蹄-鼓式制动器热弹性耦合有限元分析

首先探讨蹄—鼓式汽车制动器的摩擦接触热弹性耦合非线性动力学问题及其分析方法,包括摩擦生热模型、多物理场中的弹性体有限元模型、接触问题模型的建立方法以及相应的数值分析方法。然后,利用有限元分析软件ADI-NA建立一种新型蹄—鼓式制动器热弹性耦合动力学分析的三维有限元模型,确定对模型求解的位移边界条件和热边界条件,设定材料物性参数、加载过程及模拟工况,探讨进行制动器热弹性耦合有限元分析的过程,通过仿真计算得到制动器工作过程中摩擦副间接触力分布、制动鼓瞬态温度场、应力场、变形场等重要信息。     

Modeling subsurface deformation induced by machining of Inconel 718

Traditionally, the development and optimization of the machining process with regards to the subsurface deformation are done through experimental method which is often expensive and time consuming. This article presents the development of a finite element model based on an updated Lagrangian formulation. The numerical model is able to predict the depth of subsurface deformation induced in the high- speed machining of Inconel 718 by use of a whisker-reinforced ceramic tool. The effect that the different cutting parameters and tool microgeometries has on subsurface deformation will be investigated both numerically and experimentally. This research article also addresses the temperature distribution in the workpiece and the connection it could have on the wear of the cutting tool. The correlation of the numerical and experimental investigations for the subsurface deformation has been measured by the use of the coefficient of determination, R². This confirms that the finite element model developed here is able to simulate this type of machining process with sufficient accuracy.     

Plastic deformation analysis in machining of Inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy using both experimental and numerical methods

Surface region plastic deformation of Inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy workpieces was evaluated when machined under orthogonal cutting conditions at various cutting speeds. Plastic deformation analysis was accomplished by determining the residual stress and plastic strain distributions in the surface region. The residual stresses were tensile and maximum near the surface and decreased in magnitude with an increase in depth beneath the machined surface. Similarly, the plastic strains were maximum near the surface and decreased with an increase in depth beneath the machined surface. In addition, a finite element simulation of orthogonal machining was carried out for predicting the residual stress and plastic strain distribution. In general, the trend of the curves predicted by the finite element model was similar to those found experimentally.     

三维热弹耦合场作用下汽车制动鼓的性能分析

将制动中的辐射换热等效为对流换热,建立汽车鼓式双领蹄制动器三维热弹耦合模型。考虑制动摩擦力矩的影响,对多次连续制动工况下的制动鼓瞬态温度场、应力场、变形场进行有限元数值模拟,获得制动鼓的内外表面的温度、热应力及热机耦合强度变化规律。     

3D FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF CHIP FORMATION PROCESS FOR MACHINING INCONEL 718: COMPARISON OF FE SOFTWARE PREDICTIONS

Many efforts have been focused on the development of Finite Element (FE) machining models due to growing interest in solving practical machining problems in a computational environment in industry. Most of the current models are developed under 2D orthogonal plane strain assumptions, or make use of either arbitrary damage criterion or remeshing techniques for obtaining the chip. A complete understanding of the material removal process together with its effects on the machined parts and wear behaviour of the cutting tools requires accurate 3D computational models to analyze the entire physical phenomenon in materials undergoing large elastic-plastic deformations and large temperature changes as well as high strain rates. This work presents a comparison of 3D machining models developed using commercially available FE softwares ABAQUS/Explicit^© and DEFORM?3D Machining. The work material is chosen as Inconel 718, a difficult-to-cut nickel-based alloy material. Computational results of temperature, strain and stress distributions obtained from the FE models for the effect of cutting speed are presented in comparison with results obtained from experimental tests. In addition, modified material model for Inconel 718 with flow softening is compared with the Johnson-Cook model. The predictions of forces and chip formation are improved with the modified material model.     

滚动轮胎侧倾接地性能有限元分析

建立子午线轮胎滚动分析的三维有限元模型,在模型中充分考虑轮胎材料和结构的复杂性,轮胎与轮辋过盈配合以及轮胎与轮辋、地面的接触摩擦等状况,研究轮胎侧倾滚动状态下的速度和外倾角对轮胎变形、接地区应力和帘线的应力分布规律的影响.     

