Al_2O_3/CrN_x复合膜的摩擦磨损特性

为改善铝合金零部件的摩擦磨损特性,采用微弧氧化和射频磁控溅射技术,在2A12铝合金表面制备Al2O3/CrNx复合膜。用X射线衍射仪、涡流测厚仪、纳米硬度仪、微摩擦磨损试验机、非接触表面三维形貌仪及扫描电镜对Al2O3涂层及复合膜的相组成、膜厚、纳米硬度、摩擦磨损特性和磨痕形貌等进行了研究。实验结果表明:32μm厚的多孔Al2O3陶瓷涂层由α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3相组成,外层1.2μm厚的CrNx膜由单质Cr,Cr2N和CrN相组成;Al2O3涂层及Al2O3/CrNx复合膜的摩擦因数和磨损率都随法向载荷的增加而增大,在相同实验参数下,复合膜的摩擦因数和磨损率都远小于Al2O3涂层的,这表明在Al2O3涂层表面沉积CrNx膜能明显改善其摩擦磨损特性,将延长对偶件的使用寿命。     

中频磁控溅射沉积DLC/TiAlN复合薄膜的结构与性能研究

采用中频非平衡磁控溅射沉积工艺,并施加霍尔离子源辅助沉积,在高速钢W18Cr4V及单晶硅基体上制备了梯度过渡的DIE/TiAlN复合薄膜.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损仪等分析检测仪器对DLC/TiAlN复合薄膜的表面形貌、晶体结构、显微硬度、耐磨性等性能进行了检测分析.实验及分析结果表明:DLC/TrAlN薄膜平均膜厚为1.1μm,由于薄膜中的Al含量较多,使得复合薄膜的表面比DLC薄膜的表面要粗糙一些;通过对复合薄膜表层的XPS分析可知,ID/IG为2.63.由XPS深层剖析可知,DLC/TiAlN薄膜表层结构与DLC薄膜基本相同,里层则与TiAlN薄膜相似.在梯度过渡膜中,复合膜层之间的界面呈现为渐变过程,结合的非常好.DLC/TiAlN薄膜的显微硬度为2030 HV左右.与DLC薄膜显微硬度接近,低于TiAlN薄膜的显微硬度.但是DLC/TiAlN薄膜的耐磨性要好于TiAlN薄膜和DLC薄膜;DLC/TiAlN薄膜的耐腐蚀性能略好于DLC薄膜.     

铝合金黄色微弧氧化膜的制备及其性能

目前,铝合金微弧氧化膜色泽单一,多为白色,影响了其装饰性和在光学仪器方面的应用.为此,以高锰酸钾为着色剂,通过控制电解液的组成及其浓度,在铝合金表面原位生成了黄色微弧氧化膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析、观察了氧化膜层的相结构和表面形貌.结果表明:陶瓷膜层致密,与基体结合紧密;膜层主要组成相为Al,Al2O3,Mn5O8,Mn3O4,MnWO4;黄色陶瓷膜色泽稳定,较铝合金基体腐蚀电位有所提高.     

DLC膜厚度对镁基表面DLC/MAO复合膜层性能的影响

采用线性离子束沉积技术于AZ80镁合金微弧氧化(MAO)陶瓷层表面沉积不同厚度的类金刚石碳(DLC)膜,形成DLC/MAO复合膜层。对比研究4种膜基系统的表面结构特征、力学性能以及摩擦学性能差异。结果表明:随DLC膜厚度增加,复合膜层表面微孔数量减少,孔径减小,但凹凸不平趋势增加,且DLC膜表面颗粒特征更加明显,表现为DLC-80min/MAO/AZ80膜基系统具有最小的表面粗糙度,最大的硬度H、弹性模量E及H/E值;不同厚度DLC/MAO/AZ80膜基系统平均摩擦因数较MAO/AZ80显著降低;DLC膜厚度增加导致3种复合膜基系统的表面微观结构改变,使得摩擦因数与磨痕形貌存在差异;各膜基系统表面磨痕处均形成了Fe的转移层,由于表层DLC膜"裸露"的大量C对磨损界面具有很好的润滑作用,而使得镁合金基体获得有效保护。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金表面Al2O3-MoO2-SiO2微弧氧化复合陶瓷涂层的制备及其耐腐蚀性能

