n-Pentane Hydroconversion Using Pt-loaded Zeolite Catalysts

Abstract

Pt/H-ZSM-5 and Pt/H-MOR catalysts with different Pt contents were prepared via impregnation using H₂PtCl₆ · 6H₂O or via exchange using Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂, calcination in air at 530°C and reduction in H₂ at 500°C. The prepared catalysts were tested for n-pentane hydroisomerization and hydrocracking via bifunctionality at 250–500°C using a micro-catalytic pulse reactor. It is found that the dispersion of Pt-exchanged zeolites is higher than the corresponding Pt-impregnated zeolites at all Pt contents. It is also found that the dispersion of Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalysts either exchanged or impregnated are higher than the corresponding Pt/H-MOR catalysts. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) data showed that the impregnated catalysts possess a higher acid sites number than the exchanged catalysts; and that the Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalysts have a higher number of acid sites than do the Pt/H-MOR catalysts, whereas the latter catalysts possess higher strength of acid sites at all Pt contents. The hydroisomerization activities using Pt exchanged catalysts, supported either on H-ZSM-5 or H-MOR, are higher than the impregnated catalysts at almost all Pt contents. It is also concluded that the H-ZSM-5-supported catalysts, either exchanged or impregnated, are more active than the H-MOR supported ones. Hydrocracking is higher using all loaded H-MOR catalysts.     

Para-xylene Maximization—Part VI: Shape-Selective Platinum-Promoted Methylation of Toluene

Abstract

The need for increased production of para-xylene, which is the primary material for producing the polyester fibers, activated this research. Although the alkylation reaction is acid catalyzed, we found that a Pt promoter activates this reaction by virtue of the presence of a vacant d-orbital in the Pt atom. In this work, a series of catalysts containing 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3% Pt in H-ZSM-5 zeolite was tested for alkylating toluene with methanol, aiming to produce the xylenes and maximizing para-xylene production in a temperature range of 300°C–500°C in the presence of hydrogen flow in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia for acid sites distribution analysis and platinum dispersion in the catalysts by hydrogen chemisorption. Moreover, the diffusion resistance extent in the current catalysts during the alkylation reaction has been evaluated via estimation of the Thiele modulus, Φ _L . The selectivity for para-xylene production was found to increase systematically with increasing the Pt content in the catalysts, whereas the unloaded zeolite did not follow this order. The Φ _L values calculated were accordingly found to increase also with increasing Pt content in the catalysts. Although para-xylene was the highest on the 0.3% Pt/H-ZSM-5 catalyst, the heavy undesired trimethylbenzenes were the lowest to be formed on this catalyst.     

Hydroisomerization of n-Hexane Using Unloaded and Low-Platinum-Loaded H-ZSM-5 and H-MOR Catalysts

Abstract

The applicability for investing and comparing two zeolites (H-ZSM-5 and H-MOR) as supports for low-platinum (less expensive) catalysts used principally for hydroisomerization of n-paraffins in light petroleum naphtha is investigated using n-hexane as a model n-paraffin feed at temperatures of 250°C–500°C in a flow-type reactor with a hydrogen flow of 20 cm³ min^?1 at atmospheric pressure. H-ZSM-5 zeolite acquires higher density of strong acid sites, which are still somewhat weaker than the respective sites in H-MOR. These milder sites in H-ZSM-5 zeolite enhanced hydroisomerization and dehydrocyclization but suppressed hydrocracking after incorporating 0.15% Pt. Hydrochlorination (HCl) and hydrofluorination (HF) of 0.15% Pt/H-ZSM-5 were carried out to modify its acidity and Pt dispersion with the goal of maximizing n-hexane hydroisomerization. The HCl treatment seems to have significantly approached the requirement for optimum catalytic bifunctionality, whereas HF treatment appears mostly deteriorative.     

