FBG光纤的飞秒激光刻蚀特性及传感应用

在布拉格光栅（FBG）光纤的包层中制作微槽,结合敏感材料提高了FBG光纤传感器的灵敏度,拓宽了其传感应用领域。利用飞秒（fs）激光对I型布拉格光栅光纤进行刻蚀,通过调节激光功率和辐照时间,分析光纤折射率变化以及光纤表面和内部结构的刻蚀特性,并探讨fs激光对光纤光栅微沟槽形貌和反射光谱的影响。实验结果表明,微槽表面由于碎屑的凝固而产生许多柱状结构,且随着激光能量的增加,柱状结构不断长大,槽深和形状服从高斯能量分布;随着激光功率和辐照时间的增加,反射率谱永久红移,带宽增加。利用微结构光纤增敏性能,有效提高微结构光纤光栅磁场探头和氢气探头的传感性能。     

倾斜切趾光纤光栅的理论与实验研究

针对飞秒激光刻写均匀光纤布拉格光栅的反射主峰存在较高旁瓣,容易对主峰形成串扰的问题,开展基于倾斜切趾光纤光栅的理论与实验研究。根据飞秒激光诱导产生的折射率特点,修正耦合模模型中的交流耦合系数,并利用有限元仿真的形式,验证了倾斜切趾法的切趾类型为高斯型。之后对影响切趾效果的关键参数进行实验研究,结果表明：实验结果与仿真计算基本一致;初始横向位移为5~10 μm,且不对称偏移量小于±2 μm时,边模抑制比可提高到15 dB。研究成果为提高光纤光栅边模抑制比提供了重要理论支撑与实践指导,对于推动光纤光栅制备工艺技术发展具有重要意义。     

飞秒光纤光栅高温测量方法研究

为了实现高温环境下温度的准确测量,利用飞秒激光制备的光纤布拉格光栅（Fiber Bragg Gratings,FBG）杰出的热稳定性,提出一种基于飞秒光纤光栅的高温测量方法。利用光纤热光系数、热膨胀系数与温度之间的依赖关系,建立了FBG中心波长-温度模型;由于该模型不存在解析解,利用单点中心波长-温度特解和四次多项式拟合温度-中心波长工作曲线。基于该工作曲线和预退火（1 000℃,20 h）FBG在常温至900℃范围内进行温度测量实验,结果表明最大测量偏差不超过±2℃。本方法仅需标定单点中心波长-温度即可实现宽温度范围内的温度准确测量,简洁有效,在航空航天、核电冶金等领域中具有重要的研究和应用价值。     

自聚焦变栅距光栅设计、制作及特性研究

利用变栅距光栅的衍射光束自聚焦特性,设计和制作了变栅距透射光栅,并对其自聚焦特性进行了研究.采用变栅距光栅的自动生成宏文件程序,优化设计了变栅距光栅的栅距变化.采用光栅扫描电子束光刻的方法制作了中心线数为300 1/mm、适用于355 mm波长的自聚焦变栅距变狭缝光栅.使用三倍频Nd:YAG激光器,研究了制作的变栅距光栅的聚焦特性,并与对氦氖激光的聚焦特性进行了比较.结果表明,主动式设计的变栅距变狭缝自聚焦光栅可以大幅提高衍射光强度和分辨本领,具有重要的应用价值.     

低损耗双锥光纤的制备与光学特性研究

利用熔拉法制备了双锥光纤,系统地研究了拉制过程中拉制距离、拉制速度、氢气流量等参数与双锥光纤光学传输特性关系,实验表明,拉制距离控制在30mm-32mm,拉制速度在0.15mm/s,氢气流量在140-150之间时,可以得到损耗在0.5dB-0.7dB,锥腰直径介于0.6μm-2.5μm的低损耗双锥光纤。利用自行制备的双锥光纤进行微球腔耦合实验,得到微球腔良好的透射谱线。该范围内的双锥光纤可以高效激发微球腔回廊模式,对微球腔的应用以及双锥光纤在光传感应用方面具有指导意义。     

