板式换热器及板式换热装置的应用原理及方法

板式换热器和板式换热机组是工业传热过程中必不可少的设备，几乎应用于包括动力，化工，冶金，食品，轻工等一切工业部门；同时，它也是空调，供热中的重要组成部分；在可持续发展的国策下，它还是余热利用，太阳能利用，海水利用，污水利用，地热利用中的关键设备。随着技术的进步，以及节约资源和能源的紧迫性，近几年来开发了一系列新型的板式换热器，如可拆式，全焊式，钎焊式，板壳式等，并从板式换热器发展至板式换热装置，如蒸发装置，热泵装置，制冷装置，热力机组，催化重整装置，燃气冷凝回收装置等。适用范围越来越广，需要量越来越多，生产量也越来越高。为了满足市场的需求，为了给工业，空调，供热，新能源利用和余热利用的设计，应用，施工，运行人员提供相关数据和资料，为了给热能工程专业人员提供教材。我刊将连续刊登与板式换热器及板式换热装置的应用原理及方法相关的一些知识，以飨读者。     

江苏丰县:木材业打造"顶端优势"

丰富的林木资源，使丰县成为在全国颇具影响的木材集散地，目前，该县投资近千万元，在县城西部建成国内最大的进口红榉木批发市场和木线条加工专业区，来自北京，广州，青岛，浙江等地的木材经销商，分别通过青岛，广州，天津，连云港等口岸，源源不断地把法国，德国，乌克兰，俄罗斯等国生产的红榉木进口到丰县市场，再销往各地，日均销量达1000多立方米，占全国榉木销售量的60%，如今这里已成为我国最大的进口榉木交易市场。     

消防部队强化经费预算管理的原则和措施

预算管理是实施军事经济管理，促进部队建设的重要手段，必须根据《预算法》的要求，加以强化和规范化。在编制预算时，必须树立全局观念，面向基层，突出重点、兼顾一般，精打细算，合理分配，统筹安排，综合平衡，量入为出，留有余地，并使预算的编制、报批，执行，调整等各个环节程序化与规范化。     

西湖文化广场总体规划建筑方案设计

西湖文化广场是杭州市文化设施建设的重点项目，位于经吴山广场，武林广场的杭州城市中轴线的尽端，运河北侧，中山北路桥西侧，文晖路南侧，占地13.7公顷。建筑功能集科技，文化，娱乐，演出，展览，健身等于一体，面积达25万平方米，2000年12月，杭州市政府向国内外公开征集方案，     

海

陪父亲散步，走在阳光亚，走进蓝湛湛的天空，象游博在无垠的大海。父亲，您是我的大海。我突发奇想。其实，我不相信，您的鬓发，已握住夕阳；正如不会相信，昨FI那“文站”，夜之间，竟把您的梦想，过滤成纷飞的醉片……父亲，如果您是海，那么，我定是自。我在海的腹地，饮海的辛苦，时吸海的情感。嗅，海———海是蓝色的，是爱，0希性的暗示。我在您的蓝色里，一步一步，走向成熟……。但，我不愿总是一条小伍，我想成为海。我要游离您的港湾，之一个能够锻造海的版块，牛产海”。明天，或许后天，在您的阳光地带，我是您的小海海@张…     

数字与广州·零距离触点——e家乐生活在线VS陈家祠

数字是抽象的，广州是具象的，数字是肉眼不可及的高，广州是生命不可承受的重，数字是冰冷的序列，广州是生命的搏动，数字是宇宙演化痕迹的证明，广州是生灵蠕动的经验，数字是新时代元素的冲击，广州是历史沉淀的瓦石，一个空间，同一时间，广州遇上数字，传统遇上明天，家在广州，生活在线     

着眼农村工业化 立足农民奔小康 加快小城镇建设步伐

小城镇建设是推动农村社会经济发展，实现农村工业化，城乡一体化的必由之路，是农民致富奔小康的重大举措．近年来，我们认真贯彻执行“全面规划，正确引导，依靠群众，自力更生，因地制宜，逐步建设”的方针，着眼农村工业化．立足农民奔小康．突出重点，统一规划，合理布局，统一组织．     

花岗石中16种元素同时测定的研究

研究了微波消解样品，试液用ICP—AES法同时测定样品中K，Na，Ca，Mg，Fe，Al，Ti，Zn，Cu，Pb，Cd，Cr，Co，Ni，As，P的新方法。方法的检出限分别为0．002～0．855μg／ml，回收率为90．17％～108．96％，RSD为1．32％～4．96％。该法准确、快速、简便，应用于花岗石的测定，结果满意。     