为了增强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金零件的耐腐蚀性能,通过在硅酸盐微弧氧化(MAO)电解液中增加钼酸根离子的方法,在合金表面制备了Al2O3-MoO2-SiO2复合陶瓷涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和电化学方法分析了钼酸钠的浓度对复合陶瓷涂层的形成、结构特征以及耐蚀性的影响.涂层的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示:经过15 min的MAO处理后,制备的Al2O3-MoO2-SiO2复合陶瓷涂层由约2μm厚的致密内层和约5μm厚的多孔外层组成,涂层表面出现了2种不同的形貌区域.X射线衍射结果表明:Al2O3-MoO2-SiO2复合陶瓷涂层主要由MoO2、γ-Al2O3和3Al2O3-2SiO2组成.电化学试验表明:当电解液中加入3 g/L钼酸盐时,涂层的孔隙率降低了4个数量级,涂层的腐蚀速率降低约100倍,表现出最好的耐腐蚀性能.     

掺杂氧化钇及氧化铬颗粒对纯铝微弧氧化膜层性能的影响

为了探究氧化钇和氧化铬颗粒对纯铝微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,采用磷酸盐电解液体系,以氧化钇和氧化铬为添加剂,利用微弧氧化技术,在1060工业纯铝表面制备微弧氧化膜层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪器(XRD)、涡流测厚仪、显微硬度计、台阶仪器、摩擦磨损试验机和电化学方法分析测试了膜层的表面形貌、相组成、厚度、硬度、粗糙度、耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：与单独添加2.5 g/L Y₂O₃和2.5 g/L Cr₂O₃条件下相比,在电解液中同时加入2.5 g/L Y₂O₃和2.5 g/L Cr₂O₃制备的复合膜层表面孔洞数量减少,表面更加致密,耐磨性较好,膜层的显微硬度达到746 HV、厚度达到20.1μm、粗糙度达到2 226.2 nm,且此时的复合膜层的自腐蚀电位最大,自腐蚀电流密度最小,耐腐蚀性能最好。     

射频磁控溅射沉积Al/Al2O3纳米多层膜的结构及性能

运用射频磁控溅射技术在Si(100)基片及40Cr钢基体上制备了调制周期λ=60 nm,调制比η=0.25～3的Al/Al2O3纳米多层膜.通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、维氏显微硬度仪及MFT-4000多功能材料表面性能测试仪对多层膜的结构、硬度、膜基结合强度及摩擦性能进行了研究.结果表明:Al/Al2O3多层膜中Al层呈现(111)择优取向,Al2O3层以非晶形式存在,多层膜呈现良好的调制结构.薄膜与衬底之间的结合强度较高,均在40N左右,摩擦系数均低于衬底的摩擦系数,表明Al/Al2O3多层膜具有一定的减摩作用.η=0.25的Al/Al2O3多层膜具有最高的硬度值(16.1GPa),摩擦系数最低(0.21),耐磨性能最好.     

MAO层厚度对MAO/DLC复合膜层力学性能与摩擦学特性的影响

借助直流脉冲微弧氧化(MAO)电源,采用恒压模式在AZ80镁合金表面制备四种不同厚度MgO陶瓷层,并以此为基,采用离子束复合磁控溅射技术沉积类金刚石碳(DLC)膜,对比研究了四种膜层体系(MAO-1min/DLC、MAO-3min/DLC、MAO-5min/DLC及MAO-10min/DLC)的表面结构特征、力学性能以及摩擦学性能差异。结果表明:随MAO层厚度增加,复合膜层表面微孔的孔径增大,表面粗糙度增加,且表层DLC膜具有颗粒特征,表现为MAO-3min/DLC及MAO-10min/DLC复合膜层具有较高的纳米硬度和弹性模量,且在磨损过程中对应的摩擦系数与磨痕宽度较小,其抗磨损性能优异;各复合膜层体系在磨损过程中摩擦系数均有波动,产生高温氧化,磨痕表面形成了Fe的转移层;MAO层可提高基体对DLC膜的支撑强度,表层DLC膜对磨损界面具有的润滑作用是复合膜层改善镁基体抗磨损性能之原因所在。     

