Application of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation Assisting Fracturing

This article presents a new technology of abrasive water jet perforation assisting fracturing on Well Zheng 408-8, Bin Nan Production Plant, Shengli Oilfield. First, the balsting tool, with 9 nozzles, was lowered down to the payzone and perforated 90 tunnels with abrasive water jet after being moved upward 9 times. Then the fracture work was conducted and 18 m³ sands were squeezed into the formations. After that the well production reached 11.6 t/d liquid and 8.7 t/d oil, respectively, and this continued for 9 months. But before the job, nothing was produced from this well.     

超临界二氧化碳射流中的颗粒跟随及影响因素

超临界二氧化碳射流具有破岩速度高、门限压力低等优势,加入磨料颗粒形成超临界二氧化碳磨料射流,将取得更高的冲蚀切割效率。为研究超临界二氧化碳磨料射流可行性,采用数值模拟方法,对比分析了单个颗粒在超临界二氧化碳等流体射流中的运动特征,揭示了流体温度、磨料粒径对颗粒跟随运动的影响规律。结果表明,与相同条件下在水与压裂液射流中相比,磨料颗粒在超临界二氧化碳射流中运动规律相似,但初始滑脱速度较大、跟随能力较弱,获得的喷射速度与撞击靶件壁面速度较高,表明超临界二氧化碳具有良好的颗粒携带能力;流体温度升高、磨料粒径增大均会使颗粒滑脱速度增大、削弱跟随运动效率,但同时也降低了喷嘴外流场中颗粒所受运动阻力,显著提高了喷射速度与撞击壁面速度。由此可知,对于石英、陶粒等常用磨料材质,在常规储层温度(60~140℃)与粒径范围(20~70目)内,超临界二氧化碳磨料射流可有效形成并进行高效冲蚀切割作业。     

Jet initiation and penetration of explosives

Abstract

The two-dimensional Eulerian hydrodynamic code 2DE, with the shock initiation of heterogeneous explosive burn model called Forest Fire, is used to model numerically the interaction of jets of steel, copper, tantalum, aluminum, and water with steel, water, and explosive targets.

The calculated and experimental critical condition for propagating detonation may be described by the Held V² d expression (jet velocity squared times the jet diameter). In PBX 9502, jets initiate an overdriven detonation smaller than the critical diameter, which either fails or enlarges to greater than the critical diameter while the overdriven detonation decays to the C-J state. In PBX 9404, the jet initiates a detonation that propagates only if it is maintained by the jet for an interval sufficient to establish a stable curved detonation front.

The calculated penetration velocities into explosives, initiated by a low-velocity jet, are significantly less than for non-reactive solids of the same density. The detonation products near the jet tip have a pressure higher than that of nonreactive explosives, and thus slow the jet penetration. At high jet velocities, the calculated penetration velocities are similar for reactive and inert targets.     

旋转磨料射流破岩钻孔试验研究

针对径向水平井钻井技术中旋转水射流在硬地层和深井中破岩能力低的不足,利用磨料射流破岩能力强的优势,对旋转磨料射流进行了试验研究。结果表明,旋转磨料射流破岩具有钻孔直径大和破岩效率高的双重优点,并随泵压增加,钻孔直径也增加。与非旋转磨料射流相比,同样条件下旋转磨料射流钻孔直径和破岩体积都比前者高出多倍。该试验研究为磨料旋转射流应用于径向水平钻井提供了基础     

液氮磨料射流破碎高温花岗岩机理

液氮磨料射流是一种高效的破碎干热岩方式。为进一步探究其破岩机理,开展液氮磨料射流喷射高温花岗岩室内实验。从宏观角度分析岩石破碎形式、射流孔眼形态及表面特征,从微观角度分析断裂面形貌和微裂缝分布等,探究液氮磨料射流破碎高温岩石特征。同时,开展磨料水射流和氮气磨料射流破岩实验作为对照。实验结果表明,液氮磨料射流形成的孔眼形状不规则,表面凹凸不平,且破碎体积明显大于磨料水射流和氮气磨料射流。扫描电镜实验显示,低温、冲击载荷作用下,在孔眼壁面和孔眼附近区域生成大量微裂缝,其主要断裂方式为拉伸、剪切作用下岩石的脆性断裂,表现为穿晶断裂和沿晶断裂。理论分析和数值模拟研究表明,液氮低温作用对岩石造成损伤,而热应力、磨料冲击载荷和流体水楔作用在损伤岩石基础上主要以剪切和拉伸两种方式破碎岩石。     

