Preparation of biogum thickener and properties of recoverable fracturing fluid based on environmental protection

A recyclable biogum thickener was developed and employed as the main agent to compound a fracturing fluid system in order to address the issue of the problematic recovery of fracturing fluid system. By using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the physical characteristics and microstructure were examined. By using a rheometer, dynamic filtration loss, and an acid-etching fracture conductivity device, respectively, the system's temperature and shear resistance, dynamic filtration loss, and fracture conductivity damage were studied. The system's gum-breaking performance, formation water compatibility, and anti-expansion performance were then measured in accordance with standards. As a result of shearing at 170 s⁻¹ and 120°C for 2 h, the 4% biogum system's performance outperformed the other two systems in every way, according to the experimental findings. Its viscosity could also exceed 70 mPa · s. After breaking, the solution had a viscosity of 2.5 mPa · s, which was very compatible with the formation water. The system has a 90% anti-swelling rate, a filtration loss coefficient of 5.14 × 10⁻⁵, strong infiltration ability, and negligible formation damage. The biogum system's recovery rate after field application is discovered to be around 50%.     

The multi-period optimisation of an amine-based CO2 capture process integrated with a super-critical coal-fired power station for flexible operation

In this work, we present a model of a super-critical coal-fired power plant integrated with an amine-based CO₂ capture process. We use this model to solve a multi-period dynamic optimisation problem aimed at decoupling the operation of the power plant from the efficiency penalty imposed by the CO₂ capture plant, thus providing the power plant sufficient flexibility to exploit price variation within an electricity market. We evaluate four distinct scenarios: load following, solvent storage, exhaust gas by-pass and time-varying solvent regeneration. The objective is to maximise the decarbonised power plant's short run marginal cost profitability. It is found that while the solvent storage option provides a marginal improvement of 4% in comparison to the load following scenario, the exhaust gas bypass scenario results in a profit reduction of 17% whereas the time-varying solvent regeneration option increases the profitability of the power plant by 16% in comparison to the reference scenario.     

Overview of Innovative Technologies in Liquid-Liquid Extraction Regarding Flexibility

As a result of increasing market volatility and product diversification the technology requirements will change in the future. Flexibility needs to be increased, enabling a large operating window while maintaining intensive mass and energy transfer and resource-efficiency. A promising approach is using innovative small-scale technologies. To assess flexibility, the technologies must be characterized in a wide range of operating parameters and physical properties. Therefore, research work on innovative technologies for liquid-liquid extraction is presented.     

Particle deposition on optical pyrometer lenses: an illustrative case study

The most important issue with the application of optical pyrometry is the particulate contamination of the system's lens. This results in measurement errors and seriously degrades the instrument's operational performance. This paper will illustrate the fouling mechanism, through the flow field and particle trajectory investigation of a pertinent case study, together with an analysis of the deposits that constitute the fouling of the pyrometer lens. It will be shown that the predominant flow feature within the purging system is a swirl pattern that develops at the mouth of the unit's still tube. This feature has the ability to draw contaminant particles down onto the pyrometer lens thus significantly increasing the likelihood of particle deposition.     

Chemieanlagenbau — Märkte im Osten

Market for Chemical Plant in Eastern Europe. For reaching changes in the former Comecon countries have led to totally altered market structures, and these developments are continuing. The most serious problems arise from the precarious financial situation, altered and unclear decision processes, also with regard to the difficult disbanding of the state sector, and above all the totally inadequate economic legislation. Since the former Comecon countries will undoubtedly be one of tomorrow's main markets, western plant constructors must already give this market very serious attention, although it will take some considerable time until complete economic stability is reached. Collaboration with local partners is often a good way of consolidating a market presence, with a range of possibilities including cooperation, joint ventures, or purchase of a local company. Setting up one's own company is an alternative approach. Which ever route is selected, it is of greatest importance that the customer is extensively involved in all stages of completion of the order.     

