转模挤压成形过程的变形机理研究

针对低塑性合金挤压成形时所需能耗大、材料利用率低等问题,提出了对凹模施加转动的成形新工艺———转模挤压成形技术,并设计了特殊的凹模结构.与芯模转挤压仅适于圆截面制品相比,对凹模施加转动可有效地避免异型截面制品挤出成形时引起的垂直模口部位轴向的＂切断＂等难题.数值模拟及理论分析表明：与普通挤压相比,凹模转挤压成形中塑性区...     

Pb-GF挤压包覆间隙的数值计算及实验研究

铅包覆玻璃纤维属于塑性材料包覆脆性材料,包覆条件是建立在玻璃纤维不发生变形的情况下,为此,入丝模芯顶端与挤压模口之间的间隙即包覆间隙的优化选择是成形工艺的关键问题.本文采用上限法对包覆挤压过程建立了数值模型,从能量的角度对包覆挤压过程进行了数值计算,将包覆间隙作为一变量引入功的表达武中,并通过数值计算软件给出了数值解,得出包覆间隙的最佳理论值.通过大量的实验证明了数值计算结果与实验结果基本吻合.运用本文结果可以确定不同规格的复合丝材成形时包覆间隙的大小,指导模具设计和工艺参数确定,具有工程意义.     

基于预锻成形腔的直齿圆柱齿轮冷挤压数值模拟分析

直齿圆柱齿轮冷挤压坯料在塑性成形过程中属于三维变形,由于变形复杂,带来成形压力大,填充困难及模具寿命低等问题.建立了基于流曲线和等截面理论的流线型预锻成形腔,通过刚塑性有限元软件对挤压过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,流线型挤压腔符合金属流动规律,可有效提高金属坯料在角隅的填充能力,减少变形突变和成形压力.     

导流角对挤压变形流动的影响机理分析

针对平模挤压时常因金属流速不均匀而易产生缺陷,本文采用了带导流角结构的芯模进行挤压研究.通过数值模拟和实验,深入分析了挤压过程中金属变形流动行为的机理,结果表明:带导流角芯模挤压时筒底不出现分流的现象,"死区"显著地缩小;处于塑性区内材料的应变类型由三种变为均一的拉伸类,显著地提高了金属变形流动的均匀性,利于金属的挤出成形及制品质量的提高.     

凸模结构对大截面带筋方筒件挤压力的影响研究

目的 解决大截面铝合金带筋方筒构件在反挤压过程中成形力大的难题,实现在3 000 t压力机下成功制备内孔为665 mm×665 mm的大截面带筋方筒形构件。方法 提出了一种使用新型棱台凸模结构代替平凸模结构的方法,用主应力法得出了棱台凸模结构与平凸模结构的挤压力计算公式,对比分析了2种凸模结构反挤压成形力的大小,并用DEFORM有限元软件模拟分析了不同结构参数下的棱台凸模反挤压过程,最终进行工程试制,验证了反挤压工艺的可行性。结果 通过主应力法得出了方筒形件的变形力计算公式,得出棱台凸模结构反挤压成形力小于平凸模结构反挤压成形力,经模拟分析得出在反挤压过程中棱台凸模结构的最优结构参数为棱台斜角15°、棱台高度40 mm,并在3 000 t压力机上成功制得内孔为665 mm×665 mm的大截面带筋方筒形构件。结论 通过数值模拟分析可知,与采用平凸模结构相比,采用棱台凸模结构时的反挤压成形力降低了约13%,同时减少了挤压变形过程中的金属流动“死区”。经实验验证,在3 000 t压力机上成形了内孔为665 mm×665 mm的大截面带筋方筒形构件,实现了省力挤压。     

凹模转动挤压成形过程的有限元分析

降低能耗及提高制品性能是当前挤压加工技术领域的一个共性问题,采用数值模拟方法对转模挤压成形过程进行研究,结果表明:随着凹模转速的增加,塑性区范围显著地扩大,转速由0增加到0.314 rad/s时,挤出速度均值增大了1.5倍,成形载荷极值降幅达40%;当挤压速度由0.157 mm/s增大至0.628 mm/s时,挤压载荷峰值增大了38.6%,挤出速度均值增大了1倍.当其他条件不变时,应综合考虑挤压速度及凹模转速之间数值的合理匹配关系.     

