添加高熵合金粉末AZ31B镁合金/304不锈钢电阻点焊接头组织和力学性能

以FeCoNiCrMn高熵合金为中间层,获得高质量的AZ31B/不锈钢电阻点焊接头。分析过渡区与两侧母材的反应扩散行为,检测接头性能并优化焊接工艺。结果表明：包含FeCoNiCrMn颗粒的过渡区成功连接镁、钢两母材。镁合金侧界面主要是颗粒周围反应生成的Fe₄Al₁₃金属间化合物;而不锈钢侧边界主要由(Fe,Ni)固溶体和Fe₄Al₁₃金属间化合物两部分组成。拉剪载荷F随焊接电流I和焊接压力P的增加,焊接时间t的延长,呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在18.2～22.5 kA,15～35周波,2.0～10.6 kN的实验工艺范围内,添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷在3.2 kN以上,最大拉剪载荷为5.605 kN,相比未添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷提高了397%。高熵合金过渡层形成了大量(Fe,Ni)固溶体,减少Fe₄Al₁₃脆性金属间化合物的生成,有效提高了接头的力学性能。     

汽车用铝钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织及界面特征研究

随着轻量化技术的发展，镀锌钢板与铝合金等异种金属连接在现代汽车工业中的应用越来越多，回抽式无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊具有热输入低、焊缝晶粒细小、接头力学性能高等优点，在铝合金等轻金属焊接领域具有很大的优势。本工作使用回抽式搅拌摩擦点焊技术，成功实现了0.7 mm厚的镀锌钢板与2 mm厚的铝合金板的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊连接。在不同的焊接转速下，对铝钢异种金属进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊实验研究，分析了无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头的剪切性能、断口形貌、各区微观组织、界面区特征及连接机理。研究结果表明，转速为1 200 r/min、压入量为0.2 mm、焊接时间为15 s时焊接接头最佳，具有最好的力学拉伸性能，断裂位置为热机影响区；通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对接头的微观形貌以及断口形貌进行观察分析发现，在搅拌区接头界面形成了约6μm厚的金属间化合物，为AlFe₃、Al₁₃Fe₄、AlFe；各位置处金属间化物的形貌与厚度不同，断裂方式为混合断裂机制，界面处的连接为机械结合和冶金结合两种接合方式。     

Fe/Al异质金属接头界面组织演变、生长动力学及力学性能

采用真空扩散连接方法研究Fe/Al异质金属接头界面组织演变规律、金属间化合物(intermetallic compound,IMC)生长动力学及力学性能。结果表明：焊接温度为550 ℃时,接头界面无IMC生成,当焊接温度超过575 ℃时,界面由Fe₂Al₅及少量FeAl₃ IMC构成,且随焊接温度升高IMC层迅速长大。在120 min保温时间条件下,接头剪切强度随焊接温度的升高先增加后降低,当焊接温度为575 ℃时,接头剪切强度达到最大值37 MPa。在550~625 ℃范围内,基于热力学分析得出Fe₂Al₅的吉布斯自由能ΔG_Fe-Al最低,而FeAl₃的ΔG_Fe-Al次之,在接头界面处IMC生成顺序为Fe₂Al₅→FeAl₃。Fe/Al接头界面IMC的生长随焊接温度呈抛物线规律,其生长激活能为282.6 kJ·mol^-1。在575,600,625 ℃条件下,界面IMC的生长速率分别为1.13×10^-14,3.59×10^-14,1.21×10^-13 m²·s^-1。     

铝/镀锌钢搅拌摩擦铆焊接头组织与力学性能

为实现铝钢之间的优质连接,采用搅拌摩擦铆焊新方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行搭接点焊,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织及力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:接头成形平整美观,中心没有匙孔;接头包含铆接区和扩散区,其中在铆接区铝合金以铝柱的形式嵌入到钢板的圆孔中,形成了一个"铝铆钉",底部有富铝的α固溶体偏聚,圆孔四周形成扩散区,铝和钢形成了冶金结合,依靠金属间化合物Fe Al3连接在一起;接头有3种断裂形式,在最佳工艺参数下接头的抗剪力达到8.2 k N;铝柱上断口的微观形貌是被拉长的韧窝,扩散区的断口由灰色基体和白色颗粒组成.     

