分流叶片对离心泵非定常空化流动特性影响分析

采用ANSYS(有限元分析)软件,对有/无分流叶片的离心泵流道内的空化流动进行定常及非定常的数值模拟,分析分流叶片对离心泵空化性能的影响,同时对叶轮进出口以及蜗壳内的压力场进行监测,得到空化条件下的压力脉动规律。结果表明:添加分流叶片后,泵的空化性能提高,临界空化余量减小。随着空化余量NPSHA的不断下降,空化所诱导的压力脉动逐渐加剧,其中以泵隔舌处的压力脉动最为明显。有/无分流叶片离心泵内压力脉动主要发生在叶频及其谐波位置。添加分流叶片后,离心泵内的压力脉动得到明显改善。     

叶片数对离心泵瞬态空化特性的影响

为研究叶片数在离心泵设计工况下对瞬态空化特性的影响,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,以3种叶轮叶片数的离心泵为研究对象对其内部空化流动进行三维非定常数值模拟。结果表明:对于3组不同叶片数(Z=4、5、6)的叶轮,随着叶片数逐渐增加,离心泵扬程增加,但效率无明显差异;不同叶片数离心泵的空化特性曲线不同,临界空化点压力以及扬程断裂值不同,3种叶轮方案在无空化时的扬程分别为44.8、41.8和39.2 m,扬程断裂的相对值分别占其扬程的27%、25%、32%,即Z=5的叶轮离心泵扬程下降最少;在叶轮的一个旋转周期内,随着时间的增大,Z=4的空泡体积逐渐增加,Z=5和Z=6的空泡体积逐渐减小;叶片数较少时,叶轮流道内相对轴面漩涡运动剧烈,流体的绝对速度降低,造成泵压头的衰减,加速空化发生。     

叶轮进口边型线对两级离心泵空化及非定常流动特性的影响

针对叶片进口边型线对两级离心泵空化及内部非定常流动特性的影响,在保持泵体和其他几何参数不变的情况下,通过改变第一级叶轮叶片进口边曲率,计算了两级离心泵内的空化及非定常流动。获得了空化性能曲线、第一级叶轮流道内测点的压力脉动和第一级叶轮的受力情况。结果表明:进口边对临界空化余量、压力脉动和受力情况的影响不具有单调性,而是存在最优值;压力脉动的主导频率为15倍轴频,并且压力脉动出现高幅低频现象;轴向力和径向力的脉动主频分别为轴频和2倍叶频;径向力的波动幅值远小于空间x,y方向受力的波动幅值。     

叶片厚度分布对两级离心泵空化性能的影响

针对叶片厚度分布对两级离心泵空化性能的影响,通过对第一级叶轮叶片的厚度分布进行优化,研究其对泵外特性、压力脉动以及流体激励力的影响。结果表明：采用线性厚度分布的对称叶片时,前缘厚度对空化性能的影响最大,叶片越薄,泵的抗空化能力越强;随着尾缘变厚,压力脉动幅值向叶轮进口方向偏移,且随着叶片厚度减小,压力脉动幅值相应减小。第一级叶轮流道内的压力脉动主频为干涉叶频,保留高幅低频的宽频特征,所受空间三向力的脉动主频为2倍叶频,轴向力较小,脉动幅值较低,径向力的主要信号成分是叶频和2倍叶频。     

分流叶片进口直径对离心泵空化特性影响

为探究分流叶片对离心泵空化性能的影响,以IS80-50-200模型泵为研究对象,在模型泵上设计添加了3种不同进口直径分流叶片,利用CFD软件对离心泵进行全流道三维定常湍流空化数值模拟,分析不同汽蚀余量对离心泵空化特性和叶轮内部流场的影响,探究叶轮空化初生和发展规律。结果表明:添加分流叶片后,泵的扬程、效率均有一定程度的提高,且分流叶片的进口直径对扬程和效率的影响不大;泵的H-Q曲线驼峰减弱;泵的抗空化性能均有提高。在研究的水力模型中,当离心泵短叶片进口直径为0.8D2时,泵的抗空化性能最好。添加分流叶片后,长叶片两侧压差减小,叶轮进口处的低压区范围变小,有利于提高泵的抗空化能力。     

微型高速泵小流量工况空化特性数值分析

通过CFturbo与UG软件建立及优化模型,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型,利用CFX(计算流体力学)软件对微型高速离心泵进行数值模拟。通过小流量和不同进口总压工况,对叶轮进口段流动特性、叶片表面和叶轮流道的静压分布以及叶轮流道内空泡数分布3个方面进行流场分析。结果表明:流量对叶轮进口段回流影响较大;叶片前缘到后缘的压力逐渐增大,叶轮流道进口到出口的压力也逐渐增加;扬程系数陡降前的振动是叶轮空化不稳定引起的,随着空化系数的降低,空泡体积数逐渐占据整个叶轮流道,空泡分布也由不对称转变为对称结构;为微型高速泵的设计和研究提供了理论基础。     