Process energy systems: Control,economic, and sustainability objectives

Economic, energy, and sustainability metrics are key performance indicators for process operations. The relative importance of these metrics varies from plant to plant, and often some metrics are in conflict with each other (sustainability vs. profitability). In this paper we discuss the current plant environment and how various metrics can be aligned by focusing on energy efficiency. Power-steam systems are the major energy drivers for most plants, and we discuss possible operational changes that might improve energy efficiency, as well as the role of process control. Managing the interplay of real-time optimization and regulatory control is a challenge for the future, as well as interfacing with the implementation of smart power grids by the utility industry. Combined heat and power along with energy storage presents interesting control and optimization opportunities to maximize energy efficiency.     

Thermodynamic analysis of non-isothermal mixing's influence on the energy target of water-using networks

In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of non-isothermal mixing's influence on the energy target of water-using network is presented. Firstly, water streams in the network are divided into two categories, and then based on the classification all the non-isothermal mixing patterns between two streams are defined. Through thermodynamic analysis from energy composite curve of hot and cold water streams, the influences of non-isothermal mixing on the energy target of water-using network are explored and some mixing rules are obtained, which can be used to simplify the heat exchanger network of a given water-using system and improve the system's energy performance through identifying the beneficial non-isothermal mixings. The applicability of these rules is illustrated by an example in the paper and the result is very encouraging.     

真空氢气烧结炉电气控制系统的改造设计

介绍了真空氢气烧结炉的性能和电气控制系统在烧结炉中起到的作用,改造了真空氢气烧结炉的电气控制系统。选用欧姆龙PLC为核心控制器进行过程自动控制,详细阐述了电气控制系统的硬件电路设计和软件设计流程。实践应用情况表明,改进的真空氢气烧结炉电气控制系统是可行的。     

Carbon-negative syngas production: A comprehensive assessment of biomass pyrolysis coupling chemical looping reforming

This article introduces a pyrolysis chemical looping reforming (PCLR) process that produces carbon-negative syngas in autothermal operation. To enhance the system's carbon negativity, a process configuration with oxygen carrier two-stage regeneration is adopted, enabling internal CO₂ utilization. The PCLR process is systematically evaluated and compared to chemical looping gasification and steam gasification processes in the process performance, energy efficiency, and environmental impact using a process model. Results reveal significant improvements over chemical looping gasification, including 69%, 45%, and 4% improvement in syngas yield, energy efficiency, and environmental benefit. Process analysis demonstrates that decoupling volatile reforming from pyrolysis and combustion enhances syngas quality, energy efficiency, and process flexibility. While the two-stage regeneration sacrifices syngas production, it contributes to a 4% increase in carbon negativity and a 15% reduction in carbon emissions. Thus, the PCLR process effectively overcomes the limitations of chemical looping gasification systems and exhibits excellent process intensification performance.     

The profit and profitability indices of refractories production

Conclusions During the period 1966–1970 the profit level at refractory establishments increased while the profitability and fund redemption indices fell slightly. On the whole, however, the production profitability at these establishments is adequate and higher than the norm fixed for them by the Ministry.In view of the steep increase in the ouptut of high-quality refractories the efficiency with which refractory establishments utilize expended means and means on loan must be evaluated with account taken of the savings accruing to consumers of refractories from the use of better-quality refractory materials.To improve the economic indices of refractory establishments it will be necessary to devise and introduce certain measures.To stimulate the interest of establishments in the production of better refractories efforts must be continued to modify the prices ratio for the product and raw materials for certain types and groups of refractories, i. e., to increase the profitability of high-quality refractories at the cost of slightly lower prices for lower-grade refractory materials. The profitability level of winning and beneficiating refractory raw materials must be raised.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 16–20, March, 1976.     