焊接温度对TM52/304瞬间液相扩散焊接头性能的影响

采用BNi2作为中间层,在焊接压力为1 MPa、保温时间15 min的情况下,对钢结硬质合金TM52和304不锈钢进行瞬时液相扩散焊连接(TLP),研究了不同焊接温度下接头的显微组织和不同区域元素扩散迁移及力学性能。结果表明,钢结硬质合金TM52与304不锈钢之间能实现较好地冶金结合;焊接接头界面主要由[Fe, Ni]、Fe_0.64Ni_0.36、Cr_0.19Fe_0.7Ni_0.11和Ti(O_0.19C_0.53N_0.32)组成;当焊接温度为1 110℃时,接头剪切强度、抗拉强度最大,拉伸断口呈明显的韧性断裂特征。     

金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

针对在铝/钢焊接过程中,钢的表面金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊接头性能有着重要影响的问题,研究铝合金在不同金属镀层的低碳钢表面的铺展效果,通过SEM对不同金属镀层下熔钎焊接头界面微观组织形态、金属间化合物厚度、种类等进行分析,并进一步研究不同金属镀层下铝/钢接头的力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明:钢表面的金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊过程中5A06铝合金在钢上的铺展与浸润有着较大的影响,其中5A06铝合金在镀铝钢上的铺展效果最佳,且铝合金与镀铝锌钢熔钎焊的接头抗拉性能最好,达到母材铝合金的70%。铝/钢界面金属间化合物主要由铝铁金属间化合物组成,其中在镀铝钢、镀铝锌钢、镀锌钢中主要存在Fe2Al5,FeAl3,FeAl等金属间化合物,在镀镍钢界面中还存在Fe4Al13等金属间化合物。     

加热温度与保温时间对铝-硅镀层组织演变的影响

采用扫描电镜观察了钢板表面铝-硅镀层的微观组织,利用热模拟机研究了铝-硅镀层在不同加热温度和保温时间下镀层中合金层厚度的变化规律,利用辉光光谱仪测定了铁元素向合金层中的扩散规律。结果表明:热处理前镀层合金层组织由Fe₂Al₅二元金属间化合物和Fe₂SiAl₇三元金属间化合物组成,热处理后镀层合金层组织由Fe₂SiAl₂,Fe₂Si₂Al₅等金属间化合物组成,镀层表面生成致密的Al₂O₃膜;硅元素在合金层与镀层的交界处富集,抑制了铁元素由钢基体向镀层表面的扩散,可以有效阻止合金层厚度的进一步增加;随着加热温度升高、保温时间延长,铁元素溶出量增多,镀层表面铁质量分数达到45%~55%,导致合金层的厚度逐渐增大。     

低压冷喷涂热处理复合处理制备Ni2Al3金属间化合物涂层及其滑动磨损特性研究

为制备出以Ni₂Al₃为主相的金属间化合物涂层，将Ni粉、Al粉和Al₂O₃粉按质量比20∶6∶5混合均匀，利用低压冷喷涂方法将混合粉体喷涂到45钢基体表面，制备Ni-Al预涂层，再将预涂层在520℃氩气环境下保温12 h,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对涂层组织和物相进行了分析与表征，测试了涂层的结合力和滑动摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：预涂层经热处理转变为Ni₂Al₃金属间化合物涂层后，表现出良好的减摩、耐磨性能。涂层中Ni和Al固相转变为金属间化合物的驱动力是热处理提供的热能和粉体强烈塑性变形后的形变能的共同作用。     

中间层Ni对TC4/2A14异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

目的 添加0.05 mm厚的Ni箔作为中间层,对3 mm厚的TC4钛合金和2A14铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,分析Ni对接头力学性能的影响。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱及XRD衍射等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的断口形貌、成分进行分析,探究Ni箔对焊接接头力学性能的影响。结果 由于钛合金和铝合金存在较大的物理化学性能差异,Ti/Al异种金属焊接性较差,界面容易产生TiAl3、TiAl、Ti3Al等金属间化合物,其中脆性相TiAl3对接头性能的影响最大,会导致综合力学性能下降。当加入中间层材料Ni后,由于Ni与Al晶体结构均属于面心立方,因此Ni与Al的扩散系数大于Ti与Al的扩散系数,Ni和Al之间优先形成金属间化合物且弥散分布于焊缝中,从而缩短了Ti与Al之间的相互扩散时间,减少了TiAl3相的生成。结论 在未添加中间层材料时,接头平均抗拉强度为237.3 MPa,约为2A14铝合金母材抗拉强度的56.7%;当添加中间层Ni后,对焊缝中金属间化合物的种类和数量进行了调控,减少了对性能影响最大的TiAl3相的生成,接头平均抗拉强度达到285.3 MPa,为2A14铝合金母材抗拉强度的68%。     

铝合金与镀锌钢脉冲旁路耦合电弧GMAW熔钎焊搭接工艺及接头性能的研究

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧GMAW熔钎焊方法,以ER4043焊丝为填充材料,实现了铝合金与镀锌钢异种金属的熔钎焊接,得到外观成形良好、变形小的搭接接头。通过SEM、EPMA、EDS、显微硬度计和拉伸实验机对搭接接头的微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:在搭接接头界面中心区的铝侧形成针状或锯齿状的FeAl3金属间化合物,而在钢侧形成平齐的Fe2Al5和Fe0.7Al3Si0.3金属间化合物。显微硬度测试分析进一步证明了铝合金与镀锌钢界面中心区由硬度高的金属间化合物组成。搭接接头的平均拉剪强度达到144.85MPa,最高拉剪强度达到186.73MPa,达到了铝合金母材强度的88.5%,且断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.