Prediction of residual stress distribution after turning in turbine disks

The state of a surface region after machining is definitely affected by cutting parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, tool nose radius, tool rake angle and the presence of a cutting fluid, which plays a major role in determining friction at the tool–chip interface. The aim of the present study is to develop a finite element model based on the general-purpose nonlinear finite element code MSC.Marc by MSC.Software Corporation. This software is capable of simulating the cutting process of low-pressure turbine disks of aircraft jet engines from its very beginning to steady-state conditions. Basically, the present analysis is a coupled thermo-mechanical dynamic-transient problem, based on the update Lagrangian formulation; no pre-defined path is given for the separation of the chip from the workpiece, since material deformation occurs as a continuous indentation performed by the rigid tool. In addition to the cutting parameters, the main inputs in this analysis are material constitutive data, the friction coefficient at the toolchip interface and the cutting tool temperature. All the relevant variables, like stresses, strains, temperatures, chip shape and residual stresses, are predicted in a wide range of cutting conditions. The results from the model are compared to some basic theories of metal cutting and to an experimental study, concerning orthogonal cutting of steel AISI 316L. Concerning the specific case of turning process of nickel alloy Inconel 718 low-pressure turbine disks, the calculated residual stress are compared to experimental measurements from real machined disks.     

UNDERSTANDING OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS RESULTS UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF OXLEY'S MACHINING MODEL

We introduce an accurate coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) of machining using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) analysis capability of ABAQUS/Explicit. This analysis provides detailed information about the cutting forces, chip thickness, contact length, the extent of the primary and secondary shear zones as well as the distribution of strain, strain rate and temperature in the deformation zones. This information has to be viewed under the framework of an analytical model for it to lead to better understanding of the physics of machining. We use the best available analytical model, namely, Oxley's machining model, for this purpose and the FEA results are compared with the assumptions and predictions of Oxley's analysis. The strain rate in the primary shear zone, the hydrostatic pressure variation along the shear plane, the distribution of normal and shear stresses along the tool-chip interface and the shape of the secondary shear zone are the quantities compared. Due to the key role of temperature in the prediction of tool wear, the fraction of heat conducted away into the workpiece, the maximum temperature along the tool-chip interface and the maximum temperature along the flank face are also compared. The comparison reveals that Oxley's model captures the physics of machining quite well. However, some details such as the heat partition module and the assumptions on stress and temperature distribution at the tool-chip interface need to be revisited.     

Incone1718镍基高温合金的切削性能仿真

在考察Inconel718镍基高温合金的化学成分和有关性能的基础上,通过Deform-3D软件对其进行车削仿真,分析影响Inconel718镍基高温合金切削性能的主要因素,给出其最佳的切削速度、进给量和背吃刀量的组合.研究了不同换热系数和刀-屑摩擦因数对Inconel718镍基高温合金切削性能的影响,找到了恰当的冷却润滑方式.     

铝热精轧轧制区温度场三维有限元模拟

根据某铝热连轧厂生产线实际结构参数和工艺参数,应用弹塑性有限元法,考虑轧件金属塑性变形热、摩擦热、界面接触热导等对轧件和轧辊传热的影响,运用大型通用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc建立了铝热连轧精轧机组F2机架的热力耦合三维有限元仿真模型.通过分析轧件温度场的分布规律,为更好地控制轧件的温度分布、提高产品的质量提供依据.     

UNDERSTANDING OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS RESULTS UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF OXLEY'S MACHINING MODEL

ABSTRACT

We introduce an accurate coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) of machining using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) analysis capability of ABAQUS/Explicit. This analysis provides detailed information about the cutting forces, chip thickness, contact length, the extent of the primary and secondary shear zones as well as the distribution of strain, strain rate and temperature in the deformation zones. This information has to be viewed under the framework of an analytical model for it to lead to better understanding of the physics of machining. We use the best available analytical model, namely, Oxley's machining model, for this purpose and the FEA results are compared with the assumptions and predictions of Oxley's analysis. The strain rate in the primary shear zone, the hydrostatic pressure variation along the shear plane, the distribution of normal and shear stresses along the tool-chip interface and the shape of the secondary shear zone are the quantities compared. Due to the key role of temperature in the prediction of tool wear, the fraction of heat conducted away into the workpiece, the maximum temperature along the tool-chip interface and the maximum temperature along the flank face are also compared. The comparison reveals that Oxley's model captures the physics of machining quite well. However, some details such as the heat partition module and the assumptions on stress and temperature distribution at the tool-chip interface need to be revisited.     

