severe spalling than the control concrete. The specimen containing 0.1 vol% of PP fiber and using a confining metal fabric at the same time, showed the most effective spalling resistance; in particular, the residual compressive strength ratio was even higher than that of the control concrete before the fire test. It was demonstrated that adding fibers in concrete prevented the spalling occurrence and confining metal fabric around the main bars of concrete specimens can secure the strength of structures during the conditions of elevated temperature.     

Hydrothermal model for predicting fire-induced spalling in concrete structural systems

A one-dimensional numerical model to predict fire-induced spalling in concrete structures is presented. The model is based on pore pressure calculations in concrete, as a function of time. Principles of mechanics and thermodynamics are applied to predict pore pressure in concrete structures exposed to fire. An assessment of the possibility of tensile fracture is made by comparing the computed pore pressure with temperature-dependent tensile strength. The pore pressure calculations are coupled with heat transfer analysis to ensure that the loss of concrete section, resulting from spalling, is accounted for in subsequent heat transfer analysis. The validity of the numerical model is established by comparing temperature, pore pressure, and concrete spalling predictions with results from fire tests. The computer program is applied to conduct case studies to investigate the influence of concrete permeability, tensile strength of concrete, relative humidity in concrete, and heating rate on fire-induced spalling in concrete members. Through these case studies, it is shown that permeability, tensile strength of concrete, and heating rate have a significant influence on fire-induced spalling in concrete. It is also shown that relative humidity has a marginal influence on fire-induced spalling in concrete.     

纤维对GFRP筋与自密实混凝土基体粘结性能影响分析

通过18个中心拉拔试件试验,研究在基体中加入不同纤维(聚丙烯长纤维(PPA)、聚丙烯短纤维(PPB)、钢纤维(SF)以及混杂纤维)对玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)筋与混凝土基体粘结性能的影响,旨在寻找改善GFRP筋与混凝土基体粘结性能的有效途径。参照德国纤维混凝土标准DBV和国际材料与结构研究试验联合会标准RILEM弯曲韧性评价方法,采用等效抗弯强度和变形能来评价粘结韧性。试验结果表明：与素混凝土（NC）基体相比,GFRP筋与掺入混杂钢纤维与聚丙烯长纤维以及各自单掺基体的粘结强度可提高13%～35%,还可改善粘结韧性;同时,GFRP筋与基体的粘结强度随钢纤维掺量增大而提高。根据试验结果拟合得出粘结滑移曲线上升段的模型参数,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。图11表6参13     

混杂纤维自密实混凝土的强度和抗弯韧性

在工作度试验研究的基础上,根据不同国际标准研究了不同类型纤维(钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维、混杂纤维)对自密实混凝土强度与抗弯韧性的影响．结果表明：混杂纤维可显著提高自密实混凝土的韧性并改善其破坏形态．     

Fire Induced Spalling in High Strength Concrete Beams

A macroscopic finite element model is extended to account for fire induced spalling in high strength concrete (HSC) beams. The model is based on the principles of mechanics and thermodynamics and utilizes pore pressure calculations to predict fire induced spalling in concrete. For validating the model, spalling measurements were made by conducting fire resistance experiments on four normal strength and high strength concrete beams. Spalling predictions from the model are compared with the measured values of spalling at various stages of fire exposure. The validated model is applied to investigate the influence of fire scenario, concrete strength (permeability) and axial restraint on the fire induced spalling and fire response of RC beams. Results from the analysis show that fire scenario, and concrete permeability largely influence the extent of fire induced spalling in concrete beams. Further, it is also shown that the extent of spalling has significant influence on the fire resistance of RC beams.     

高性能硅灰混凝土的高温爆裂与抗火性

采用不同湿含量的５ 种强度等级的混凝土,在ＩＳＯ标准火灾升温条件下进行高性能硅灰混凝土火灾高温行为的试验研究．用１００ ｍｍ ×１００ ｍｍ ×１００ ｍ ｍ 试件进行的爆裂试验结果表明,湿含量与强度等级是影响混凝土高温爆裂的两个主要因素．这一结果也证实了高温爆裂的蒸汽压机理（ｔｈｅ ｖａｐｏｒ ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ ｂｕｉｌｄｕｐ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ） ．对火烧后混凝土板的回弹试验表明,板内各点的残余力学性能不再是一个均一的数值,而是呈一空间分布,此空间分布与板内温度场有关．因此,目前常用方法难以准确描述火灾后混凝土的残余力学性能．     

Thermal characteristics of high-strength polymer–cement composites with lightweight aggregates and polypropylene fiber

Recently, research has been conducted using fibers to reduce the explosive spalling of concrete. Assessments of the volume fraction of polypropylene fiber in high-strength and lightweight concrete has shown that an optimum volume fraction of fiber reduces explosive spalling by discharging pore pressure and heat stress inside the concrete through the dissolution of fibers during exposure to high temperatures. In this study, we manufactured a high-strength polymer–cement mortar that can be used in repairs of many concrete structures by selecting three kinds of lightweight aggregate that have excellent heat interception performance, combined with varying volume fractions of polypropylene fiber to reduce explosive spalling. We analyzed the thermal characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of the mortar at high temperature. The analysis of test results for compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and thermogravimetric showed that a mixture of expanded perlite with high thermal stability and 0.2% polypropylene fiber showed the best physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics.