压缩载荷下闭合斜裂纹的分支裂纹渐近扩展分析

采用滑动裂纹模型并结合现有张开斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹扩展特性的研究成果,研究了闭合斜裂纹的I型分支裂纹的渐近扩展特点,结果表明:1) 闭合斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹路径的渐近线为平行于最大主应力的一条直线,并得出了渐近线方程;和张开斜裂纹的翼型裂纹不同,闭合斜裂纹的翼型裂纹路径的渐近线不一定过初始裂纹中心点,该渐近线位置与初始裂纹面的摩擦系数、初始裂纹长度及初始裂纹角有关;2) 闭合斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹的扩展路径可以近似采用双曲线描述,并得出了描述I 型分支裂纹扩展路径的方程.采用ABAQUS 二次开发对闭合斜裂纹的分支裂纹的扩展过程进行了数值模拟,并采用数值模拟和现有试验相结合的方法验证了以上结论的正确性.     

疲劳载荷下工业纯铁表面与内部裂纹长度的研究初探

疲劳裂纹扩展试验中,采用表面裂纹长度作为疲劳裂纹长度进行疲劳裂纹扩展计算和疲劳裂纹扩展模型建立的过程中,会导致计算的最终结果和模型产生一定的误差。对工业纯铁板材试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分析疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹长度与裂纹扩展速率的关系,以及对疲劳裂纹扩展断口形貌特征进行观察。结果表明,上述2种方法均可来确定表面裂纹长度和内部裂纹长度之间的关系。     

拉—拉疲劳下15MnMoVN多裂纹扩展研究

为分析单裂纹或多裂纹在裂纹面承受疲劳拉伸载荷作用下尖端应力强度因子变化规律和裂纹形貌变化以及疲劳寿命情况,以含不同初始长深比的半椭圆单裂纹或双裂纹的薄片试样为研究对象,对试样在应力比R=0.1的疲劳拉伸载荷下单裂纹或双裂纹情况进行了仿真分析。建立含裂纹试样的有限元模型,仿真分析了裂纹在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的分布情况,并将单裂纹扩展结果与双裂纹相互作用影响下的结果进行了对比研究;进行含裂纹试样的疲劳实验,分析了含单裂纹或双裂纹的试样的断裂面的形成原因,并验证仿真结果正确性。结果表明,裂纹面之间的相互作用会逐渐影响裂纹的扩展方向、扩展速率以及在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的变化趋势;而且初始形貌为半椭圆形的双裂纹在相互作用影响下会逐渐过渡到半圆形。     

双轴弯曲载荷下表面裂纹应力强度因子的数值计算

本文通过FRANC3D软件计算双轴弯曲载荷下表面裂纹前缘的应力强度因子,数值计算和理论计算结果基本吻合;通过等裂纹面积不同纵横比的表面裂纹前缘应力强度因子的分析可知:当表面裂纹为浅裂纹时,等裂纹面积下a/c=1/3时椭圆表面裂纹最为危险;当表面裂纹为深裂纹时,等裂纹面积下a/c=2时椭圆表面裂纹最为危险。     

含不同张开角度裂纹结构的动态断裂试验研究

不同结构的动态断裂行为受多个因素影响,其中裂纹缺陷对其影响最为显著。张开型裂纹是工程结构中十分常见的缺陷,而且张开角度往往并不固定。为研究结构的运动裂纹与不同预制角度裂纹相互作用的规律,以张开角度为单一变量,采用动态焦散线试验系统,在冲击荷载下对含不同张开角度裂纹的有机玻璃试件进行三点弯试验。研究发现：裂纹扩展经过不同张开角度的预制裂纹时,都会先扩展至预制裂纹夹角尖端,再从预制裂纹其中一端重新蓄能起裂,然后偏向落锤点方向扩展,最终贯穿整个试件;开口向上的预制裂纹会增加运动裂纹的扩展时长,而且预制裂纹的开口角度越大,对裂纹扩展产生的迟滞效应越大,裂纹贯穿试件的总时长越大;与预制裂纹相互作用阶段,动态裂纹都会先减速后增速至峰值,预制裂纹角度越大,裂纹扩展速度峰值越小,且当预制裂纹角度为180°时的峰值与无预制裂缝试件的峰值非常接近;运动裂纹再次从预制裂纹尖端处起裂时裂纹尖端应力强度因子迅速大幅增加后又迅速减小直至试件完全断裂。     

双裂纹转子系统非线性动力学特性研究

从断裂力学理论出发,考虑了裂纹强度因子中剪力因素在裂纹截面处的影响,通过建立的裂纹转子精细有限元动力学模型,分析了不同裂纹位置对双裂纹转子系统亚临界、主共振区,及超临界转速下的非线性动力学响应,以及双裂纹转子系统不同裂纹方向角对双裂纹转子系统动力学响应的影响,结果为多裂纹转子系统故障识别提供了理论依据。     

爆炸冲击荷载下相邻巷道裂隙扩展机理模拟试验

为探究邻近巷道裂纹缺陷受爆炸荷载作用的扩展机理,采用透射式动态焦散线实验系统进行模拟实验。结果表明,对迎爆侧隐性裂纹,当裂纹与巷道左壁相对距离10 mm时,裂纹右尖端扩展因巷道的存在使预制裂纹导向作用更显著,引导爆生主裂纹与预制裂纹左尖端贯穿,衍射后作用于右尖端反射拉伸引起;对背爆侧隐性裂纹,当裂纹与巷道右壁相对距离4 mm时,裂纹扩展源于薄弱的巷道临空面将绕射的应力波能传递并导向裂纹缺陷,裂纹受拉扩展贯穿。巷道存在会增加其围岩裂纹缺陷处动应力集中,在爆炸应力波作用下会诱发裂纹扩展。     

含单侧预制裂纹梁的冲击动态断裂过程试验研究

利用动焦散线试验方法研究了冲击下预制裂纹梁的动态断裂行为,对比分析了冲击荷载作用下单裂纹与双裂纹试件的应力强度因子、扩展轨迹以及速度、加速度等参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冲击荷载作用下,含双裂纹且主裂纹在冲击点正下方的试件起裂时间最早,裂纹扩展后期朝向次裂纹方向发生较小的偏移;含Ⅰ型单裂纹的试件起裂时间次之,裂纹扩展路径呈直线;含双裂纹且两条裂纹均偏置于冲击点的试件起裂时间最晚,扩展过程中发生明显的曲裂现象。同时,裂纹扩展过程中曲裂现象越严重,裂纹扩展的最大速度就越小。在落锤冲击试件到试件断裂的整个阶段,应力强度因子一直表现出振荡变化。含双裂纹的试件,在主裂纹扩展中期,次裂纹上的应力强度因子有一个快速下降的过程。     

含裂纹混凝土的三维渗透性分析

该文假设含裂纹的混凝土材料是由孔隙基体和裂纹组成的二相复合材料,基于相互作用直推法（IDD）给出了三维周期裂纹渗透性的表达式。基于单元嵌入技术和弹性比拟的数值模拟新方法,解决了三维细观连续有限元实体模型的建模和网格划分问题,实现了含混凝土裂纹的三维渗透模拟。假设裂纹为圆盘状,引入周期性的概念并提出三维周期裂纹结构模型,分析裂纹直径、裂纹周期、裂纹倾角和裂纹间距等因素对整体等效渗透性能的影响。将得到的数值解和IDD理论解进行对比分析,结果表明:在裂纹密度较低时,数值解和理论解吻合得很好,但随着裂纹密度的增大,二者之间的误差逐渐增大;当裂纹趋于连通时,IDD解低估了裂纹之间的近场相互作用而偏离数值解;裂纹接近连通时,整体等效渗透率与裂纹密度呈对数关系,可用渐进对数表达式准确描述。     

定向断裂控制爆破爆生裂纹扩展机理的实验研究

采用新型数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,对缺陷介质双孔定向断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的动态行为进行了研究。结果表明,预制斜裂纹阻断了爆生主裂纹的扩展,最终两条主裂纹分别与翼裂纹形成相互勾连的形状。爆生主裂纹尖端以张拉应力场为主,其断裂为近似I型断裂。当爆生主裂纹运动到预制裂纹附近时,主裂纹端部应力场与预制裂纹尖端奇异应力场相互叠加,在预制裂纹尖端形成较强的拉剪应力场,且受已有主裂纹面的影响,预制裂纹扩展表现为弯向主裂纹面的弯曲断裂。研究结果可为含节理岩体定向断裂控制爆破提供理论依据。     