九款浴柜横向比较

我们每天的生活几乎都是从卫浴间开始的，不可否认，卫浴间对我们来说不再仅仅是方便之处，更是一处完全私密的放松“减压室”旧时的卫浴间一般只有三四平方米左右，浴缸，座便器，面盆台面已经占据了不少位置，若忽视用品的收纳，各种卫生用品，清洁用品，保养品四处摆放，让人看了心里烦乱，几乎没有放松的可能，而现在，卫浴空间普遍扩大，干湿分离，追求一种简单，清新，淡雅的风格，人们越来越重视卫浴用品的收纳，如何改变过去那种卫浴空间脏乱的情况，使空间被有效地利用起来，选择一款合适的浴柜就显得越来越重要了。     

中华民族传统赏花趣味初探

西方从中国丰富的花卉资源中拿走了大花（如牡丹，月季，玉兰，杜鹃等），却忽视了小花（如梅花，蜡梅，中国兰，桂花等），这是由于西方人赏花重外表，重视花朵的大，鲜，奇，艳，而中国人赏花重品质，讲究姿态，韵味，香味，滋味，意境，中国的小花，香花最能代表中国传统名花的这种民族文化特质。本文探讨了中华民族传统赏花趣味中的花文化现象，并介绍了陈俊愉院士对弘扬中华花文化的深刻见解。     

Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit von magnetisch induktiven Betondeckungsmessungen

Assessment of the accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current devices The use of non‐destructive testing in civil‐engineering (NDT‐CE) is well established to assess as‐built drawings for existing structures as well as for quality assurance of new buildings or in case of concrete repair. To gain reliable results the choice of the appropriate testing method in combination with the correct data assessment is essential. Hence this article starts with the basics of the two typical testing methods for concrete cover measurement with high precision. Methods based on Eddy Current and based on Radar are different. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented. In the second part the achievable accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current will be assessed for the most important parameters that have been varied in a wide range. It is shown how results are influenced by an improper input of the diameter or by the effect of neighbored rebars. At the end of the article it is shown how the deviation of the results can be minimized using the internal neighboring rebar correction of some of the devices. This article does not intend to be a product test rather the influence parameters of measurements close to reality will be identified and quantified how the accuracy of concrete cover measurements is affected.     

基于HSS模型隧道近接群桩基础施工影响分析

依托盾构隧道近接侧穿群桩工程建立三维数值分析模型,土体采用小应变硬化(HSS)模型,参数取值借鉴已有研究成果并根据监测位移数据反演,同时考虑土体开挖、衬砌拼装以及盾尾同步注浆等一系列施工工艺措施,并将模拟结果与监测数据进行对比验证,研究了不同工况下地表沉降的形态分布、群桩桩基变形及基桩结构受力,同时考虑地表位移对等代层厚度的敏感性。结果表明:HSS模型能有效预测隧道近接侧穿高架桥桩引起的变形,模拟结果与监测值较吻合; 隧道开挖引起土相对桩产生了滑移,地表沉降及桩身竖向位移在中心线前后各1D(D为管片外径)范围内随推进步数的增加而不断增大,且增加幅度明显减小; 两线推进地表沉降具有叠加效应,最大沉降量增幅达76.8%; 隧道与基桩水平距离越近,引起基桩沉降变化越大,两线推进基桩桩顶沉降增幅达134%; 群桩中各排桩的水平位移变化趋势基本相同,且同排桩的水平位移值相差不大,由于群桩遮挡效应,水平位移值由大到小依次为前排桩、中排桩、后排桩; 桩身水平位移主要在盾构中轴线2.5D范围内,桩身最大水平位移均出现在隧道中轴线附近; 群桩中同排桩桩身附加弯矩及附加轴力沿桩身分布规律相同,桩身最终附加受力与其距离隧道远近有关; 随着注浆充率β的增大,等代层厚度及地表沉降呈线性减小; 穿越段采取的施工工艺方案是有效的,经估算附加弯矩及轴力对桩基承载力的影响在容许范围内。     

Untersuchungen der Auswirkungen eines Vollbrands auf eine Sporthalle

Research of Fire Effects on a Gymnasium An arson attack committed in August 2015 on the gymnasium of the Oberstufenzentrum Nauen school facility built in 2007 led to a full fire and to the complete destruction of the hall. The effects of this fire were recorded with measuring technologies as well as through sampling on‐site. In the course of this, the wooden roof structure was particularly examined and demonstrated a residual load‐bearing capacity in spite of the intensive fire exposure and the resulting significant damage. The remaining support structure of the hall was completely recorded by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and evaluated in September 2015. Inclinations, cross‐sectional shifts and deformations in the building were able to be calculated with the geodetic measurement method. The results from the laser scanning in combination with the sampling served as a comparison of the theoretical structural evidence with the effects of an actual fire event. In the case of the fire at the Nauen gymnasium, the damage to the load‐bearing capacity was particularly significant in the area of the joining means. The goal of the investigations is a comparison of the technical engineering fire prevention certifications and their theoretical protective effects with the effects of actual fires. This is also a subject of current research projects in the Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences.     