未来的光纤材料—氟化物玻璃

以ZrF_4为主体的玻璃,将成为下一代通讯光纤的主要材料。目前,美、日、英等国都在加紧进行研究,氟化物光纤的最低光损耗已达到0.7 dB/km,最终的目标是将其降低至0.001dB/km(波长2.55μm),实现1000km无中继的光传输。显然这是一个激动人心的目标,当然为此还要付出艰巨的努力。由于氟化物玻璃的折射率低,在0.2～7.0 μm波长范围内都有较高透过率,所以它不仅可望成为在3～4μm范围内的低损耗光纤材料,而且,它也是传输大功率的HF激光、CO及CO_2激光的理想材料,在激光加工和医疗等领域有广泛用途。     

低损耗、高消光比的Z切钛扩散铌酸锂调制器

为了获得低损耗、高消光比的光波导电光调制器,以钛扩散铌酸锂( Ti: LiNbO3 )波导折射率的分布和光波导的优化设计为基础,利用有限差分光束传播法( FD-BPM )和点匹配法,从理论上给出了一种光损耗为-0.53dB、消光比为30dB的Z切钛扩散铌酸锂调制器。并且,在10Gbit/s的系统中对其进行了测试,取得了在120 km长的光纤上传输无误码的效果和较清晰的眼图。     

飞秒激光烧蚀材料表面产生纳米波纹结构的实验

利用飞秒脉冲激光烧蚀可以获得远小于激光中心波长（775nm）量级的周期条纹．通过多脉冲飞秒激光烧蚀Ni、Al、Cu、Ti和Si等材料表面的实验,得到材料表面产生光栅的周期均小于飞秒激光中心波长;采用对比实验,改变入射光的偏振特性,发现波纹周期方向随入射光偏振方向的改变而改变;不改变激光偏振态、脉冲能量为4．2J／cm^2时,沿波纹周期走向,发现平台移动速度为0．1mm／s时,可获得清晰的551nm的金属周期结构;最后应用上述实验结果,在铜片表面制备了长为几十微米、周期为551nm的微纳光栅结构。     

基于二次曝光法的切趾2mm短栅距光纤布拉格光栅制作研究

研究了基于二次曝光法的2 mm短栅距型光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的制作及切趾函数参数控制.针对所选取的3种切趾函数,在耦合模理论基础上,利用传输矩阵法进行了FBG光学特性仿真分析,给出了最佳切趾参数下的光栅反射谱.FBG制作实验结果表明,所选取的不同切趾型短栅距FBG性能较好满足传感用性能要求,为高反射率、较窄带宽、高边模抑制比的短栅距型FBG的制作研究提供了有益的参考.     

基于级联光栅温度补偿的溶液浓度测量研究

为解决长周期光纤光栅(LPG)折射率测量时的温度交叉敏感问题,利用布喇格光纤光栅(FBG)对环境折射率不敏感的特点,将其与长周期光纤光栅(LPG)级联,构成具有温度补偿的折射率传感方案。实验结果表明：随着温度的变化级联光栅的两个透射谐振波长都有线性变化,而改变溶液折射率时只有一个透射谐振波长改变。因此,可以利用级联光栅对折射率和温度双参量进行同时测量,补偿因温度变化产生的测量误差。     

用相位模板法制备紫外光写入光纤布拉格光栅的研究

利用相位模板，在２４８ｎｍ ＫｒＦ准分子激光器光束的照射下，在国产高掺锗单模光纤中制作出了中波长为１５４７ｎｍ，峰值反射率约为１０％，带宽为０．６４ｎｍ的调制光纤由拉格光栅。     

载氢与光纤布喇格光栅

系统地研究了载氢条件对掺锗石英光纤的紫外光敏特性以及光纤光栅的影响．结果表明:光纤中氢气含量的大小决定了光纤光栅的折射率调制(即光纤光敏性的大小),也决定了光纤光栅的反射率;随着载氢压力的增大,光纤的光致折射率改变(即紫外光敏性)呈正比例增大,两者之间的关系为△n=1．34×10-5+4．66×10-5P;退火后的光纤光栅的反射率与载氢压力的关系为R3=2．76881+0．83537 P．这一结果有助于控制载氢压力获得发射率可调的光纤光栅,解决光纤光栅写入随机性大的问题;掺锗石英光纤的紫外光敏性的大小随着载氢时间的延长,呈指数增长,最后达到饱和;光纤光栅的反射率与载氢时间也呈现同样的规律,制作光纤光栅的最佳载氢时间为14 d(常温)．     

