AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH VELOCITY FLOW OVER A CYLINDRICAL PROTRUSION IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF AERATION

This article experimentally investigated the pressure and cavitation characteristics of high velocity flow over a surface irregularity with and without aeration in a non-circulating water tunnel system. The surface irregularity is a cylindrical protrusion made of stainless steel of 6 mm diameter and 2 mm height. Pressures with and without aeration were measured with MPX400D pressure transducers and real-timely acquired by a SINOCERA YE6263 data acquisition system. Variations in flow regimes with and without aeration were observed. Pressure profiles and their variations with air concentration upper and lower cylindrical protrusion on the invert and obvert walls were determined. Variations of cavitation number with air concentration lower cylindrical protrusion were analyzed. Also, cavitation numbers in the presence and absence of aeration were compared.     

PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION

1.INTRODUCTION Alotofhighdams,whicharegreaterthan100minheight,havebeensofarcompletedinChi na.Andmanysuperhighdamsover200mhighsuch asErtanandLongtanHydropowerStationswere completedorareunderconstruction.Someof themevenhavetheheightontheorderof300m suchasXiaowanandXiluoduHydropowerSta tions[1].Accordingtoincompletestatistics,nearly30superhighdamswhicharegreaterthan200min heighthavebeensofarcompletedintheworld[2].Becauseoftheheadincrease,flowvelocityin thesehighdamscanreachseveral dozenm…     

CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION AND ITS COMPRESSIBLE CHARACTERISTICS

1. INTRODUCTION So far a lot of high dams that are greater than 100 m in height have been constructed in China. And many super high dams over 200 m in height, such as those at the Ertan and Longtan Hydropower Stations, were completed or are under construc…     

溢洪道底板空蚀发生位置及抗空蚀措施分析

以肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程为例,通过水工模型试验,测试其设计水位工况下和泄洪消能标准水位工况下溢洪道泄洪时底板的流速及压力分布,并根据空化理论模型对其底板沿程空化数进行了计算。结果表明:可以通过溢洪道流速特性和底板压力分布来分析过流面的空化空蚀特点;在实际工程中,可采用优化过流面的体形、设置掺气减蚀设施、控制溢流面的不平整度以及使用抗空蚀材料等方法来防止空化和空蚀的发生。     

高水头船闸阀门顶缝空化切片试验研究

针对日益严峻的高水头单级船闸阀门顶缝空化问题,采用能够真实反映缝隙流特性的1:1切片模型试验,研究阀门顶缝空化特性及门楣自然通气防空化机理。研究表明,随着空化的发展,缝隙段依次发生喉口跌坎空化、主流中心空化和阀门面板空化,缝隙段负压区不断延伸,直至整个缝隙段达到稳定的-10 m水柱负压,压力脉动很小;门楣自然通气通过增加缝隙段压力,消除主流中心空化和阀门面板空化,抑制喉口跌坎空化。当采用门楣自然通气措施后,缝隙段压力稳定在-2 m水柱左右,空化消失,缝隙段水流脉动压力增大;缝隙段压力与单宽通气量近似二次多项式关系,通气量极值对应的缝隙段压力约-2 m水柱,此时缝隙段压力与通气量达到平衡状态,当缝隙段压力逐渐升高时,门楣通气量逐渐降低,直至自然通气停止。     

突扩跌坎掺气设施深化研究

高速水流下的空化空蚀和高水头下的闸门止水问题是高水头泄水建筑物运行所遇到的2大问题。为深入研究突扩跌坎掺气设施,进一步了解其水力特性和空化特性,以某水利枢纽孔板泄洪洞中闸室通气系统和突扩跌坎掺气设施为具体研究对象,通过建立比尺 1∶20 的局部水工模型,分析研究了通气孔风速、流态、压力、掺气浓度等水力特征参数,并将试验结果与原型观测结果进行了对比。结果表明:该工程布置的掺气效果良好,试验所得通气管内风速随闸门开度变化的趋势、水流掺气浓度、压力及其脉动在数值上与原型观测结果均一致,说明工程原型观测与模型试验对比验证是成功的。理论研究和实际运用均表明,结合闸门止水和掺气减蚀要求的突扩跌坎布置,是符合实际需求且安全可行的,同时也是解决高水头条件下闸门止水和掺气减蚀的有效措施,具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AIR CONTENT ON CAVITATION AND PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS

This article studies the effects of air content on propeller cavitation and pressure fluctuations. The cavitation is observed while the pressure fluctuations on the hull are measured. When adjusting the air content, the sheet cavitation range does not change distinctly, but the pressure fluctuations see obvious differences. The amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations increase with the decrease of the air content. The results indicate that the air content has little effect on the sheet cavitation range but has an important effect on the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation. When the air content decreases, the water tensile force increases, which results in the instability of the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation and the increase of the pressure fluctuations. To minimize the scale effects, the experiments should be run at a high Reynolds number with a high nuclei content. The high Reynolds number is often realized by increasing the flow velocity and the propeller rotation speed, and the high nuclei content is often made by increasing the dissolved air content.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIP CLEARANCE FLOWS ON THE UNSTEADY CAVITATING FLOWS IN A THREE- D IMENSIONAL INDUCER