State Heterogeneity Analysis of Financial Volatility using high-frequency Financial Data

Recently, to account for low-frequency market dynamics, several volatility models, employing high-frequency financial data, have been developed. However, in financial markets, we often observe that financial volatility processes depend on economic states, so they have a state heterogeneous structure. In this article, to study state heterogeneous market dynamics based on high-frequency data, we introduce a novel volatility model based on a continuous Itô diffusion process whose intraday instantaneous volatility process evolves depending on the exogenous state variable, as well as its integrated volatility. We call it the state heterogeneous GARCH-Itô (SG-Itô) model. We suggest a quasi-likelihood estimation procedure with the realized volatility proxy and establish its asymptotic behaviors. Moreover, to test the low-frequency state heterogeneity, we develop a Wald test-type hypothesis testing procedure. The results of empirical studies suggest the existence of leverage, investor attention, market illiquidity, stock market comovement, and post-holiday effect in S&P 500 index volatility.     

Discrete thermodynamics of chemical equilibria and classical limit in thermodynamic simulation

This article sets forth comprehensive basic concepts of the discrete thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium as balance between internal and external thermodynamic forces. Conditions of chemical equilibrium in the open chemical system are obtained in the form of a logistic map, containing only one new parameter that defines the chemical system's resistance to external impact and its deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium. Solutions to the basic map are bifurcation diagrams that have quite traditional shape but the diagram areas feature specific meanings for chemical systems and constitute the system's domain of states. The article is focused on two such areas: the area of “true” thermodynamic equilibrium and the area of open chemical equilibrium. The border between them represents the classical limit, a transition point between the classical and newly formulated equilibrium conditions. This limit also separates regions of the system ideality, typical for isolated classical systems, and non-ideality due to the limitations imposed on the open system from outside. Numerical examples illustrating the difference between results of classical and discrete thermodynamic simulation methods are presented. The article offers an analytical formula to find the classical limit, compares analytical results with these obtained by simulation, and shows the classical limit dependence upon the chemical reaction stoichiometry and robustness.     

Adaptive Sampling of Dynamic Systems for Generation of Fast and Accurate Surrogate Models

For economic nonlinear model predictive control and dynamic real-time optimization fast and accurate models are necessary. Consequently, the use of dynamic surrogate models to mimic complex rigorous models is increasingly coming into focus. For dynamic systems, the focus so far had been on identifying a system's behavior surrounding a steady-state operation point. In this contribution, we propose a novel methodology to adaptively sample rigorous dynamic process models to generate a dataset for building dynamic surrogate models. The goal of the developed algorithm is to cover an as large as possible area of the feasible region of the original model. To demonstrate the performance of the presented framework it is applied on a dynamic model of a chlor-alkali electrolysis.     

A New Era for Chemical Apparatus Engineering?

The ACHEMA conference is an impressive exhibition on chemical apparatus engineering, closely connected with the epoch‐making developments of chemical and process engineering. It is most timely to think about new opportunities of development. Large‐scale plant engineering and general plant construction has experienced considerable improvement during the past decades. The effects of these changes are particularly perceptible in the economic sector of German apparatus engineering. Economic pressures have given an additional impetus to a considerable shrinking process. Chemical apparatus engineering will have to focus on two main pillars in the near future: highly qualified standard and innovative products. The latter must be developed in close cooperation with the economic sector of chemical engineering in order to put the hardware required for new technologies and process strategies on the market. This article names fields of manifestation of the general technical progress. The thrust is directed toward an elevated level of product quality that can be achieved from the point of view of apparatus engineering. These are properties that will finally lead to higher profitability. The signs for a new start of apparatus engineering are quite favorable, and this opportunity has to be seized. The ACHEMA conference as a location of exchange of experiences and an opportunity of critical assessment could be a source of ideas for future work.     