Ultrasonic Measurement of the Crack Depth and the Crack Opening Stress Intensity Factor Under a No Load Condition

This paper describes a new methodology for evaluating the crack depth and the crack opening stress intensity factor of small closed cracks using an ultrasonic technique. Surface connected back-wall cracks of depth ranging from 0.4 to 4.0 mm in steel specimens are considered. The crack corner echo amplitude of an ultrasonic shear wave, SW, beam of 50° incidence in material is used. First, the ultrasonic echo response of an open crack is determined as a function of crack depth. Next, based on changing the crack closure stress, an empirical relation between the crack closure stress and the crack-echo response is formulated. The crack depth and the crack closure stress of an unknown closed crack based on these relations are determined by inverse analysis of the ultrasonic response of the crack. From the evaluated crack depth and crack closure stress, the crack opening stress intensity factor is determined. The accuracy and reliability of this new nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method is verified by comparing the evaluated crack depth with the actual one. The latter is measured on the fractured surface obtained after carrying out ultrasonic testing. The ultrasonic method developed is proved to be a powerful tool for quantitative and nondestructive evaluation of the crack depth as well as the crack closure stress.     

The anisotropic R-criterion for crack initiation

The anisotropic nature of mixed modes I-II crack tip plastic core region and crack initiation is investigated in this study using an angled crack plate problem under various loading conditions. Hill’s anisotropic yield criterion along with singular elastic stress field at the crack tip is employed to obtain the non-dimensional variable-radius crack tip plastic core region. In addition, the R-criterion for crack initiation proposed by the authors for isotropic materials is also extended to include anisotropy. The effect of Hill’s anisotropic constants on the shape and size of the crack tip plastic core region and crack initiation angle is presented for both plane stress and plane strain conditions at the crack tip. The study shows a significant effect of anisotropy on the crack tip core region and crack initiation angle and calls for further development of anisotropic crack initiation theory.     

The effect of a pre‐existing crack on a running crack in brittle material under dynamic loads

Brittle material usually contains plenty of cracks or micro‐cracks, which raises a question that how a pre‐existing crack affects a running crack as they are approaching. In order to investigate such issue, impact experiments were conducted by using double crack semi‐circle (DCSC) specimens. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected to make the DCSC specimens, and a modified SHPB system was used to perform the impact tests. The finite difference code AUTODYN was employed to simulate the crack propagation behavior and propagation path, and the simulated crack paths agree well with the impact test results. Meanwhile the stresses around the crack tips were analyzed and the crack propagation direction was investigated. To calculate the crack dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs), finite element code ABAQUS was employed. The results show that the spacing D between the vertical crack tip and the inclined crack center affects the stress distribution and fracture behavior of the vertical crack largely. As the vertical crack approaches the inclined crack, the crack speed is slow down, and tensile stress appears at the inclined crack tip. As the spacing D is small than 50 mm, the vertical crack connects with the middle area of the inclined crack. As the spacing D is 50 mm, the vertical crack connects with either the middle area or the upper tip of the inclined crack. As the spacing D is larger than 50 mm, the vertical crack coalesces with the upper crack tip.     

Effects of welding residual stresses on fatigue crack growth behaviour in butt welds of a pipeline steel

In the present test the fatigue crack growth rate in the parent plate, weld and cross-bond regions was measured and the results were correlated with the stress intensity range ΔK and the effective stress intensity range ΔK_eff. It is indicated that the welding residual stresses strongly affect the crack growth rate. For the weld metal and cross-bond compact tension specimens in which crack growth is along the weld line the fatigue crack growth rate increases as the crack grows. However, for the T compact tension specimen in which crack growth is perpendicular to the weld line at a constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate initially decreases as the crack grows. Particularly, at a low constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate obviously decreases and the crack fails to grow after short crack growth. When the crack grows to intersect the welded zone, the fatigue crack growth rate gradually increases as the crack grows further. It is clear that the effect of welding residual stresses on the crack growth rate is related to the position of the crack and its orientation with respect to the weld line. Finally, the models of welding residual stress redistribution in the compact tension specimens with the growing crack and its influence on the fatigue crack closure are discussed. It appears that for a butt-welded joint one of the crack closure mechanisms may be considered by the bend or rotation deformation of crack faces due to the welding residual stress redistribution as the fatigue crack grows in the welded joint.     