离心泵叶轮穿孔对空化性能的影响

为分析离心泵叶轮开孔对空化性能的影响,选取一普通离心泵作为研究对象,在进口易空化区不同位置做不同直径的贯通孔,利用CFD仿真软件,对模型进行全流道三维定常湍流空化数值模拟,研究在不同进口汽蚀余量条件、不同开孔位置和不同开孔直径对离心泵性能影响。结果表明:开孔会造成叶轮内能量损失,损失大小与开孔直径和孔内平均流速正相关;开孔对离心泵空化性能影响主要取决于流体在吸力面与压力面之间的能量差和开孔造成的能量损失之间的差值,差值为正则抑制空化,差值为负则加剧空化;扬程和效率随开孔直径先升高后下降,当穿孔直径为3 mm时,达到最大值;开孔会影响叶片吸力面压力及流场分布;综合看,在C=0. 5流面开孔优于在C=0. 9流面开孔。     

叶片进口边位置对小流量工况下离心泵空化特性的影响

为研究叶片进口位置对小流量工况下离心泵空化性能的影响,应用数值计算方法模拟了比转数为81的离心泵的三种模型,得到不同进口边位置的离心泵空化特性,并分析了叶轮内部流场与空化性能曲线的影响关系。结果表明,在小流量工况下,低比转速离心泵叶片进口边位置越靠前,抗空化性能较好,但严重空化后扬程衰减更快,流道直接被空泡堵塞,流道和叶片表面气泡分布较均匀,且气泡充斥流道速度较快,气泡体积分数各流道差值越小。相比较而言,叶片进口位置越靠后,气泡在流道内部和叶片背面分布不均匀,易出现噪声和振动,但在断裂空化状态,气泡并未完全堵塞流道,扬程下降速度较慢。整体来看,在小流量工况下,叶片进口边位置越靠前,离心泵的抗空化性能较好,并通过试验研究验证了模拟结果的可靠性。研究成果可为小流量工况下低比转速离心泵抗空化性能的优化提供参考。     

叶片包角对高比转速离心泵固液两相非定常特性的影响

为了分析叶片包角在固液两相流下对高比转速离心泵非定常特性的影响,采用ANSYS CFX软件和Mixture多相流模型对5种不同叶片包角离心泵的固液两相流进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了叶片包角对固液两相流离心泵瞬时扬程、压力脉动及径向力的影响。研究表明:随着叶片包角每增大10°,固液两相流离心泵的瞬时扬程有所降低,波动时间会延迟0.001 s;流道内及隔舌处的压力值越来越小,脉动幅值越来越大,压力波动时间向后延迟0.001 s;叶轮上的径向力会增大,隔舌处的径向力会减小,受力方均向顺时针偏转;不同包角下的固液两相流离心泵叶轮流道内的压力脉动主频均出现在转频处,隔舌处的压力脉动主频出现在叶频处。其中,叶片包角φ=120°是叶轮流道内压力值和压力脉动幅值增减速度快慢的分界点,也是隔舌处的压力脉动幅值最小值点。     

叶轮出口宽度对离心泵内部非定常性能的影响

为了研究多工况下不同叶轮出口宽度对离心泵非定常性能的影响,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型对叶轮出口宽度分别为11、12、13、14和15 mm的离心泵模型分别在0.8Q_d、1.0Q_d、1.2Q_d三种流量工况下进行定常和非定常的数值模拟,得到离心泵的外特性曲线、内部流场以及压力脉动特性,并进行对比分析。结果表明:离心泵的扬程随叶轮出口宽度的增加而增加,存在一个最佳的叶轮出口宽度使其效率最佳且最佳效率点向大流量点偏移;随着叶轮出口宽度的增加,叶轮截面的最大压力值呈先增加后减小再增加的趋势,小流量工况下的湍动能较大区域随叶轮出口宽度的增加由叶轮流道出口向叶轮流道中间发展;各监测点的压力脉动均呈周期性变化,压力系数随流量的增大而增大,在设计和大流量工况下,当叶轮出口宽度为13 mm时压力脉动幅值明显小于其他型式的叶轮,因此适当增大叶轮的出口宽度有利于减小离心泵的压力脉动、提高其性能。     

Cavitation in semi-open centrifugal impellers for a miniature pump

Cavitation in miniature pumps was investigated experimentally for two semi-open centrifugal impellers. Although both impellers had the same blade cross-section, one impeller had a two-dimensional blade, while the other had a leaned blade. The flows were also analyzed using a numerical model of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pumps near the peak efficiency point using the k-? turbulence model and the VOF cavitation model. The average cavitation performance of each impeller was satisfactorily predicted by the numerical simulations. The results show that the miniature pumps have similar cavitation performances as an ordinary-size pump, with the cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller reduced by increased axial tip clearances. Also, both the hydraulic and cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller were improved by the leaned blade. The results also show that uniform flow upstream of the impeller inlet will improve the cavitation performance of a miniature pump.     

