压力面气膜冷却射流复合角的数值研究

基于冷气喷射模型的验证结果,对复合角分别为0°、30°和60°三种条件下的叶片压力面前部单排孔喷射的气膜冷却特性进行了三维环形叶栅数值模拟,详细分析了在不同吹风比条件下的叶片气膜冷却效率特征。分析结果表明:Coolinh/Bleed冷气喷射模型得出的预测结果可靠。复合角使射流孔附近孔间区域冷却效率值升高。低吹风比下,复合角不能改善展向气膜冷却效率分布的均匀性;高吹风比下,复合角使展向气膜冷却效率更加均匀分布,且可减弱冷却射流脱离壁面的程度。但是,复合角不一定能增强冷却孔下游的整体气膜冷却效果。     

双叉排孔脉动射流气膜冷却效率的实验与数值模拟研究

采用高精度红外热像仪测量了平板绝热气膜冷却效率,比较了双叉排孔和单排孔气膜冷却效率,分析了吹风比(M=0.65,1.0,1.5)和脉动频率(St=0,0.01,0.015,0.025)以及孔间作用对气膜冷却效率的影响,结合数值计算得到的瞬态流场和温度场分析了脉动射流气膜冷却下的流动传热机理。结果表明：在稳态射流工况下,单排孔的气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而减小,双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率却随着吹风比的增加而增大;在脉动射流时,单排和双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率在低吹风比下低于稳态射流,在高吹风比下,脉动射流对气膜冷却效率的影响减小,且低频脉动射流气膜冷却效率略高于稳态射流。     

流向涡对扇形孔气膜冷却效果影响的实验研究

在平板气膜实验台上安装涡流发生器(VG)来模拟叶栅中的流向涡,利用红外相机测量吹风比M=0.5～2.5时的气膜冷却效率和传热系数,分析二次流对扇形孔气膜冷却效果的影响.结果 表明:流向涡增强了主流与气膜射流的掺混,导致气膜绝热冷却效率明显下降以及覆盖面积减小,气膜面平均冷却效率最高降低了63％;当吹风比达到2.5时,流向涡能抑制扇形孔射流在高吹风比时的吹离趋势,抵消了部分主流与冷气掺混导致的气膜横向平均冷却效率降低的影响;流向涡使气膜与壁面的横向传热系数比增大了3.5％,壁面的热通量比最高上升了20％,在低吹风比时气膜失去了对壁面的保护作用.     

不同形状气膜孔对气膜冷却效果的影响

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型对扇形角(锥形角)γ为30°的垂直扇形气膜冷却单孔射流流场下游的流动和传热特性进行了详细的数值模拟,并将沿程方向的速度分布、相同吹风比下的冷却效率与相同条件下圆孔射流的计算结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:射流轨迹对横向主气流的影响主要集中在射流发生弯曲直至与主气流平行的区域内;喷孔为圆孔时,吹风比越小,射流中心线越靠近壁面,其冷却效率越好;吹风比相同,扇形喷孔的冷却效率高于圆孔的冷却效率;扇形孔的冷却效率并不随吹风比的变化而单调变化,而是在吹风比为1.0时存在最佳值。图7参10     

冲角和孔排间距对端壁气膜冷却效率的影响

燃气轮机在变工况运转时透平叶栅和级的特性对燃机总体性能影响极大,而叶栅端壁气膜冷却效率是关键因素。为了提高端壁气膜冷却效率,通过优化气膜孔间距排列的方法,在叶栅端壁20%、50%、90%轴向弦长处和距前缘-10%轴向弦长端壁处布置单排带复合角度的圆柱形气膜冷却孔,运用CFD(计算流体动力学)方法对冲角(10°、0°、-10°)在不同吹风比(1、1.5、2)条件下端壁气膜冷却效率进行对比分析。结果表明:采用气膜孔非等距排列方式能有效缓解因横向压力梯度变化引起的马蹄涡在压力侧的阻隔作用,压力侧冷却效率较高;高吹风比的冷却射流会出现抛射冷却,能有效抑制冷却射流脱离壁面,壁面平均冷却效率提高;主流正冲角有利于提高端壁吸力侧气膜冷却效率,压力侧变化不大。     

复合角度对称射流气膜冷却效率的数值研究

采用 realizable k-ε模型,通过数值模拟分析了各种孔排结构在不同吹风比下对气膜冷却效率的影响.结果表明:边界层等温线反映了上、下游射流孔所产生的射流之间的相互作用;当吹风比M=O.5时,由于射流紧贴壁面,各种孔排结构都有较好的冷却效果,随着吹风比的增大,射流逐渐脱离壁面;当顺排排列时,由于上游射流孔的作用,使得下游射流能很好地贴附壁面,在M=2.0时,冷却效果仍然较好;孔排 3 在M=0.5 时有较高的冷却效率;而对于孔排1,当M=1时,气膜在x/d=2区域以后有很好的保护作用.     