基于扭矩无线遥测和虚拟仪器平台的轴功率在线测量系统

介绍轴功率、转速与扭矩的测量原理,运用扭矩无线遥测技术和数字信号分析处理方法,在虚拟仪器平台上构建了一个轴功率在线测量系统,给出系统的总体结构、软件功能和扭振应力计算与预警。实测结果表明:与水力测功器相比,两者的轴功率相对误差小于10%,验证了该系统的准确性和可靠性。     

Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in the United States

Fatty acids, accounting for more than half of oleochemicals discussed, grew at an annual rate of ca. 3% during the 1970s, with no growth since 1979. As competition intensified, the number of companies in the industry declined or owenrship changed. Challenges are covered under five major headings—markets, raw materials, competition, research and profitability. Oleochemical markets are extremely diverse but usually involve surface modification. Fatty acid disposition and real consumer personal income correlate closely. Growth of consumer income in the 1980s will be the most important factor in determining growth of fatty chemicals. Fatty chemicals compete with petroleum-derived products; and, therefore, price relationship of natural fats versus petroleum will affect market share. Tallow and other natural fats and oils are approximately the same price as 15 years ago, whereas ethylene has about doubled. Interchangeability of natural fats tends to moderate price fluctuations. Competition remains intense with market shares divided among many companies. Neither imports nor exports have played a significant role in the US fatty chemical industry. There are large exports of fatty acid derivatives, particularly to South America. Research will concentrate on energy reduction as oleochemical production is highly energy-intensive. Enzymatic splitting is a potential commercial process for this purpose. Improved hydrogenation catalysts and development of new specialty oilseeds are additional research objectives. Success of researchers will probably play the biggest role of all in future marketing and economics of fatty chemical companies. The belief is that the fatty chemical industry has had difficulty in consistently maintaining acceptable levels of profitability. To avoid extinction and achieve reasonable rates of return, business strategies must (a) identify, create and exploit growth segments; (b) emphasize product quality and innovative product improvement; and (c) systematically improve production and distribution efficiencies.     

Spatially Resolved Voltage,Current and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements

In this work a 50‐channel characterisation system for PEMFCs is presented. The system is capable of traditional electrochemical measurements (e.g. staircase voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry), and concurrent EIS measurements. Unlike previous implementations, this system relies on dedicated potentiostats for current and voltage control, and independent frequency response analysers (FRAs) at each channel. Segmented fuel cell hardware is used to illustrate the system's flexibility and capabilities. The results here include steady‐state data for cell characterisation under galvanostatic and potentiostatic control as well as spatially resolved impedance spectra.     

高档有机颜料的简介（二）

高档有机颜料必须通过三个考验：在技术应用上必须是胜任的，在客户的经济价值中必须是合适的，在环境安全的审核下，必须合乎潮流的。因此所谓的高档颜料不仅其应用性能良好，也能提供品质均一的生产制品，更重要的是市场也能接受其高超的性价比。该文就喹吖啶酮，苝红，二苯基吡咯并吡咯酮的合成，应用作简单的介绍。     

高档有机颜料的简介（一）

高档有机颜料必须通过三个考验：在技术应用上必须是胜任的，在客户的经济价值中必须是合适的，在环境安全的审核下，必须合乎潮流的。因此所谓的高档颜料不仅其应用性能良好，也能提供品质均一的生产制品，更重要的是市场也能接受其高超的性价比。该文就喹吖啶酮，苝红，二苯基吡咯并吡咯酮的合成，应用作简单的介绍。     

Reality in the 1990s and beyond—more with less

It is no secret that the pharmaceutical industry is undergoing rapid and revolutionary change. The impact of managed care and threatened pricing caps by the US Congress on new products has caused many companies to re-evaluate their short and long term business and research strategies. In too many cases, this has resulted in down-sizing by both lay-offs and attrition. For most analytical laboratories, this has meant doing more with less resources. There are several major ‘realities’ that are having a significant influence on the amount and type of analytical support required to bring a new product to the market place in today''s regulatory climate. They are pre-approval inspections, the Barr decision and the proposed ICH guidelines. Other realities of the 1990s are also influencing the operation of the analytical laboratory. To cope with these realities, wise use of resources is mandatory. The strategies employed by each company differ, but laboratory automation is usually one of the important elements of the equation. Other elements include contract laboratories, consultants and temporaries. Each of these elements provides part of the solution to doing more with less, but each has its own positives and negatives which must be considered. This paper looks at the relationships between these factors and their impact on the analytical laboratory.