椭圆异型挤压塑性成形映射理论及模腔优化解析

针对金属椭圆异型挤压塑性成形及模腔优化的理论课题,应用复变共形映射数学研究成果,利用奇偶点相互迭代的三角插值法和法线收敛法,将三维金属异型挤压塑性成形问题转化为二维轴对称成形问题,求解异型挤压模腔曲面函数,建立映射函数解析方法,推导椭圆异型材挤压金属塑性成形连续流动场和应变速度场的数学解析式,并应用金属塑性成形能量极值原理,进行异型材挤压模腔参数的优化,同时为精密快速地实现挤压模腔的CAD/CAM一体化目标提供技术支持。     

工艺参数对连续挤压铜/铝复合接触线成形的数值模拟研究

针对铜铝无法复合成形和铜铝结合面不紧密等问题,采用Deform-3D有限元软件,模拟了铜铝复合接触线连续挤压包覆成形过程,研究了成形过程不同模芯端部导流角、复合变形区长度、坯料与模具表面状态和挤压轮转速对铜铝复合接触线包覆质量的影响.研究结果表明:模芯端部导流角度取45°~30°,复合变形区长度L取5 mm,铜铝结合紧密度高,包覆效果好;提高铜线与铝线之间的摩擦,降低模具与铜线之间的摩擦,有利于实现铜铝流动的同步性;适当提高挤压轮转速有利于铜铝结合面紧密度的提高.在TLJ340连续挤压机上进行了铜铝复合试验,试验结果与数值模拟结果相吻合,成功生产出质量合格的铜铝复合接触线产品.     

基于ABAQUS的铸态耐热合金钢热挤压成形数值模拟研究

目的以大口径厚壁管短流程铸挤成形工艺为背景,通过ABAUOS有限元模拟软件研究铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压过程中的变形情况。方法对软件进行二次开发,采用热力耦合分析,研究不同热挤压条件下挤压过程中应力场、应变场及成形件动态再结晶率的变化,最终得出有利于指导工业生产的热挤压工艺参数。结果模拟结果表明:应力和应变随时间不断增大,增长率在凹模锥角区达到最大值,当材料在挤压力作用下流出挤压筒后,应力不断减小而应变趋于稳定;以成形件流出挤压筒时的径向截面为参考,动态再结晶率分布为中心高两边低,且随着挤压比、初始挤压温度和挤压速度的增大,成形件整体动态再结晶率差别降低;挤压速度越大,成形件应力分布越不均匀。结论铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压最优工艺参数为:初始挤压温度为1150~1200℃,挤压比为9,挤压速度为25 mm/s。     

Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金无缝管材正反挤压过程模拟

目的 研究稀土镁合金无缝管材制备过程,开展模具结构优化和正反挤压过程的有限元研究,为稀土镁合金的无缝管材制备提供技术基础。方法 通过对稀土镁合金无缝管材正反挤压过程进行数值模拟,分析了在正反挤压过程中,反挤压凸模圆角、正挤压挤压角及挤压工艺参数对应变场的影响规律,以降低工艺参数对模具寿命的影响,提高产品成形质量。结果 在无缝管材挤压成形过程中,当凸模圆角半径为10 mm,挤压角为30°时,应变分布更为均匀,所需挤压力最低。随着挤压温度的升高,应变分布越来越均匀,所需挤压力下降,适宜的挤压温度为400 ℃。结论 合理的凸模圆角半径和挤压角可以改善挤压流场、应变分布及降低挤压力。挤压温度对流场影响较小,挤压力随着摩擦因数增加而增加。     

Influence of equal channel angular pressing in an acute angle die with a back pressure notch on grain refinement,torsion and mechanical properties of aluminium

Severe plastic deformation improves the strength of a metal by strain hardening. Of the various severe plastic deformation processes, equal channel angular pressing proves to be the right candidate for bulk metal processing. Extensive works were carried out on equal channel angular pressing with channel angle ranging from 90° to 120 ° with or without back pressure on the exit channel. Numerical analyses suggest that reducing the channel angle below 90° would enhance the magnitude of strain imparted and, with prediction of a lesser strain homogeneity in such cases. Hence an acute angled equal channel angular pressing die with a back‐pressure notch sunken into the roof of the exit channel was designed, fabricated and was used for processing pure aluminium. Various mechanical properties of the processed materials were tested and acute angle processing imparted superior tensile strength to the work pieces in a single pass that would require several passes in a conventional equal channel angular pressing die. Substantial improvement in grain refinement and torsional properties was identified.     