姊妹孔旋流气膜冷却的流动传热特性研究

为了研究旋流进气条件下姊妹孔副孔的排列方式和冲击孔角度在不同吹风比下对旋流气膜冷却效果的影响规律,采用旋流冷气腔,按上述两因素建立7个模型,并在6个吹风比下对各模型采用传质传热类比方式进行数值模拟计算。研究结果表明：在吹风比较小时,各模型冷气射流的贴壁性都较好,且各模型的冷却效率相差不大,但是随着吹风比的增大,各模型的冷却效率都有所下降;采用30°冲击孔针对姊妹孔副孔排列方式,两副孔轴线与主孔轴线距离L1,L2均为0.75D的模型1在6个不同的吹风比下都能取到最高的面平均冷却效率;冲击孔角度对气膜冷却效果的影响在不同吹风比下存在较大差异,在吹风比M为0.3～1.0时采用30°与50°的冲击孔都能得到较好的冷却效果,但当吹风比增大到1.25～1.5时,采用30°冲击孔能获得更好的冷却效果。     

短长径比圆锥组合孔及心形孔的气膜冷却流动特性研究

为改善薄壁双层壁叶片的气膜冷却特性,基于圆锥孔构建了圆锥组合孔,并对心形孔结构进行优化,研究了2种气膜孔在不同吹风比下的冷却、流动特性以及气膜孔内涡旋结构对射流涡旋结构的影响.结果 表明:气膜孔入口处射流发展对出口射流的冷却、流动特性具有决定作用;气膜孔下游射流涡旋结构与吹风比有关,当吹风比为1.0时,心形孔和圆锥组合孔的气膜冷却效率均达到最高;心形孔下游中心区域为典型的反肾形涡旋结构,当吹风比为1.0时其气膜冷却效率相较于圆锥组合孔提高了约8％.     

复合扩张角对平板扇形孔冷却特性的影响研究

为了研究扇形孔不同复合扩张角对平板气膜冷却的影响,分别对10°、12°、14°、16°4种复合扩张角的气膜孔的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明,4种气膜孔复合扩张角孔型出口下游均出现从中心向上抬升的反向旋转涡对,将主流燃气卷吸进来;较大的复合扩张角孔型使得气膜出流在侧向覆盖相对更宽,可以有效地降低壁面温度;在相同吹风比下(M=0.75～1.75),12°复合扩张角孔型在气膜出流方向(40D范围区域)的平均绝热冷却效率明显要高于其他3种孔;吹风比M=1时,冷气出流复合扩张角增大的同时,冷却效率η≥0.3的覆盖面从X/D≈40减小到X/D≈8。同时,针对侧向扩张12°的7种不同后倾角的扇形孔进行了研究,发现其后倾角(范围10°～14°)的变化对冷却效率有一定的增强作用。研究成果可为燃气轮机透平叶片表面气膜孔的设计及升级改进提供参考。     

不同吹风比下双出口孔射流气膜冷却数值模拟计算

为了获得吹风比对新型气膜冷却孔冷却效率的影响规律,利用Fluent软件求解Navier-Stokes方程,对吹风比分别为0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0时单入口-双出口孔射流冷却效率进行了数值模拟计算,得到了不同吹风比下的流场和冷却效率.结果表明：吹风比对冷却效率有很大影响;随着吹风比的提高,不同次孔方位角下的冷却效率变化规律也不相同;当次孔方位角γ=30°时,吹风比为1.0时的冷却效率最高;当γ=45°时,冷却效率随着吹风比提高而提高;当γ=60°时,冷却效率随着吹风比提高而降低;在研究高吹风比对气膜冷却效率的影响时,γ=45°最佳.     

Indoor temperature reduction by passive cooling systems

This chapter will present experimental data from studies in test cells, and from monitoring indoor temperatures in un-occupied and in occupied buildings, when data was available, regardless of the dates of the research, not just recent research. In many cases where sufficiently measured data of the outdoor and the indoor temperatures was available, formulas have been generated, expressing the indoor temperatures of the building or the test model as a function of the outdoor temperatures. In cases where long-term monitoring has been conducted, predicting formulas were generated: data from one period was used for the generation of the formulas while the data other period was used for their validation. All the formulas represent the experimental data and conditions of the various studies. They are not intended to be used for general prediction of the performance of the tested passive cooling system.     