井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流室内实验研究

提高深部复杂地层机械钻速，迫切需要发展新型高效破岩钻井技术。在分析现有技术的基础上，指出发展新型复合射流钻井技术是提高深部地层石油钻探效率的一个重要途径。提出了井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流钻井的技术构想，设计了相关的工具，分析了井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流破岩、辅助破岩的机理，进行了后混合磨料脉冲射流破岩室内实验研究。结果表明:冲蚀体积随泵压增大而增加，存在破岩的最佳喷距、磨料浓度和磨料粒径；在较低浓度下，后混合磨料脉冲射流的冲蚀性能较接近于前混合磨料脉冲射流；引入外部流体后射流的动压力增大了7%，脉冲幅值提高了1.5倍。研究结果为井底岩屑磨料脉冲射流钻井工具的研制和相关技术的开发提供了依据。     

磨料射流射孔压裂一体化工具的设计

磨料射流射孔技术的工作原理是利用机械冲顶、磨铣或者水力冲击的方式在套管上形成水射流通道,然后利用高压水射流冲蚀地层,从而在地层中形成具有一定深度和孔径的油气渗流通道。研究了长庆油田的地质与水力压裂状况,并根据磨料射流射孔的技术状况设计了磨料射流射孔压裂一体化工具。通过对油井实施磨料射流射孔压裂一体化操作,在地层中形成了具有高渗透能力的通道。利用该工具可节省作业时间,降低生产成本。     

磨料射流射孔增产技术研究与应用

介绍了磨料射流射孔机理、参数影响规律室内试验和油井射孔现场试验结果。研究表明，磨料射流射孔过程可分为脆性和延展性材料切割两个不同阶段，并得出了主要参数(包括压力、排量、磨料类别、磨料粒度、磨料体积分数、围压和岩石性质等)对射孔深度的影响规律和合理的参数范围。在地面模拟试验井，24～27MPa压力条件下射孔和割缝深度达0.50m以上；10口井11井次现场施工证明，磨料射流射孔工艺技术降低破裂压力5～10MPa，油井增产效果明显。     

煤层气水平井扇形磨料射流造穴喷嘴结构设计

现有煤层气开发直井采用水力造穴方式不能确定造穴的几何尺寸和形态,采用机械造穴方式刀杆容易变形、易使工具落入井内,水力-机械复合造穴技术操作复杂、成本高。为此,提出煤层气水平井扇形磨料射流喷射造穴的新思路。采用室内试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,优选和优化了扇形喷嘴的几何结构参数,分析了磨料颗粒在流场中的运动轨迹及加速特性,探索了射流参数和磨料参数对颗粒运动速度的影响规律。研究结果表明:椭圆形出口的扇形喷嘴适用于煤层气水平井喷射造穴;扇形磨料射流的颗粒加速区域主要集中在喷嘴收缩段和射流等速核区域内;流体的速度矢量场特征和磨料的运动轨迹特性表明,喷射造穴的主要作用机理是切割煤体的同时冲击破碎煤块;优化布置不同喷射角度的扇形喷嘴组合、提高喷嘴压降及合理控制砂比,可收到“网格式”切割破碎煤岩的效果,从而达到大范围应力释放的目的。所得结论可为煤层气水平井喷射造穴提供理论基础和设计参考。     

Surface Experiment of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation

Abstract

This article presents the experiment process and results of abrasive water jet perforation. This experiment was conducted in Kalamayi, China, Xinjiang Oilfield in October 2004. Referring to explosive perforation experiment, we made two cement cylinder samples with a diameter of 2.4 m, 1.2 m high, putting a 139.7 mm (5-1/2″) and a 177.8 mm (7″) casing sub in them, respectively. The two cylinders were buried underground. During the experiment, we changed the following parameters: blasting time, nozzle diameter, and cement cylinder property. After experiment, we opened the cylinder and found that, compared with explosive perforation, the hole on the casing wall and the tunnel in the cement were much rounder and bigger than with that method. In addition, it can cause a fracturing effect, possibly forming micro-fractures on the tunnel wall. This effect can avoid forming impermeable crushed zone when using explosive perforating.     