Effect of local strains on the texture and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE)

Three different mold structures were designed by changing the parameters of mold cavity to study the effect of local strains on the texture and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE) with 2 interim dies. Microstructure and texture evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy after CVCDE were studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Mechanical properties were determined by uniaxial tensile tests along extrusion direction (ED) at room temperature. Due to the differences of local strains among the three schemes, the microstructure of Scheme 1 was the most uniform and the average grain size of Scheme 1 was the smallest. Meanwhile, tensile strength and elongation of Scheme 1 were the highest. Different textures had been formed in the three schemes. Lots of extension twins {10–12} (86°< 1–210 >) occurred in the products of the three schemes. The main deformation modes of Scheme 1 and Scheme 2 were slip and twinning. However, slip was dominant in Scheme 3. The deformation modes provided an essential basic for the design of CVCDE mold structure with more interim dies.     

Microstructural characteristics and deformation of magnesium alloy AZ31 produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion

Magnesium(Mg) alloy AZ31 was produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion(CVCDE)to study its deformation behavior. Metallographic microscopy(OM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used to observe the variations in microstructure and fracture morphology of Mg alloy AZ31 as a function of processing methods. The results reveal that grains of Mg alloy AZ31 were refined and their microstructure was homogenized by CVCDE. The recrystallization in Mg alloy AZ31 produced by CVCDE with 2 interim dies was more complete than that produced by conventional extrusion(CE) and CVCDE with 1 interim die, and the grains were finer and more uniform.Plasticity of the AZ31 alloy was improved. Fracture mode was evolved from a combination of ductility and brittleness to a sole ductile form. In summary, a CVCDE mold structure with 2 interim dies can improve microstructure, plasticity, and toughness of Mg alloy AZ31.     

孔洞在晶界上长大行为的模拟

通过编制率相关有限元用户子程序,运用晶体有限元,通过建立一个包含球形孔洞的双晶粒模型,对FCC晶体中孔洞在晶界的长大行为进行了分析。计算中,晶粒1的取向固定为(0°,45°,90°),晶粒2的取向分别为(35°,45°,90°),(60°,45°,90°),(0°,0°,0°),分别对应于单胞A,单胞B,单胞C,晶界与X轴方向的夹角θ分别取0°,45°,60°。计算结果表明:单胞的断裂模式与两晶粒的取向因子的差异有关,对于两晶粒的取向因子差异最大的单胞B,单胞沿晶界处的等效塑性应变比单胞其它地方的应变大,且最大等效塑性应变在三个单胞中为最大,单胞易于发生沿晶断裂。而对于两晶粒的取向因子差异最小的单胞C,沿晶界的等效应变较小,单胞易于发生穿晶断裂。晶界与X轴方向的夹角θ为45°时,单胞沿晶界处的等效应变较大,单胞易发生沿晶断裂。     

Effect of weld morphology on mechanical response and failure of friction stir welds in a naturally aged aluminium alloy

Friction stir butt welds in 6063-T4 aluminium alloy were obtained using square and two tapered tool pin profiles. Tensile tests at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the weld line, hardness contours in the weld cross-section, temperatures in the heat affected zones, cross-sectional macrographs, transmission electron micrographs, and X-ray diffraction studies were used to characterize the welds. In transverse weld specimen, tunnel defects appearing at higher weld speeds for tapered pin profiles, were found to result in mechanical instabilities, i.e. sharp drops in load–displacement curves, much before macroscopic necking occured. Further, in comparison to the base metal, a marked reduction in ductility was observed even in transverse specimen with defect free welds. Hardness contours in the weld cross-section suggest that loss in ductility is due to significant softening in heat affected zone on the retreating side. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that while recovery and overaging are responsible for softening in the heat affected zone, grain size refinement from dynamic recrystallization is responsible for strengthening of the weld nugget zone. X-ray diffraction studies in the three weld zones: weld nugget zone, heat affected zone, and the base metal corroborate these findings. A weld zone model, for use in forming simulations on friction stir welded plates of naturally aged aluminium alloys, was proposed based on mechanical characterization tests. The model was validated using finite element analysis.     