SiCp/Al复合材料微弧氧化膜的组织结构及性能

采用微弧氧化技术对SiC体积分数分别为17vol%和55vol%的两种SiCp/Al复合材料进行处理。分析了两种材料微弧氧化膜的组织、形貌、相组成,测定了膜层的粗糙度、显微硬度、结合力,考察了膜层的耐磨和耐蚀性。结果表明:SiC的含量对SiCp/Al复合材料微弧氧化膜的表面形貌、粗糙度、相组成、结合力及摩擦磨损性能均有影响。17vol%SiCp/2009Al复合材料的微弧氧化膜较55vol%SiCp/6061Al复合材料更平整,微孔大小更均匀。55vol%SiCp/6061Al复合材料的微弧氧化膜的粗糙度(3.308 μm)比17vol%SiCp/2009Al复合材料(2.140 μm)大,表面熔融物堆积更多。两种材料的微弧氧化膜中均含有Al、Si、O、C、W等元素。55vol%SiCp/6061Al复合材料的微弧氧化膜中Mullite(SiO₂-Al₂O₃)相、α-Al₂O₃相、β-Al₂O₃相较多。17vol%SiCp/2009Al复合材料的微弧氧化膜的结合(38.55 N)较55vol%SiCp/6061Al(11.5 N)复合材料好。55vol%SiCp/6061Al复合材料的微弧氧化膜摩擦系数较大,磨损较严重。微弧氧化处理能有效改善两种SiCp/Al复合材料的耐蚀性。      

纳米Al2O3改性聚甲醛的摩擦磨损性能

制备纳米粒子Al2O3填充改性的聚甲醛(POM)纳米复合材料,在干摩擦和油润滑条件下研究了纳米粒子的加入对POM纳米复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:尽管POM/Al2O3纳米复合材料的干摩擦性能有所下降,但是油润滑性能得到了大幅度的提高,且当纳米Al2O3的含量为9%时,油润滑性能达到最佳.润滑油的存在提高了纳米粒子的活动性,并且纳米粒子的表面活性可以填平磨痕并增强转移膜与对偶面的粘结强度.     

真空阴极弧离子镀阴极斑点的移动研究

建立了真空阴极弧离子镀圆形平面靶侧面引弧时 ,阴极斑点的受力模型 ,分析了影响电弧运动的因素 ,改进了圆形平面靶侧面形状 ,大大提高了石墨靶阴极斑点从侧面到靶平面的过渡速度     

不同介质水蒸气等离子弧焊接7A52铝合金接头组织性能研究

利用水蒸气等离子弧焊切设备,选择水及不同比例丙酮水溶液等作为电弧介质对7A52铝合金进行焊接,对不同介质水蒸气等离子弧的轴向电弧吹力进行测试,对不同介质水蒸气等离子弧焊接7A52铝合金接头的组织和性能进行分析研究。结果表明:丙酮浓度越大,轴向电弧吹力越大,焊缝熔深越深;随着丙酮的添加,电弧的氧化性降低,有利于提高焊接质量,丙酮含量为40%(体积分数)时焊接接头性能最好,焊缝组织比较均匀;接头热影响区存在不同程度的硬化和软化区域,这与轴向电弧吹力大小、电弧热量传导速度、热影响区组织中强化相转化以及时效状态密切相关。     

Effects of process parameters on arc shape and penetration in twin-wire indirect arc welding

In this study, the effects of variable parameters on arc shape and depth of penetration in twin-wire indirect arc gas shielded welding were investigated. The variation of arc shape caused by changes of the parameters was recorded by a high-speed camera, and the depths of penetration of specimen were measured after bead welding by an optical microscope. Experiments indicated that proper parameters give birth to a concentrated and compressed welding arc, which would increase the depth of penetration as the incensement of the arc force. Several principal parameters including the distance of twin wires intersecting point to base metal, the included angle, and the content of shielding gas were determined. The arc turned more concentrated and the depth of penetration increased obviously as the welding current increased, the arc turned brighter while unobvious change of penetration occurred as the arc voltage increased, and the deepest penetration was obtained when the welding speed was 10.5 mm/s.     

TIG焊弧光传感弧长控制的研究

通过对ＴＩＧ焊接光辉光强σ弧长之间关系的研究，建立了微机控制的弧长调节系统。实现结果表明，该系统的控制精度为±０．１ｍｍ而且该系统具有自动适应工件表面的变化而无需发迹硬件结构的特点。     

基于小波变换的故障电弧断路器设计

故障电弧是引起电气火灾的主要原因之一,故障电弧断电保护作为一项较新的电路保护技术,能较好地防止因故障电弧而引发的火灾.通过分析故障电弧特征信号,提出了一种故障电弧检测方法,设计了故障电弧断路器的硬件和软件.利用电流互感器采集电流信号,经滤波处理后送入MCU,利用Daubechies 4阶小波变换对检测到的电流信号进行处理分析,判断有无故障电弧产生并做出相应处理.经试验分析,表明该设计是有效的,该故障电弧断路器同时具有漏电保护功能,具有识别率高、误动作率低等特点,可最大限度地保护供电系统、用电设备和人员的安全.     