Bragg gratings written in Sn-Er-Ge-codoped silica fiber: investigation of photosensitivity, thermal stability, and sensing potential

Bragg gratings were fabricated in an Sn-Er-Ge-codoped silica fiber with a phase mask and ultraviolet radiation from a 248-nm KrF excimer laser. The photosensitivity of the fiber was examined by studying the initial growth rate of the gratings written into it. The thermal stability of the gratings was investigated and modeled in terms of both the refractive-index modulation and the effective refractive index of the fiber core. It was shown that the temperature-induced irreversible shift in the Bragg wavelength could not be predicted by the isothermal decay of the refractive-index modulation. Finally, the potential of the gratings written into the fiber is discussed in terms of their use in high-temperature-sensing applications.     

Femtosecond laser-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings for strain monitoring in power cables of offshore wind turbines

A fiber Bragg grating sensor system used for monitoring the effects of strain on the power cable of an offshore wind turbine is presented. The Bragg grating structure was inscribed into coated nonphotosensitive standard telecommunication fibers using an IR femtosecond laser and the point-by-point writing technique. Because of the presence of the protective coating of the fiber, the mechanical stability of the resultant sensor device is better than that of a sensor consisting of a bare fiber. A system containing this sensing element was to our knowledge for the first time successfully installed and tested in an offshore wind turbine prototype (REpower 6M, REpower Systems, AG, Germany) in February 2010, near Ellh?ft (Germany). The fabrication process of the fiber Bragg gratings, measurement results of the online monitoring, and a comparison between the sensor signal and commonly used sensing techniques are presented.     

Hydrogen sensor based on side-polished fiber Bragg gratings coated with thin palladium film

A new type of hydrogen sensor based on a side-polished fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coated with thin palladium film was demonstrated experimentally. The used FBG with the reflectivity of 90% is fabricated in a hydrogen-loaded single-mode fiber (SMF-28) by using the phase mask writing technique of a KrF excimer laser. The experimental results show that proposed sensor can be applied for hydrogen concentration measurements.     

基于光束扫描方法制作取样光栅的实验研究

报道了一种基于光束扫描方法采用普通均匀相位模板和连续的 2 4 4nm倍频氩离子激光器 ,制作波长间隔为 0 .8nm和 1.6nm取样光栅的新技术 ,并对得到的实验结果进行了分析。研制的取样光栅波长间隔均匀 ,具有良好的谱特性。采用的方法操作简单、灵活 ,可方便地制作不同类型的取样光栅。     

Analysis of fiber bragg gratings by a side-diffraction interference technique

A new nondestructive, noncontact, and sensitive technique for fiber Bragg grating geometry and index-fault location measurements is presented. Two plane-wave probe laser beams are incident upon the grating from the side at angles that satisfy the Bragg-reflection condition. An interference pattern is formed behind the fiber between the first-order diffracted beam (from one probe beam) and the zero-order transmitted beam (from the second probe beam). The axial grating index modulation and the grating period are functions of the fringe visibility and the fringe period, respectively. The method is sensitive and is applicable even in the case of relatively weak gratings. Unchirped and chirped Bragg gratings have been studied with the proposed technique. We demonstrate accuracies of 1 x 10(-4) for measurement of the index modulation and 0.01 nm for measurement of the period. As well as for the analysis of most already-fabricated gratings, this technique is useful for in situ analysis of a long fiber Bragg grating as such a grating is translated along its axis during the fabrication process.     

Analysis on the saturation of refractive index modulation in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) written by partially coherent UV beams

We present an analysis on the saturation of refractive index modulation of fiber Bragg gratings written in nonhydrogenated Ge-B co-doped single-mode photosensitive optical fiber by partially coherent pulsed UV beams. The UV beams of different spatial coherence properties were generated by second harmonic conversion of high repetition rate, high average power copper vapor laser (CVL) oscillators with different optical resonators. It is observed that for UV beams of higher spatial coherence, the fiber Bragg grating reflectivity growth was faster and saturation of refractive index modulation was higher. The experimental results are explained with the help of a physical model based on exponential decay of defect centers per unit volume on UV absorption in the fiber core. The subsequent increase in the refractive index was attributed to the structural modification and densification of the fiber core.