Reactions of Cyclohexane on Platinum,Palladium, or Iridium-loaded H-ZSM-5 Zeolite Hydrohalogenated Catalysts

Abstract

The catalytic hydroconversion of cyclohexane using catalysts containing H-ZSM-5 zeolite loaded with 0.35 wt% platinum, palladium, or iridium was studied in a pulse-type microreactor/GC system at atmospheric pressure. These catalysts were also either doped with 3.0% of HCl or HF. The activities of these catalysts and the distribution of the products formed were found to depend on the dispersion of the metallic component as well as on the acidity, acid sites number, and strength in the catalysts. TPD of ammonia and hydrogen chemisorption were applied to evaluate acid site strength distribution and metals dispersion, respectively, in the catalysts. In case of the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts, hydrochlorination enhanced the isomerization and dehydrogenation activities and selectivities of cyclohexane, but decreased its hydrocracking activity. However, catalyst hydrofluorination resulted in the reverse effects. Nevertheless, for the Ir-loaded catalyst, both hydrohalogenation treatments decreased the isomerization and dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. The Ir/H-ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited higher hydrogenolysis activities than did those acquired by the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts.     

Preparation of a highly efficient Pt/USY catalyst for hydrogenation and selective ring-opening reaction of tetralin

Ultrastable Y zeolite(USY)-supported Pt catalyst was prepared by gas-bubbling-assisted membrane reduction. The influence of reaction conditions and the metal and acid sites of catalysts on the catalytic performance of catalyst in hydrogenation and selective ring opening of tetralin, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(THN), was studied. It was found that the optimal reaction conditions were at a temperature of 280 °C, hydrogen pressure of 4 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity of 2 h~(-1) and H_2/THN ratio of 750. Under these optimal conditions, a high conversion of almost 100% was achieved on the 0.3 Pt/USY catalyst. XRD patterns and TEM images revealed that Pt particles were highly dispersed on the USY, favorable to the hydrogenation reaction of tetralin. Ammonia temperature-programmed desorption and Py-IR results indicated that the introduction of Pt can reduce the acid sites of USY, particularly the strong acid sites of USY. Thus, the hydrocracking reaction can be suppressed.     

ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛担载Pd和Pt制备加氢脱硫催化剂

将ZSM-5溶于偏硅酸钠水溶液,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作模板剂,用水热合成法自组装合成了具有较强酸性和不同SiO₂/Al₂O₃摩尔比(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃))的ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛（记为ZM(x),x=n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)）。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）质量分数为0.8%的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了Si-MCM-41和ZM(x)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂催化加氢脱硫（HDS）反应的活性。结果表明,担载Pt和Pd不会破坏ZM(x)的介孔结构;DBT在Pd催化剂上主要通过加氢路径脱硫,而在Pt催化剂上则直接脱硫和加氢2条反应路径并重;Si-MCM-41为载体的催化剂HDS活性较低并且失活较快,以ZM(x)为载体的Pd和Pt催化剂加氢活性、加氢脱硫活性、加氢裂化活性及稳定性都有显著提高;ZM(x)担载的Pt和Pd催化剂催化HDS反应的活性可能与其活性组分分散度以及载体的B酸和L酸比例（B/L）有关,具有较好的活性组分分散度和较高B/L比例的ZM(60)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱硫活性和稳定性。     

Effects of Impregnation Solvents on Catalytic Performance of Co-Ru-ZrO2/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Abstract

Used ZrO₂ modified γ-Al₂O₃ as support, Co-Ru catalysts were prepared by incipient impregnation method. The effects of impregnation solvents on the performances of catalysts were examined. The catalyst was prepared with ethanol solution and high Co dispersion was obtained, exhibiting highest activity of CO hydrogenation, very low methane selectivity, and high heavy hydrocarbon C₅ ⁺ selectivity. The catalysts were prepared with aqueous solution and methanol solution, and the reaction behaviors were similar. The solvent isopropanol caused the lowest catalytic activity and highest methane selectivity. Increasing the reaction temperature enhanced the CO hydrogenation rate, and the CO conversion slightly increased the CO₂ selectivity and favored the formation methane and light hydrocarbons, while the chain growth probability decreased. For the catalyst prepared with ethanol, the CO conversion, the CH₄ selectivity, and the C₅ ⁺ selectivity were 94.16%, 5.65%, and 88.2%, respectively, and the chain growth probability was 0.87 at 493 K, 1.5 MPa, 800 h^?1, and n(H₂):n(CO) = 2.0 in feed.     