MODELING THE THERMAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT THE TOOL-CHIP INTERFACE IN MACHINING

In this paper, the tool-chip interaction is described by two models; a heat transfer model considering the thermal constriction phenomenon, and a friction model with variable friction coefficients. To integrate the two models into a finite element modeling (FEM) package, both the heat transfer and the friction coefficients are related to the normal stress on the rake face of the tool. The effects of the thermal constriction and the friction phenomena on the machining forces, the chip thickness, the temperature of the tool, and the residual stresses are investigated using FEM simulations. The results show that the proposed heat transfer model and friction model can properly describe the tool-chip interaction to improve the simulation accuracy.     

A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CHIP TOOL INTERFACE IN ORTHOGONAL MACHINING

A plane-strain thermo-elasto-viscoplastic finite element model has been developed and used to simulate orthogonal machining of 304L stainless steel using a ceramic tool. Simulations were carried out employing temperature-dependent physical properties. The model is used to investigate the effect of process parameters, tool geometry and edge preparation on the contact mechanics at the chip/tool interface. Stress and strain within the chip and the elastic tool are presented. Variables at the chip/tool interface such as contact length, sticking and sliding regions, normal and shear stresses, and frictional heat are investigated. Plastic deformation beneath the machined surface is compared for sharp and chamfered tools.     

Surface roughness modeling in Laser-assisted End Milling of Inconel 718

Inconel 718 is a difficult-to-machine material while products of this material require good surface finish. Therefore, it is essential for the evaluation and prediction of surface roughness of machined Inconel 718 workpiece to be developed. An analytical model for the prediction of surface roughness under laser-assisted end milling of Inconel 718 is proposed based on kinematics of tool movement and elastic response of workpiece. The actual tool trajectory is first predicted with the consideration of overall tool movement, elastic deformation of tool, and the tool tip profile. The tool movements include the translation in feed direction and the rotation along its axis. The elastic deformation is calculated based on the previously established milling force prediction model. The tool tip profile is predicted based on the tool tip radius and angle. The machined surface profile is simulated based on the tool trajectory with elastic recovery, which is considered through the comparison between the minimum thickness and actual cutting thickness. Experiments are conducted in both conventional and laser-assisted milling under seven different sets of cutting parameters. Through the comparison between the analytical predictions and experimental measurements, the proposed model has high accuracy with the maximum error less than 27%, which is more accurate for lower feed rate with error less than 3%. The proposed analytical model is valuable for providing a fast, credible, and physics-based method for the prediction of surface roughness in milling process.     

金属切削过程的三维显式动力分析

利用非线性有限元程序LS-DYNA,对低碳钢直角自由切削过程进行三维显式动力分析.模型采用单点积分Lagrange算法的三维显式实体单元solid164,以各向同性应变率相关分段线性塑性材料本构模拟切削层材料,以面-面固连断开接触算法模拟切屑与工件母体的分离过程,以同时考虑滑动摩擦与粘结摩擦的模型模拟切屑与前刀面的接触关系.显式分析结果预测低碳钢切削过程中切削力的大小,切削力分析值与已有实验值相比误差为0.6%;模拟出切屑变形过程中金属晶粒的剪切滑移和流动现象;获得切屑的变形形态及切屑中压力及应力应变的分布情况.     

A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CHIP TOOL INTERFACE IN ORTHOGONAL MACHINING

A plane-strain thermo-elasto-viscoplastic finite element model has been developed and used to simulate orthogonal machining of 304L stainless steel using a ceramic tool. Simulations were carried out employing temperature-dependent physical properties. The model is used to investigate the effect of process parameters, tool geometry and edge preparation on the contact mechanics at the chip/tool interface. Stress and strain within the chip and the elastic tool are presented. Variables at the chip/tool interface such as contact length, sticking and sliding regions, normal and shear stresses, and frictional heat are investigated. Plastic deformation beneath the machined surface is compared for sharp and chamfered tools.     