The dilution of waste in the wake of a ship

This paper considers the problem of predicting the dilution of waste which has been discharged into the wake of a moving ship. A theoretical model is developed which relates the dispersion of the effluent field to the intensity of the turbulence created by the movement of the vessel. Specifically, the model describes the dependence of the dilution on the speed, dimensions and specific resistance coefficient of the ship.The new theory predicts that the rate of dilution decreases with time after discharge and, as with the empirical IMCO formula, indicates that dilution is more sensitive to the speed of the ship than the volume rate of discharge of waste.     

多元不排水长短桩复合地基固结解析解

多元复合地基是一种新型的复合地基技术。推导出瞬时加荷条件下多元不排水长短桩复合地基桩间土的固结方程,基于双层地基一维固结理论建立了相应的固结解析解。通过与有限元解的比较验证了解析解的正确性。利用建立的固结解析解进行参数分析,研究了多元不排水桩长短桩复合地基的固结特性。计算结果表明,多元不排水长短桩复合地基的固结速率随长桩压缩模量和置换率的增加而增大。短桩压缩模量和置换的变化对复合地基固结速率的影响很小。短桩较短时,短桩长度的变化对复合地基固结速率几乎没有影响,短桩较长时,复合地基固结速率随短桩长度的增加而增大。此外,多元不排水长短桩复合地基的固结速率随短桩以下土体压缩模量的增加而增大。     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

试论C.詹克斯的"新现代主义"

“新现代主义”概念的提出为当代建筑化现象的认识、理解提供了一个新视角。章从3方面分析了新现代主义建筑思潮的产生、形式特征及基础观念,并结合当代哲学思想变换的特点,梳理出这一思潮的观念主旨。由此指出新现代建筑思潮是对现代主义的主体化的反思与解构,形式风格的变换是观念变迁的表达。     

某航站楼在爆炸作用下抗倒塌性能研究

为了避免抗倒塌性能分析时确定关键构件的盲目性,考虑相邻构件损伤的影响,评估爆损构件残余承载力对结构抗倒塌性能的影响,首先根据航站楼结构的特点与可能遭遇爆炸的危险程度,合理确定大跨度钢结构抗爆关键构件的可能部位。通过对爆炸当量、爆炸距离与结构构件损伤程度关系的研究,确定关键构件及其相邻构件的损伤情况。分别采用移除构件法与多尺度模型对破坏严重的构件进行模拟,考察航站楼结构在爆炸作用下的抗倒塌性能。分析结果表明,箱形钢柱的损伤程度主要与爆心距离和爆炸当量有关,迎爆面的变形远大于背爆面,柱顶斜撑杆的损伤程度与爆炸冲击波的入射夹角关系密切。采用移除构件法进行大跨度结构抗倒塌性能分析时,屋盖的局部变形很大,结构发生局部严重破坏,分析结果偏于保守。通过多尺度模型,可以采用壳单元较为准确地模拟构件在爆炸作用下的损伤情况。由于大跨度的竖向构件具有较大的冗余度,爆损后仍然具有一定的残余承载力,可以有效抑制变形的发展,采用多尺度模型得到的屋盖变形远小于移除构件法的分析结果。     

A Review of: “Introduction to structures” W. R. Spillers Ellis Horwood Limited,Chichester, UK, 1985, 262 pp, £10.00

A generalized systems theory can be used in the identification and analysis of complex engineering problems. In a system formulation, an image or a model of an object which emphasizes certain important and critical properties is defined. System definition is usually the first step in an overall methodology formulated for achieving a set of objectives. This work represents the first step in a study that aims at the development of a real-time control system of construction activities. A hierarchical control system was determined to be the most suitable control scheme for construction activities. In this paper, a system definition of a construction activity is presented. The hierarchical system classification enables the decomposition of the overall construction activity into subsystems that represent the different underlying processes. Each process consists of several tasks. The classification method also allows the decomposition of the overall tasks into subtasks. This step is an important requirement for hierarchical control. The decomposition of tasks and activities allows accurate feedback decisions within the control scheme. The concepts developed in the paper were illustratively applied to define a concrete placement activity.