To clarify the influences of the tip clearance flows on the unsteady cavitating flow,the three-dimensional unsteady cavitating flows through both the two-dimensional cascades and the three-dimensional inducer with and without tip clearance are performed numerically.The governing equations for the compressible fluid flow with the DES turbulence model are employed with the assumption of the isentropic process of liquid phase.The evolution of cavities is represented as the source/sink of vapor phase.The basic equations in the curve linear coordinate are solved by the finite difference method.As the results of the three-dimensional cavitating flows through the two-dimensional cascades,the tip clearance flows from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade produces the tip vortex cavitation,which affects the sheet cavitation on the leading edge of the next blade and enhances the blockage effect near the casing than the flows without tip clearance.On the other hand,in the case of the three-dimensional inducer,the large backflow cavitation is observed around the inlet of the inducer,where the cavities are developed on the casing by the tip clearance flows.The large pressure gradient between the non-cavitating pressure side and the cavitating suction side enhances the tip clearance flows.The calculation considering the tip clearance reproduces the developed cavitation region similar to that of experimental visualizations.Additionally,the backflow cavitation rotates with the speed slower than the rotation speed of the inducer.Then,the rotation of backflow cavitation causes the periodic fluctuation of the outlet pressure greater than that of the inlet pressure.     

RESEARCH ON HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES OF CAVITATING GRID FINS

Hydrodynamic forces and flow pattern of four kinds of cavitating grid fins with cavitation number from 2.5 to 0.25 were simulated numerically with a bubble two phase flow model embodied in the commercial CFD code Fluent 6. 0.Comparison with experimental datum showed that rules of hy drodynamic forces changing with cavitation number were coordinated with experiment, and cavitation made the ratio of lift to resistance decrease. Calculated axial force and chordal pressure center in all wetted condition or those at cavitation number less than 0. 75 agreed well with experiments. Normal force in all wetted condition was less by 20 per cent. The differences between computation and experiment in the total range of cavitation number were mainly because that the inciplent cavitation number in computation was less than that at experiment.     

大型泄洪洞高速水流的研究进展及风险分析

高水头、大流量泄洪洞内高速水流问题主要问题之一是水流空化引起过流表面空蚀。几个实际工程泄洪洞发生空蚀破坏的实例表明反弧段下游一定范围是容易发生空化空蚀的敏感部位，其主要原因是由于反弧段内的水流流速高，流态复杂，在水流离心力的作用下沿程压力梯度大，水流掺气条件差，缺乏有效的掺气保护。掺气减蚀是解决泄洪洞过流表面空蚀的有效措施，对水流进行三维掺气的减蚀技术有了较大进展。“龙落尾”式和 “龙抬头”式是高水头、大流量泄洪洞的两种常用布置型式，风险分析认为“龙落尾”式泄洪洞布置对地形地质的适应性更好，即使发生事故对大坝的安全威胁小，也更具有抗风险的能力。     

掺气气泡对减压实验测量结果的影响

根据气泡的声学特性,对掺气水流中气泡可能对减压实验中声压级差和空化噪声强度测量结果造成的影响作了初步的理论探讨。研究表明,气泡对声波的吸收对空化初生的判别并无影响,对空化噪声强度的影响不可忽略。     

液体抗拉强度与空化比尺效应

本文讨论了在动水力学法测量液体抗拉强度时小文杜时管中有空化，而喉部却出现了“负抗拉强度”的原因。同时利用小文杜里管作为空化器件，探讨了空化比尺效应，说明液体抗拉强度只是影响了临界空化压力pc，而在产生初生空化时,空泡也同样影响到参考点的压力pu。     

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CAVITATION INCEPTION AND FLOW PATTERN ON PROPELLER BLADES

Oil flow visuallization on the model propellers with and without tripping devices atthe leading edge is revealed in this paper. Roughing leading edge with sand blasting was to simu-late the flow at full-scale condition. The observations of cavitation inception and the detection ofcavitation erosion were made in uniform and non-uniform flow respectively so as to consider theeffects of flow pattern on cavitation inception and to investigate the causes of difference in thelocations of cavitation erosion between model propeller and prototype. In addition, calculationsof the pressure distributions and the behaviour of boundary layer on the propeller blade were alsodone by using theoretical method. It is necessary to gain a better understanding of cavitation in-ception of the propeller.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CAVITATION ON THE SURFACE OF THE GUIDE VANE IN THREE GORGES HYDROPOWER UNIT