On the contribution of primary deformation zone-generated chip temperature to heat partition in machining

In machining, the percentage of heat flux that enters the cutting tool can have a critical impact on tool wear especially in dry cutting or high speed machining. In previous work, heat partition was evaluated by iteratively reducing the secondary deformation zone heat flux to the tool until the finite element simulated temperatures matched the experimental measured rake face temperatures. This follow-on work quantifies the contribution of primary zone heat flux to heat partition in machining. In this study, an analytical model was used to evaluate the rise in chip temperature due to primary deformation zone heat source. The heat partition and thermal modelling on the rake face was then conducted with an appropriate initial rake face temperature. Thus primary zone heat loads and shear-force-derived secondary zone heat flux were applied in finite element transient heat transfer analysis to evaluate heat flux into the cutting tool. External dry turning of AISI/SAE 4140 with tungsten carbide-based multilayer TiCN/Al₂O₃-coated tools was conducted for a wide range of cutting speeds between 314 and 879 m/min. Results further support the dominance of secondary zone heat flux on heat partition. The contribution of primary zone heat generation to the cutting tool heat flux in machining was less than 9.5 %. These findings suggest that, to address the thermal problem in machining, research and development should also focus on reducing friction on the rake face (e.g. coating innovations) and reducing contact areas (e.g. rake face design) in addition to the modification of shear angle and hence primary zone heat intensity.     

A numerical model for mixed lubrication taking into account surface topography,tangential adhesion effects and plastic deformations

The present paper focuses on numerical investigations of mixed lubrication phenomena. Generally minimized for sliding systems, this type of lubricated contact is essential to ensure the original basic function of a lubricated friction system. As analyses of such a contact are hardly possible with experimental facilities, the finite element method was chosen to model the occurring friction phenomena at the micro-scale. A three-dimensional model is implemented considering two lubricated real rough bodies, Bowden and Tabor adhesion model and heat generation occurring in the solid–solid contact. Present analysis gives an overview on how surface roughness and machining direction influence the friction behavior as well as the contact and fluid pressure fields in mixed lubricated systems. First results are in accordance with the literature but therefore require the use of a statistical approach to deliver quantitative results in adequation with real systems.     

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-ELASTIC STRESS OF WHEEL-RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A coupling thermo-mechanical model of wheel/rail in rolling-sliding contact is put forward using finite element method. The normal contact pressure is idealized as the Hertzian distribution, and the tangential force presented by Carter is used. In order to obtain thermal-elastic stress, the ther-mal-elastic plane stress problem is transformed to an elastic plane stress problem with equivalent fictitious thermal body force and fictitious boundary distributed force. The temperature rise and ther-mal-elastic stress of wheel and rail in rolling-sliding are analyzed. The non-steady state heat transfer between the contact surfaces of wheel and rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient are taken into consideration. The influences of the wheel rolling speed and wear rate on friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress are investigated. The results show the following: ① For rolling-sliding case, the thermal stress in the thin layer near the contact patch due to the friction temperature rise is severe. The higher rolling speed leads to the lower friction temperature rise and thermal stress in the wheel; ② For sliding case, the friction temperature and thermal stress of the wheel rise quickly in the initial sliding stage, and then get into a steady state gradually. The expansion of the contact patch, due to material wear, can affect the friction temperature rise and the thermal stress during wear process. The higher wear rate generates lower stress. The results can help under-stand the influence of friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress on wheel and rail damage.     

Modeling of machined surface characteristics in cryogenic orthogonal turning of inconel 718

The determination of the optimal machining conditions for assuring desired machined surface characteristics of a part is one of the main goals in a machining process. In this article, the impact of a cooling lubrication fluid, its delivery phase and location, as well as machining parameters, on residual stresses have been investigated. The workpiece material under observation is Inconel 718. For measuring residual stress profiles, X-ray diffraction technique has been used. Additionally, besides the experimental work, modeling with the finite element method model was implemented and correlated with experimental results. The results show that residual stresses are influenced by the cooling lubrication scenario, even though the machining parameters are kept constant. However, flood and cryogenic machining show more compressive residual stresses than a dry machining case. On the other hand, the results have shown also that machining parameters influence residual stresses, where stresses increase with their increase (v_c and f).