燃气轮机透平叶片传热和冷却研究：内部冷却

随着燃气轮机透平进口温度的不断提高,其换热与冷却问题已然成为现代高性能燃气轮机研发中亟待解决的核心关键技术之一.透平叶片的冷却可以分为内部冷却和外部冷却,结合作者近年的研究工作,详细综述了燃气轮机透平叶片内部换热与冷却问题的研究现状与进展,着重介绍了叶片内部蛇形通道冷却、叶片内部冲击冷却和前缘的旋流冷却及尾缘柱肋冷却,指出了它们各自在相关方面需要进一步开展的工作.其中：在蛇形通道冷却方面,需要进一步研究旋转状态下蛇形通道内流动与换热特性、发展高性能的扰流装置及通道弯头结构、设计新颖高效的叶顶内部冷却结构、获得带气膜孔或冲击孔的蛇形通道内的换热与冷却特性;在叶片前缘内部冲击冷却方面,需要研究不同曲率面上的冲击冷却换热特性、旋转条件下的冲击冷却以及冲击气膜复合冷却特性;在旋流冷却方面,需要对其结构参数的影响开展进一步的广泛研究,并开展旋转状态下旋流冷却特性的研究;在尾缘柱肋冷却方面,需要进一步研究复杂流场下柱肋阵列通道中的流动换热与众敏感因子之间的关系.     

System performance and economic analysis of solar-assisted cooling/heating system

The long-term system simulation and economic analysis of solar-assisted cooling/heating system (SACH-2) was carried out in order to find an economical design. The solar heat driven ejector cooling system (ECS) is used to provide part of the cooling load to reduce the energy consumption of the air conditioner installed as the base-load cooler. A standard SACH-2 system for cooling load 3.5 kW (1 RT) and daily cooling time 10 h is used for case study. The cooling performance is assumed only in summer seasons from May to October. In winter season from November to April, only heat is supplied. Two installation locations (Taipei and Tainan) were examined.It was found from the cooling performance simulation that in order to save 50% energy of the air conditioner, the required solar collector area is 40 m² in Taipei and 31 m² in Tainan, for COP_j = 0.2. If the solar collector area is designed as 20 m², the solar ejector cooling system will supply about 17–26% cooling load in Taipei in summer season and about 21–27% cooling load in Tainan. Simulation for long-term performance including cooling in summer (May–October) and hot water supply in winter (November–April) was carried out to determine the monthly-average energy savings. The corresponding daily hot water supply (with 40 °C temperature rise of water) for 20 m² solar collector area is 616–858 L/day in Tainan and 304–533 L/day in Taipei.The economic analysis shows that the payback time of SACH-2 decreases with increasing cooling capacity. The payback time is 4.8 years in Tainan and 6.2 years in Taipei when the cooling capacity >10 RT. If the ECS is treated as an additional device used as a protective equipment to avoid overheating of solar collectors and to convert the excess solar heat in summer into cooling to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioner, the payback time is less than 3 years for cooling capacity larger than 3 RT.     

具有新型双层壁结构的透平叶片流热耦合研究

多通道壁面射流冷却结构是一种新型的燃气透平动叶内部冷却结构,具有消耗冷气少、压力损失小等优点。本文构建了简化的壁面射流冷却叶片与GE-E3冷却结构叶片模型,采用流热耦合方法对比研究了其流动与换热特性。结果表明,壁面射流冷却通道内的狭小空间抑制了横流的产生,冷气在冷却通道中形成了流向涡;前缘冷气流道中的大量冷气流经吸力侧冷却区,并从出口压力更小、面积更大的尾缘排出,使得前缘气膜孔出流的冷气流量和动量较小,冷气在叶片外表面的气膜覆盖特性更好;离心力的影响导致前缘冷气流道中叶根处的压力较低,叶根附近的气膜孔出现燃气主流入侵现象。相比于GE-E3叶片,壁面射流冷却叶片的前缘温度和温度梯度都较小,因此多通道壁面射流冷却在前缘具有更优异的冷却特性。     

冷却空气量对涡轮冷却性能影响综述

涡轮冷却技术被广泛应用于航空发动机及燃气轮机涡轮研发中,冷却空气的引气量成为影响整机效率的重要因素之一。本文基于现代燃气轮机及航空发动机涡轮叶片采用外部冷却与内部冷却结合的复合冷却的技术发展背景,综述了国内外在冷却空气量对涡轮叶片冷却性能影响方面的研究进展,分析并总结了冷却空气量对气膜冷却、交错肋冷却以及对综合冷却效率的影响规律,并对未来的研究方向给出了一定的建议。分析表明：对气膜孔形状的探索是未来气膜冷却技术研究的重点;交错肋研究主要处于定性研究阶段,对定量研究方法的探索是目前的发展趋势;对综合冷却效率的研究还处于起步阶段,未来可以从外部冷却和内部冷却之间的相互作用关系方面对综合冷却效率开展进一步的研究。     