Large-area erosions such as rust and obvious cavitation were found on the surface of the guide vane in Three Gorges hydropower units. A numerical explanation of the cavitation is given in this article. At first, based on the characteristic performance curves of the prototype hydro-turbine supplied by ALSTOM together with the actual operating conditions, an operating point is chosen for numerical analysis using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The flow passages from the inlet of the spiral case to the outlet of the draft tube are included in the computational domain. The results show that the static pressure on the guide vane surface is much higher than the critical pressure of cavitation. Secondly, a tiny protrusion on the guide vane surface is considered and the problem is simplified to a 2-D problem to study the local detailed flow near the guide vane surface. The protrusion is 0.5 mm in height and is 5.0 mm in width. On the basis of the results of RANS simulations, the 2-D problem is studied using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES). It is shown that there exists a region in which the static pressure reaches a level below the vapor pressure of the water. Thirdly, a cavitation model is included for the 0.5 mm protrusion case and another tiny pit case, with a tiny pit 0.3 mm in depth and 1.0 mm in width. The results show that vapor bubble exists at the protrusion entrance and the pit exit as the low pressure regions.     

达克曲克水电站溢洪道空化空蚀问题研究

国内首个成功运用通气减蚀措施避免泄水建筑物空蚀的工程是冯家山水库.与冯家山大坝一样,达克曲克水电站属中坝工程,最大坝高62.6m,有必要讨论表孔溢洪道泄槽空化空蚀问题.采用时启燧等提出的掺气挑坎临界坎高的经典算法以及空化空蚀相关规范,通过理论计算与实际分析表明:①在溢洪道泄槽段无需设置掺气挑坎;②在没有掺气减蚀措施的情况下,计算施工不平整度按要求控制可以有效避免空化空蚀.     

掺气减蚀技术及掺气设施研究进展

为优化掺气设施体型并对其水力特性进行研究,在已有理论研究成果与工程实践经验基础上,从水流掺气减蚀机理、掺气水流运动特性及掺气设施体型及布置三方面评述了水流掺气减蚀技术研究进展。针对目前掺气减蚀技术研究中存在的不足,认为今后应进一步加强多泡情况下空化泡-空气泡-边壁微观作用机制,近壁(底板、侧壁)水体掺气浓度、气泡特征的沿程演变规律,复杂条件下掺气设施体型优化等方面的研究。     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF BLADE FREQUENCY NOISE OF CAVITA- TING PROPELLER

The blade frequency noise of a cavitating propeller in a uniform flow is analyzed in the time domain. The unsteady loading (of a dipole source) and the sheet cavity volume (of a monopole source) on the propeller surface are calculated by a potential-based surface panel method. Then the time-dependent pressure and the cavity volume data are used as the input for the Fowcs Williams-Hawkings formulation to predict the acoustics pressure. The integration of the noise source is performed over the true blade surface rather than the ideal blade surface without thickness. The noise characteristics of the cavitating propeller are discussed. With the sheet cavitation, the thickness (cavitation) noise is larger than the loading noise and is the dominant noise source.The noise directivity is not as clear as that of the noise under a non-cavitation condition. The cavitation noise is attenuated mores lowly than the non-cavitation noise.     

万家寨水电站水中含沙对空化压力的影响

对万家寨水电站含沙量对水力机械内空化压力的影响进行了研究，并利用自行研制的测量装置实测了黄河万家寨水电站含沙水样的初生空化与，临界空化压力．实测结果表明，随着含沙量的增大，初生空化与临界空化压力值均有所提高，且接近线性关系．这一成果可用于所有含沙河流上的水电站水轮机与水泵站水泵合理确定安装高程时的参考．这样做可以减少空蚀与泥沙磨损给运行带来的经济损失．     

明流隧洞工作门掺气设施的试验研究

在对某水电站放空洞工作闸门的常压及减压模型试验中，进行了工作闸门的体型比较；讨论了通风洞的进气量、明流洞坎下沿程水流的修气浓度、掺气坎减免空蚀的保护长度；还探讨了门槽空化的特性以及工作闸门掺气设施的方案优化。     

泄洪洞反弧段上游掺气坎对反弧段下游侧墙的减蚀作用

通过对龙抬头明流泄洪洞反弧末端下游易蚀原因的总结分析,指出在设计掺气坎时应重视反弧段下游附近边墙的掺气防护。通过大比尺模型试验,对能否通过增加反弧段上游掺气坎的掺气能力达到对反弧段下游侧墙的减蚀目的的问题进行了研究,试验表明:增加反弧段前掺气坎的掺气能力,虽然能在一定程度上改善反弧段下游边墙的掺气效果,并减小边墙清水区范围,但反弧段前掺气坎的掺气能力即使较大时,也难以完全消除边墙清水区,该措施难以可靠地解决反弧段下游边墙的空蚀问题。