W 对 W-Ni2P/SBA-15催化剂结构及二苯并噻吩氢脱硫性能的影响

 以硝酸镍为镍源,磷酸氢二铵为磷源,介孔分子筛 SBA-15为载体,采用共浸渍法制备Ni₂P/SBA-15前驱体,再将一定量的偏钨酸铵水溶液引入,采用程序升温还原制备了一系列 W-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂。采用 XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD 和 XPS 表征了催化剂的结构,并评价了催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性。结果表明,W-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂中均只存在Ni₂P物相;催化剂的比表面积和孔体积随着W含量的增加先增大后减小;强酸量和总酸量都随W含量的增加有明显增加;W的加入使得催化剂表面的 Ni^δ+含量有所降低,而 P^δ-含量有所增加;在大于360℃时,催化剂对二苯并噻吩具有很好的深度加氢脱硫活性,并且以直接脱硫生成联苯的脱硫机理为主。     

Dibenzothiophene Hydrodesulfurization Activity of MoS2 Supported in Sol–Gel ZrO2–TiO2 Mixed Oxides

Abstract

In this work, we report the effect of support composition on the properties of MoS₂ impregnated in sol–gel ZrO₂–TiO₂ mixed oxides as dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The supports calcined at 500°C were characterized by N₂ physisorption and X-ray diffraction (electronic radial distribution function). The oxidic impregnated materials (2.8 Mo atoms/nm²) were sulfided at 400°C under a H₂S/H₂ stream. The sample impregnated on the equimolar support showed the highest activity per mass of catalysts whereas the one with TiO₂ carrier was superior in a per mass of Mo basis. Marked differences in products selectivity were observed by TiO₂ addition in the supports. The hydrodesulfurization route to partially hydrogenated compounds was favored over the mixed oxides-supported catalysts meanwhile the direct desulfurization (to biphenyl) was promoted on the ZrO₂-supported solid. It is suggested that among other properties the dispersion and morphology of the MoS₂ phase could influence that behavior.     

Editorial: Emerging Technologies for Petroleum Waste Management

ABSTRACT

An estimate of the quantity of toxic coke deposited on fresh and regenerated Pt/Alj₂O₃ catalyst has been determined for methylcyclopentane (MCP) reforming in a Berty CSTR at 390°C, W/F=0·11 g min cm^-3, total pressure of 1 atm and MCP partial pressure of 9·2 × 10^-2 atm in H₂ or N₂ carrier. Eleven cycles consisting each of catalyst deactivation, regeneration and reduction were investigated with 3 in H₂ and 8 in N₂. Oxidizable (primary) coke deposits were higher in N₂. However, higher levels of toxic (secondary) coke were deposited in H₂. The ratio of oxidizable to toxic coke lies between 1?15×10³ in H₂ and 22 ? 55 × 10³ in N₂ The coke-time profiles for secondary coke removal exhibited maxima suggestive of three types of secondary coke with varying reactivity in H₂. Furthermore, the results strongly suggest that the cokes were layered on acidic coke forming sites with the solid phase transformation of primary to secondary coke occurring at the catalyst-coke interface.     

Transformation of Paraffins to Improve the Octane Number of the Cracked Naphtha Over Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Paraffins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to improve the octane number. In this article, a series of Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts were prepared and were characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD), FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by x-ray powder diffraction analysis. The monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni on HZSM-5 was determined and the cracking and aromatization activities of the catalysts were investigated in the transformation of n-heptane. The experimental results show that the catalyst with a monolayer dispersion threshold value of Ni shows the best aromatization and isomerization activity. The products selectivity of n-heptane over different catalysts was analyzed and it was revealed that low hydrogen pressure can reduce the conversion of n-heptane, but at the same time accelerate the production of aromatics. The aromatization activity of the catalysts increases with the elevation of the reaction temperature, and the incorporation of metal in HZSM-5 decreases the cracking reaction on the catalysts, while at the same time increases the reactions that may result in the production of aromatics.     

KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTANE REFORMING ON FRESH AND DEACTIVATING Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

ABSTRACT

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) in hydrogen on fresh and deactivating Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst to hydrogenolysis products (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and n-hexane), cyclohexane and benzene was studied in a Berty CSTR at various partial pressures of MCP and H₂, and at a total pressure of 1 atm. For the kinetic studies, temperatures between 370 – 400° and W/F values up to 0.33 g min/cm³ were used. The conversion of MCP was found to increase with increase in temperature at all the MCP partial pressures investigated. The hydrogenolysis products and benzene composition generally increased with increase in temperature and W/F. The mechanism for the reforming of MCP was similar to that proposed by Dartigues et al. (1978) except that the formation of hydrogenolysis products was accounted for in this formulation. Eleven rate models were developed and tested and six satisfied the set criteria. Since hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and desorption steps are relatively rapid, the conversion step to hydrogenolysis products was deemed the only rate determining step with an activation energy of 36.31 kcal/gmol. For the deactivation studies, the model of Corella and Asua (1982) was used for the development of two deactivation models. The only model found to predict the deactivation behavior was the step leading to the formation of the coke precursor as rate controlling.     

REFORMING OF N-OCTANE ON A Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST. II. KINETIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN DEPENDENCE.

ABSTRACT

The conversion of n-octane on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to pass through pronounced maxima with the variation of the partial pressure of hydrogen at temperatures between 420°C-460°C, P_N = 7·63 × 10^-3 atm and W/F = 0·11lg min cm_-3. The products of reaction were hydrocracked products, octane, ethylbenzene, o-.p-,m,-xylene and toluene. The order of appearance of the optimum PH for the various reactions were: Isooctane>Dehydrocyclized products>Hydrocracked products.

A sequence of elementary steps earlier postulated was found to predict the maximum in the n-octane P_H profiles for the three temperatures investigated. The rate determining steps for the two rate equations that were found suitable were conversion of adsorbed isooctane to adsorbed o-xylene and ethylbenzene.     

Product distribution and catalytic performance of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the methanol-to-aromatics (MTA) reaction

A study of the effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity and selectivity of H-ZSM-5 catalyst in the reaction of methanol to aromatics (MTA) has been carried out in this work. Aluminosilicate zeolite (ZSM-5) zeolites with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios were successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of the prepared ZSM-5 zeolite particles could be easily controlled by changing the ratio of tetraethylorthosilicate to aluminum nitrate nonahydrate. The effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the MTA reaction was studied. The H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios shows remarkable selectivity toward aromatics and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in the MTA reaction.     

Mathematical modeling of catalytic behavior of catalyst pellets in crude oils after blocking by liquid sulfur

The sulfur recovery unit converts H₂S to elemental sulfur by the Claus process. The process occurs during two combustion and catalytic reactions. Alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) and bauxite (Al₂O₃H₂O) are the main Claus catalysts in crude oils. The volume distribution of micro- and macropores and the parameter of Bethe lattice representing the complex structure of catalyst pellets pores are the most important parameters affecting catalyst performance. This research is aimed at evaluating these parameters impact on effective efficiency of catalyst bed after blocking by liquid sulfur for the second and third reactors. It can be done by considering micro- and macropores as a function of pellet diameter. The results show that pellets with a minimum coordination number or Bethe lattice parameter of 6 are more suitable to use in catalytic reactors. There is a great consistency between the modeling results and the industrial ones. In addition, a catalytic pellet with a diameter of 4.55 mm has the most optimal performance for sulfur recycling processes in industrial crude oil.     

Pt/SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3在正己烷异构化反应中的催化行为

采用连续流动的固定床微反装置考察了Pt/SO24-/ZrO2-Al2O3(PSZA)在正己烷异构化反应中的催化行为。采用NH3-TPD、H2-TPR及TG表征了催化剂的酸性、还原性能及硫物种含量。结果表明,PSZA的初始异构化催化活性几乎不受反应温度的影响,而稳定性则与反应温度密切相关。低温下反应,催化剂在短时间内迅速失活,而提高反应温度可大大提高PSZA的反应稳定性。PSZA具有良好的再生性能,与新鲜催化剂相比,多次再生后的催化剂异构化催化活性基本没有变化。PSZA在低温下的快速失活与其催化活性中心产生的机理有关,而与其硫损失或硫物种的还原无关。在异构化反应过程中,催化剂通过氢溢流可产生强酸活性中心,并在反应过程中不断被消耗;在高温下通过氢溢流不断产生新的强酸中心,使催化活性保持稳定;而低温下氢溢流难以发生,消耗的强酸活性中心不能及时补充,使催化活性下降。     

The Effect of Pd Precursors on the Catalytic Activity of a Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst for Cumene Hydroperoxide Hydrogenation

Abstract

Abstract Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation using K₂PdCl₄, (NH₄)₂PdCl₄, and Pd(NO₃)₂ as precursors. All catalysts were characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and CO chemisorption. The results obtained in the hydrogenation of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) to α-cumyl alcohol (CA) showed that Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared from Pd(NO₃)₂ exhibited the highest turnover frequency (TOF) value and the greatest deactivation extent, whereas Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared from (NH₄)₂PdCl₄ displayed the lowest TOF value but the best stability.     