碳纤维增强复合材料单向层合板直角自由切削热特性试验

为揭示碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)切削温度与切削要素之间的关系,采用直角自由切削对CFRP单向层合板进行了切削试验,并采用OMEGA-0.05mm高灵敏K型热电偶对切削温度进行测量,讨论了切削参数、刀具几何参数及材料参数对切削温度的影响。结果表明:对切削温度的影响程度由高到低的参数依次为切削速度、切削厚度、刀具后角和钝圆半径,切削参数对温度的影响效应不受纤维方向角的影响;不同于金属材料,CFRP纤维方向角对切削温度影响突出,顺纤维方向上的切削温度明显高于逆纤维方向上的,切削温度在θ=90°时达到最大值,且为θ=0°时的2倍;CFRP切削回弹对刀具后刀面与已加工表面的接触状况影响较大,从而影响切削温度,加剧了切削温度的各向异性特征,且第3变形区切削热对切削温度影响突出;CFRP切削温度范围窄,最大切削温度在300℃左右,将导致切削质量对温度变化更为敏感。     

Numerical investigation of an arc inlet structure extrusion die for large hollow sections

This paper aims to improve the working life of extrusion dies by optimal structure design, which plays an important role in mass production. First, an arc-shaped inlet die structure for an aluminum large-hollow-section profile was developed. Second, a three-dimensional finite-element model of the porthole extrusion process was established using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. Third, the comparison of the formability was analyzed and discussed, including the diversity of extrusion forces and uniformity properties between the proposed design and two traditional design schemes using the same extrusion process. A group of square-profile extrusion dies was used to set up a L16_4_3 orthogonal experimental scheme, considering the side length of profiles, L, with four levels, 110, 100, 90, and 80 mm; inlet angles, α, of the porthole bridge of 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°; and profile wall thicknesses, t, of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm. The results of the orthogonal tests were similar to those of the actual production die model. Two different analysis models reached the same conclusion: the inlet angle or the arc inlet structure has a small effect on the metal flow and the forming distribution, but the arc inlet structure can alleviate the stress load of the dies. The die testing and production validation results indicate that the novel structural design of the arc inlet die will have a long working life.     

TA4纯钛带材各向异性屈服行为表征与研究

目的 基于复杂加载状态试验和先进屈服准则,实现考虑塑性演化的TA4纯钛在复杂加载状态下塑性各向异性行为的精确表征。方法 通过0°、45°、90°方向的单拉试验和复杂加载比例的十字形试件双向拉伸试验,获得TA4纯钛的基本力学性能参数和拉伸屈服轨迹,采用不同的屈服准则对试验屈服轨迹进行预测,并通过变r值的屈服准则预测其屈服轨迹的塑性演变规律。结果 在小变形范围内,Yld2000?2d屈服准则对TA4屈服轨迹的预测精度最高;塑性变形过程中,呈线性增大趋势的r值与TA4纯钛的屈服轨迹演变现象直接相关。结论 试验与理论屈服轨迹的对比表明,Yld2000?2d屈服准则可以实现TA4纯钛初始屈服行为的精确表征。TA4纯钛带材的r值随塑性变形呈线性增大趋势,考虑塑性演化的Barlat89屈服准则预测的TA4屈服轨迹外凸性更显著。在TA4纯钛带材冲压成形过程的有限元分析、模具设计和工艺优化中,仅考虑初始屈服轨迹时,可采用Yld2000?2d屈服准则;当各向异性特征存在较强的塑性演化相关性时,可采用形式相对简单的Barlat89屈服准则。     

Validity requirements of circumferentially notched tensile specimens for the determination of the interfacial fracture toughness of coatings

A simple method was developed for evaluating the interfacial fracture toughness of coatings on substrates using circumferentially notched tensile (CNT) specimens. Mild steel cylindrical substrates of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° notch angles with electroplated nickel were tensile tested. A well defined pre-crack was introduced at the interface for the quantitative evaluation of adhesion. In situ acoustic signals and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the crack initiation and propagation. Finite element analyses were used to evaluate the critical interface energy release rate. The size of the plastic zone was determined for different notch angles to validate application of the linear elastic approach in determining the interfacial fracture toughness. The validity requirements have been proposed for this specimen, considering the yield strength of the coating and substrate, pre-crack position, notch angle and plastic zone size. The obtained interfacial fracture toughness values using CNT specimens was found to be very close to the values obtained by others using standard specimens.     

Experimentelle Untersuchung der thermischen Konvektion in einem geneigten Spalt

The liquid flow behaviour in a small vertical gap with a heated and a cooled sidewall was studied experimentally in a former work as far as heat and mass transfer are concerned (Heiland et al. in Heat Mass Transf 43:863?C870, 2007). Following this, a study of thermal convection in a narrow cavity with variable inclination angle has been performed with a liquid crystal tracer technique for flow visualization. Velocity and temperature fields of the flow have been measured. Amongst other things the results show that from an inclination angle of approximately 5^°?C15^° on a drastic change of the velocity and temperature field topology occurs, which qualitatively will not change any more when further increasing the inclination angle up to 90^°.