水力喷砂射孔参数实验研究

通过室内模拟实验，对影响水力喷砂射孔能力的7个参数（射流压力，射流排量，射流磨料性质，磨料体积分数，磨料粒度。岩性和围压）进行了系统研究。初步得出了各参数对射流破岩能力的影响规律，实验表明，水力喷砂射孔能力随压力和排量的增加而增加；磨料粒度和体积分数都存在着一个最优值。磨料体积分数为6%-8%，磨料粒度为0.4-0.6mm；磨料的性质对水力喷砂射孔能力有一定的影响；岩石的性质和围压对射孔能力有很大影响；固定条件下存在着最大射孔深度和最优喷射时间。     

Enhancing Oil Production by Helical Hydraulic Sand-Blasting

Abstract

The helical hydraulic sand-blasting slotting technology is a new development of the traditional hydraulic sand-blasting slotting technology. The original nozzle gun movement control system was replaced with a helical slid rail, and thus the application was extended to directional and horizontal wells. Experiments were conducted to study the feasibility abrasive water jet slotting sand prevention tubes. The effects of slotting were compared before and after the slotting implementation for 10 wells, five production wells, and injection wells, respectively. The results show that: (1) To succeed at sand prevention tubes slotting, nozzle movement must be smooth and very slow to avoid discontinuous, isolated holes; (2) At 30 MPa or higher, the slotting technology could generate slots of 700–1,000 mm deep; and (3) Besides the benefits of enlarging the oil and gas seepage area, the slotting technology could increase the reservoir formation permeability reasonably.     

新型激活剂提高内源微生物驱油效果研究及应用

为了提高内源微生物驱油效果,引入微生物生长促进因子,形成一种新型激活剂体系。当新型激活剂体系中微生物生长促进因子RPOS-12质量分数为0.05%时,激活后内源微生物数量大于8.8×10~8个/mL,同时提高了两种功能菌的含量,即乳化菌由10~4个/mL提高至10~6个/mL、产脂肽菌由10~3个/mL提高至10~4个/mL。该体系激活后对柴油乳化指数达到100%、原油降黏率达到95.79%,洗油效率达到95.07%,一维物模实验提高水驱稠油采收率17.7%。现场试验表明,试验区单井产油量由4.3t/d升至8.1t/d,含水率从95%下降到86.5%,6个月4口井累增油量1 639t。     

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF WATER JET TECHNOLOGY IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING IN CHINA

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the developments of investigation and application of high pressure water jet technology in both deep drilling and oil production including jet-bit drilling, extended nozzles and their combination to enhance hydraulic effectiveness at bottomhole, combined jet and mechanical drilling, new efficient jets (self-resonating cavitating jet, self-excited oscillation jet, swirling jet) used in drilling, horizontal well drilling by water jet, near wellbore plug removal with water jet, and high pressure water jet penetrating. Laboratory investigation and field application have coherently shown that high pressure jet drilling can increase the penetration rate. The hydraulic power of rock bit with extended nozzles and with crossflow hydraulics can increase by 30～40 percent, the bit footage by 40 to 50 percent and dynamic pressure by 90 to 110 percent compared with conventional bit. Combined jet and mechanical drilling can increase drilling rate by a factor of 3 in deep wells than conventional drilling method. New efficient jets can improve the penetration rate of bit with 20 to 60 percent higher, owing to the enhanced cutting and cleaning action. High pressure water jet drilling system can be used to drill multiple ultra-short-radius (0.3 m) radial horizontal wells at the same level without tripping the whipstock. Near wellbore plug removal with hydraulically rotating and pulsating water jet can increase oil production by 20 to 50 percent and increase water injection by 30 to 90 percent. New penetrating system by using high pressure water jet cutting can produce unobstructed radial tunnels with 3 meters in length and 14-25 mm in diameter information rocks and can be used in new well completions, recompilations, and workovers of older wells to enhance the production and injection efficiency. The paper shows the brilliant prospects of development and application of water jet technology.     

油水井井下造缝解堵工具应用研究

对磨粒射流井下造缝解堵工具的研究设计作了解析.井下淹没射流割缝技术就是在水射流束中按一定比例混入固体颗粒(石英砂)作为磨料对套管及岩体进行切割的一种技术,为了方便现场工作,井下造缝解堵工具可带多对喷嘴一并下井,实现了不动管柱地面更换喷嘴.通过地面和现场实际验证,磨粒射流井下造缝解堵工具可实现一趟管柱割多对缝,满足了细分...     