Comparative Evaluation of Catalysts Containing 0.35% Pt Supported on H-BEA Zeolite Dealuminated via EDTA,HCl Leaching,or Hydrothermally With Steam

Abstract

H-BEA was steamed at 500°C for 2 hr and then loaded with Pt to produce 0.35% Pt/St-H-BEA catalyst. Also, H-BEA was dealuminated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and then loaded with Pt to produce 0.35% Pt/EDTA-H-BEA catalyst. Finally, H-BEA was dealuminated via HCl leaching followed by Pt loading to produce 0.35%Pt/HCl-H-BEA catalyst. These catalysts were reduced under H₂ flow at 500°C to give Pt metal. All catalysts were tested at 250°C–450°C for n-hexane hydroconversion. Maximum hydroisomerization of n-hexane was attained (75.1%) on 0.35% Pt/EDTA-H-BEA and 0.35% Pt/HCl-H-BEA catalysts but at 275°C on the former catalyst and at 300°C on the latter. At this temperature, n-hexane hydrocracking is only 1.2%. The hexane isomers selectivity on both catalysts was >99%. For the 0.35% Pt/St H-BEA catalyst, isohexanes yield and selectivity were lower than the above-mentioned catalysts. The catalyst of choice is 0.35% Pt/EDTA-H-BEA for its economic application at 275°C.     

Surface Properties and Reactivity of Iron-Doped Titanium Oxides Catalysts in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene with CO2

Abstract

The effect of Fe³⁺ doping level on the surface properties and catalytic performance of a series of iron-doped titanium oxide catalysts (1–7 mol% Fe³⁺) prepared using an acid-catalyzed sol-gel method was investigated in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂. The characterization of catalysts was carried out by means of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET). It was found that the capacity of isolated Fe³⁺ centers in titania matrix is responsible for the catalytic performance; the catalysts exhibit the best activity at the loading level of Fe³⁺, about 3 mol%. In addition, it was shown that the appropriate pore size of the catalysts ranges from 5 nm to 25 nm; the selectivity to styrene increases with an increase in the specific surface area of the appropriate pores.     

煅烧还原一步制备Ni基催化剂及在CH4-CO2重整反应中的应用

采用大豆油研磨法制备了Ni/C-SiO_2系列催化剂,并用于CH_4-CO_2重整反应。通过XRD、TG-DTG、BET、H_2-TPR、CO_2-TPD等对催化剂进行了物理性能表征,利用固定床连续反应对催化剂进行了催化性能测试。结果表明,研磨法制得的催化剂前驱体在惰性气氛N2中煅烧后,催化剂上的镍元素全部转变成了Ni~0,实现了煅烧还原一步制备中孔Ni基催化剂。CH_4-CO_2重整反应后的催化剂上存在两种炭,一种是催化剂制备时残留的碳源炭,另一种是重整反应过程中产生的可致催化剂失活的积炭。考察了助剂CeO_2、ZrO_2、La_2O_3对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,与Ni/C-SiO_2催化剂相比,Ni-CeO_2/C-SiO_2、Ni-ZrO_2/C-SiO_2、Ni-La_2O_3/C-SiO_2催化剂中Ni~0的粒径降低了,Ni-CeO_2/C-SiO_2、Ni-La_2O_3/C-SiO_2催化剂的反应活性提高了,反应后Ni-ZrO_2/C-SiO_2、Ni-La_2O_3/C-SiO_2催化剂上的积炭减少了。助剂La_2O_3不仅提高了催化剂活性,而且降低了催化剂上的积炭量,使用Ni-La_2O_3/C-SiO_2催化剂进行CH_4-CO_2重整反应,总碳转化率达到了52%。