Correction to the Crack Extension Direction in Numerical Modelling of Mixed Mode Crack Paths

In order to avoid introduction of an error when a local crack growth criterion is used in an incremental crack growth formulation, each straight crack extension would have to be infinitesimal or have its direction corrected. In this paper a new procedure to correct the crack extension direction is proposed in connection with crack growth analyzed by the Dual Boundary Element Method (DBEM). The proposed correction procedure and a reference correction procedure already described in the literature are evaluated by solving two different computational crack growth examples. In the two examples it is found that analyses of the crack paths performed with the proposed crack correction procedure using big increments of crack extension are in excellent agreement with analyses of the crack paths performed by using very small increments of crack extension. Furthermore, it is shown that the reference correction procedure has a tendency to overcorrect the crack growth direction if the stop criterion for the iterative correction procedure is not calibrated in each new crack growth analysis.     

Algorithmic implementation of a generalized cohesive crack model

Smeared fictitious crack models can be regarded as generalized cohesive crack models. The classic fictitious crack models, i.e. the fixed crack, multiple fixed crack, rotating crack and microplane model, are based on different assumptions for the orientation of developing cracks. A smooth transition between the extreme cases, the fixed crack and the rotating crack model, is provided by the adaptive fixed crack model. In this approach, the critical direction of failure is uniquely identified based on Mohr's hypothesis. Thus, the critical direction depends on the character of the failure criterion and the type of loading. The numeric implementation of the adaptive fixed crack model has given rise to some subtle questions. It is shown that even for a classical fixed crack concept, the algorithmic tangent stiffness may have to include components of crack rotation, depending on the imposed strategy for the global equilibrium iteration scheme.     

T-stress in the Zener-Stroh arc crack problem in plane elasticity

A Zener-Stroh curved crack is defined such that the crack undergoes an initial displacement discontinuity. A singular integral equation is suggested to solve the Zener-Stroh curved crack problem. General formulation for evaluating the stress intensity factors and the T-stresses at the crack tips of a Zener-Stroh curved crack is carried out. For the Zener-Stroh arc crack, T-stresses at the crack tips can be evaluated in a closed form.     

金属构件中裂纹的电磁热效应局部跨越止裂

采用理论分析和实验研究的方法讨论了应用电磁热效应对金属构件中裂纹实施局部跨越止裂的技术。在带有裂纹的模具钢构件上取样,对裂纹处通过点电极进行局部跨越脉冲放电。实验研究和理论分析结果均表明:跨越止裂可以使导体中局部裂纹在裂纹尖端处很小的范围内熔化形成微小的焊口,实现了钝化止裂,遏制了裂纹的扩展。通过对止裂后裂尖的金相组织观察和力学性能测试发现:超细化的条状马氏体、极少量残余奥氏体和细颗粒碳化物的出现极大地提高了裂纹尖端的硬度、韧性和耐磨性。     

Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth under biaxial loading

Studies on crack growth in a panel with an inclined crack subjected to biaxial tensile fatigue loading are presented. The strain energy density factor approach is used to characterize the fatigue crack growth. The crack growth trajectory as a function of the initial crack angle and the biaxiality ratio is also predicted. The analysis is applied to 7075-T6 aluminium alloy to predict the dependence of crack growth rate on the crack angle. The effect of crack angle on the cyclic life of the component and on the cyclic life ratio is presented and discussed.     

On the contact zone of a subinterfacial Zener-Stroh crack

Summary A Zener-Stroh crack is initiated by dislocations pile-up. Due to this displacement loading mechanism, only one of the two crack tips is sharp, and crack propagation is possible along the sharp tip only. When such a crack is initiated near an interface, the crack faces behind the sharp crack tip may contact each other due to material mismatch and loading combination. In the present study, a subinterface Zener-Stroh crack is analyzed with contact zone consideration near the tip. The problem is formulated as a set of nonlinear Cauchy-type singular integral equations which are solved numerically using Erdogan and Gupta's method. The physically pathological features of interpenetration of the crack surfaces and oscillation of the near tip fields are eliminated in the solutions due to the presence of a contact zone near the crack tip. It is found that the normal traction is bounded at the crack tip where a contact zone exists; while the shear traction has square-root singularities at both the crack tips. This result, is totally different to the case of an interface crack where Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors, are inter-related at the sharp crack tip.