Tribological property enhancement of CrN films by metal vapor vacuum arc implantation of Vanadium and Carbon ions

CrN films have been extensively used in precision forming and molding applications because of their excellent tribological properties and oxidation-resisting characteristics. Vanadium and carbon ions are introduced into the near surface layer of deposited CrN films via metal vapor vacuum arc implantation to improve the wear performance of CrN films. Dense and smooth CrN film was deposited using a filtered arc deposition system, which provides fully ionized Cr plasma on the substrate surface. Subsequently, surface bombardment of the deposited CrN film with vanadium and carbon ions densifies the film and forms an alloy near the surface. These CrN-based films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron electron and Auger electron spectroscopies. Examinations of the tribological and mechanical film properties, including wear resistance, corrosion resistance and fracture toughness were performed and correlated with respect to the implantation parameters.     

塑壳断路器中灭弧室的优化设计与试验研究

为了提高塑壳断路器的分断能力,对其灭弧室进行优化设计。基于电弧开断过程的理论研究,提出提高电弧电压的3种方式:1)优化灭弧栅片的结构,采用第1片引导、最后一片阻隔加上中间正常排布的方式,实现良好的切割电弧的效果;2)增加电机槽的磁吹结构,通过提高电弧受到的磁吹磁场强度来加快电弧的运动速度,借助ANSYS仿真方法可得新增加的磁吹结构使电弧增加了97N的磁吹力;3)增加气吹结构,利用降低弧柱的温度来提高弧柱压降,采用介质恢复强度快的产气材料PA66作为气吹片。组合使用得到优化后的设计方案并制作样机,在室温(25℃)及415V交流电压条件下进行短路分断实验,其分断能力由50kA提升至70kA,同时燃弧时间由5ms缩短至3ms。实验后拆解样机发现有部分试品出现灭弧室外壳破裂的问题,则将栅片基座开裂位置的壁厚增加2mm,借助ANSYS的静力分析模块,对变更前后的外壳进行等效应力比较,分析结果显示新结构的强度提升了40.2%,再次装配样机后,最终顺利通过工程试验。研究成果对后续塑壳断路器的新品开发及改进设计具有一定的参考作用。     

Simplification of the Plasma Load of Negative-Pulse-Bias Source Used in Arc Ion Plating

Based on the voltage and current fluctuating phenomenon in the arc plasma load under the negative-pulse-bias, usingthe plasma physics theory and analysis of computer simulation expatiates that the nature of plasma load in vacuumarc plasma is a capacitance     

Soot and other Products Formation from the Submerged Carbon Arc in Halogenated Solvents

A series of selected halomethanes were treated with the submerged carbon arc using graphite electrodes at 10A. CCl₄ and CHCl₃ produce abundant soot which is double in comparison to the soot produced by arcing CH₂Cl₂ and is one order of magnitude higher than the amount of soot produced by arcing hydrocarbons such as n-hexane or decalin and two orders of magnitudes higher in comparison to the amounts of soot produced by arcing alcohols. It was found a anticorrelation between the amount of polyynes present in the solution of the arced solvent and the amount of soot produced by arcing. In the case of CCl₄ and CHCl₃ no polyynes were detected by liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD), while polyynes were detected in CH₂Cl₂ and are present in higher concentration in arced hydrocarbon solutions. The soot produced from halomethanes was analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy in comparison to the soot produced by arcing hydrocarbons and alcohols. Furthermore, the soot from halomethanes was analyzed by HPLC-DAD after extraction with acetonitrile and found to contain a mixture of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Also CHClBr and CH₂I₂ were arced between graphite electrodes. The former compound produces free bromine and soot; bromine causes halogenation of the polyynes. In the case of the latter compound, free iodine is released from the arc and the amount of soot produced is comparable to that obtained by arcing CH₂Cl₂.     

Effect of welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints fabricated using duplex stainless steel fillers

The present investigation aims to study the effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on fatigue crack growth behaviour of the ferritic stainless steel (FSS) conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material and AISI 2209 grade duplex stainless steel (DSS) was used as filler metal, for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimens were used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour. From this investigation, it is found that the GTAW joints showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared with SMAW and GMAW joints. The reasons for the superior performance were discussed in detail.