Research and application of water jet technology in well completion and stimulation in China

In recent years, rapid progress in the use of high pressure water jets (HPWJ) has been made in oil and gas well drilling, completion, and stimulation; and good results have been achieved in field applications. Advances in technologies and developments of well completion and stimulation with hydrajet are reviewed in this paper. Experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of abrasive water jetting and to optimize jet parameters, which can provide methods for the well completion and hydrajet fractu...     

磨料射流切割套管技术研究及在海上弃井中的应用

为安全有效地从泥线以下切割海上废弃井套管和管桩,研究开发了磨料射流切割技术。基于高能磨料射流从套管串内部一次冲蚀切割多层管材的技术思路,设计了液压马达驱动式和水力自旋式切割装置,经过室内试验优化喷嘴、泵压、转速和磨料类型等参数,形成了配套的磨料射流切割多层套管工艺。地面综合切割试验及在曹妃甸 1-6-1 井的现场应用表明,该切割装置约在6 h内即可割断4层(φ244.5~φ762.0 mm)被水泥固为一体的套管,满足现场应用的要求,而且可利用工程船作业,能节省海洋钻机作业费用。实践证明,磨料射流切割技术具有切割能力强、效率高、环保无污染等特点,为国内海上油气田弃井作业提供了新的技术手段。      

围压对射流破岩特性影响的试验研究

围压是石油工程中影响射流动力学特性的重要参数之一。应用高压井筒模拟试验装置进行了围压对常规连续射流、空化射流和磨料射流破岩效果影响的试验，最高围压达到20MPa。试验结果表明，围压对常规连续射流和空化射流破岩效果影响明显，破碎体积随围压的增大而减小，减小的速度随围压增大逐渐变缓；而对获得最大破碎体积的最优喷距影响不大，为3～5倍喷嘴直径，说明围压对射流基本结构特性影响不明显。当围压小于15MPa时，磨料射流射孔深度随围压的增大而近似呈线性减小。该试验可为射流参数的优选提供依据。     

高压水射流理论及其在石油工程中应用研究进展

近年来新型水射流理论研究及其在石油工程中的应用进展主要包括：①自激振荡射流调制机理研究，创制了新型高效自振空化射流，发明了自激振荡射流钻头，首创了自振旋转射流处理近井地层解堵增产增注技术和自激波动注水技术。②机械及水力联合破岩理论研究，揭示了在钻井压入与旋转双向应力作用下，岩石裂纹形成和发展规律，建立了联合破岩钻头设计理论。③旋转射流理论和破岩机理研究，研制了径向水平钻井技术。①磨料射流特性和参数影响规律研究，优化了水力喷砂射孔参数设计，发展和完善了水力喷砂射孔技术。⑤高压水射液深穿透水力射孔及辅助压裂可行性研究，不仅可以提高射孔和压裂效率，而且为油田(特别是低渗透油藏)增产增注提供了一种有效方法。⑥双射流理论及其特性研究，双射流有利于形成大而深的破岩孔道，避免孔眼凸底的形成。可以提高射流破岩钻孔效率。⑦探索超高压射流辅助破岩理论及辅助钻井新方法，建立了超高压射流辅助破岩的三维PDC钻头模型。参18     

Comparison of three sampling methods for the quantification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of pig carcases

The objective was to determine the appropriate sampling method to quantify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on the surface of pig carcases. Carcases were contaminated using brain-heart infusion broth containing MRSA at 5 log and 7 log cfu/ml. Samples were collected using three methods: a wet/dry double swab (100 cm²⁾, an abrasive sponge (100 cm²) and a die cutter (2×5 cm²). Quantification of MRSA was done using decimal dilutions and cultivation in duplicate on chromogenic selective agar.The wet/dry double swab method was not sufficiently sensitive with 8 out of 10 samples being negative at low contamination levels. The abrasive sponge had reproducible results in all samples at both contamination levels. In low contamination areas 5 of the 10 die cutter samples were negative, while in the heavily contaminated areas, results of the die cutter and the abrasive sponge were comparable. It is concluded that with expected low contamination levels using the abrasive sponge is superior to the other two methods and should be used whenever contamination levels are not known.