基于流热耦合的燃气轮机透平叶顶冷却设计

燃气轮机透平叶顶区域存在复杂的流动和换热问题,承受很高的热负荷。为了降低透平动叶叶顶温度,在透平叶顶现有结构的基础上提出气膜冷却和气膜+内冷通道冷却两种叶顶冷却方案,并通过流热耦合计算分析冷却升级前后叶顶区域的换热和流动特性。研究发现：叶顶气膜冷却方案可有效降低叶顶温度,特别是叶顶前缘至中弦区域;而气膜＋内冷通道冷却方案基于外部气膜冷却,结合内部冷却通道设计,可进一步降低叶顶尾缘的温度;与原型叶片相比,气膜+内部冷气通道的复合冷却设计可以使叶顶尾缘最高温度降低24 K。     

Experimental performance of cooling photovoltaic panels using geothermal energy in an arid climate

In this study, an experimental prototype was built to examine the use of an underground water tank as a heat exchange medium with the soil to reduce photovoltaic (PV) panel operation temperatures and simultaneously improve PV efficiency. Three PV systems were evaluated: a benchmark PV panel without cooling (panel A); a PV panel with water spray cooling (panel B); and a PV panel with evaporative cooling (panel C). The cooling techniques in modules (B) and (C) were used to investigate the effects of underground water on the performance of PV panels in arid conditions. Four cases were devised as follows: spray panel back cooling (I), spray front and back cooling (II), spray front and back cooling using an Arduino controller (III), and repeating case III with different water flow rates (IV). Readings were taken from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm  from May to August. The experimental results showed that the use of underground water spray cooling led to reductions in the temperature of PV panel B, 14°C, 17.6°C, 18.8°C, and 22.7°C for cases I, II, III, and IV, respectively, when compared with the uncooled panel, and efficiency improved by 3.5%, 4.8%, 18%, and 23.1%, respectively.     

Heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of very compact heat sinks with plate fins cooled by jets

High-performance and very compact heat sinks have been developed for effective cooling of VLSIs with high heat-generation densities. Their heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics in air-jet cooling have been experimentally studied. The highly compact heat sinks were plate-fin arrays with a very small fin pitch of 0.4–2.0 mm. The rectangular jet nozzle width that gave the highest cooling performance was 30 to 40% of the streamwise length of the heat sinks. The influence of fin height on heat transfer became weak when the ratio of the height to the thickness of the fin exceeded approximately 35. When the air flow rate was constant, the thermal conductance increased as the fin pitch decreased. For a constant fin pitch, heat sinks with smaller fin thickness showed larger thermal conductance at a given blower power consumption. In our experimental range, the heat dissipation rate per unit heat sink volume increased as the base plate area of the heat sink became small. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(6): 399–414, 1998     

Techno-economic performance analysis of solar cooling systems

Vapour absorption cooling systems, powered by solar thermal energy, are now commercially manufactured in sizes ranging from 1.5 to over 20 RT (one refrigeration ton = 3.51 kW of cooling). The needed thermal energy at appropriate temperature potential can either be provided by solar thermal collectors or else from a solar pond. The paper gives the assessment criteria and results for technical and economic evaluation of the performance of absorption chiller using a solar pond. These results, based on Kuwait's environmental data and costs, have been compared with three alternate cooling systems, namely:

• 1 Solar thermal collector absorption cooling system.
• 2 Solar photovoltaic cooling system.
• 3 Standard vapour compression cooling system.

The criteria, used for performance evaluation of the solar cooling systems on a technical basis, consists of assessing the extent to which such systems can make a positive contribution in a conserving fossil fuel. This is done by first estimating the total electrical energy needed by the standard system (defined in para. 3 above) to produce one unit of cooling output. Solar cooling systems are then analysed and compared with a standard system to establish their electrical energy saving or generation capability, after accounting for the parasitic electrical energy used in pump/fan motors and equivalent energy needed for the production of soft water (used-up in the cooling tower) from seawater desalination. The economic analysis considers the cost and life of subsystems and that of the electrical and water desalination plants to arrive at the unit cooling cost. The unit cooling is defined as the ratio of amortized capital investments plus operation and maintenance costs over the year and the total yearly cooling production by the system. The results show that the solar pond absorption cooling system is the closest competitor to the conventional cooling system.