Pressure fluctuation generated by the interaction of blade and tongue

Pressure fluctuation around the tongue has large effect on the stable operation of a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) and the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model is employed to simulate the flow in a pump. The flow field in the centrifugal pump is computed for a range of flow rate. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data and good agreement has been achieved. In order to study the interaction of the tongue with the impeller, fifteen monitor probes are evenly distributed circumferentially at three radii around the tongue. Pressure distribution is investigated at various blade positions while the blade approaches to and leaves the tongue region. Results show that pressure signal fluctuates largely around the tongue, and it is more intense near the tongue surface. At design condition, standard deviation of pressure fluctuation is the minimum. At large flow rate, the increased low pressure region at the blade trailing edge results in the increases of pressure fluctuation amplitude and pressure spectra at the monitor probes. Minimum pressure is obtained when the blade is facing to the tongue. It is found that the amplitude of pressure fluctuation strongly depends on the blade positions at large flow rate, and pressure fluctuation is caused by the relative movement between blades and tongue. At small flow rate, the rule of pressure fluctuation is mainly depending on the structure of vortex flow at blade passage exit besides the influence from the relative position between the blade and the tongue.     

双吸泵空化非定常数值分析

为了分析双吸泵内部非定常空化流,采用SST湍流模型及基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的输运空化模型,对双吸泵空化流场进行定常与非定常模拟,得到了双吸泵内流场空化初生部位及空化发展情况,并设置监测点分析了空化状态下双吸泵内不同位置处的压力脉动特性。结果表明,空化首先发生于叶片吸力面头部靠近前盖板处,随着空化余量的降低,空化面积及空泡体积分数不断增大,空化继续发展后,空泡会逐渐向叶片吸力面及叶轮出口扩散,从而降低泵的扬程;在一个旋转周期内,单个叶片上的空化状态呈现出由弱变强、再由强变弱的发展趋势;随着空化余量的降低,监测点处压力脉动幅值增加,蜗壳流道内压力脉动的主频为叶频,谐频为叶频的倍数,且蜗壳隔舌处的压力脉动幅值最大。     

采用开缝叶片流动控制的低比转速离心泵数值模拟与试验研究

基于流动控制技术,以某型号的低比转速离心式不锈钢冲压叶轮作为研究模型,采用数值模拟和试验研究了叶片不同开缝位置(r/R)对叶轮内部能量、湍流动能及耗散率分布的影响,同时制作了开缝叶片离心泵样机模型,并进行了试验验证,分析了叶片上开缝的相对位置对离心泵的扬程及效率等外特性的影响,比较了叶片有、无开缝的性能变化。研究结果表明:叶片开缝的位置对叶轮内流体能量的分布以及获得的总压能影响较大;开缝的存在会引起离心泵内部流场的变化,在开缝的地方会产生湍动能及耗散率的突变;不同的开缝相对位置对离心泵性能影响不同,开缝的相对位置为0.875,与没有开缝叶片的离心泵相比,效率提高了1.52%,拓宽了离心泵的高效区间,在大流量时,开缝存在起到了抑制分离的产生,提高了离心泵的扬程,改善了叶轮流道中流体的流动状态。     

Statistical characteristics of suction pressure signals for a centrifugal pump under cavitating conditions

Centrifugal pumps are often used in operating conditions where they can be susceptible to premature failure. The cavitation phenomenon is a common fault in centrifugal pumps and is associated with undesired effects. Among the numerous cavitation detection methods, the measurement of suction pressure fluctuation is one of the most used methods to detect or diagnose the degree of cavitation in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, a closed loop was established to investigate the pump cavitation phenomenon, the statistical parameters for PDF (Probability Density Function), Variance and RMS (Root Mean Square) were used to analyze the relationship between the cavitation performance and the suction pressure signals during the development of cavitation. It is found that the statistical parameters used in this research are able to capture critical cavitation condition and cavitation breakdown condition, whereas difficult for the detection of incipient cavitation in the pump. At part-load conditions, the pressure fluctuations at the impeller inlet show more complexity than the best efficiency point (BEP). Amplitude of PDF values of suction pressure increased steeply when the flow rate dropped to 40 m³/h (the design flow rate was 60 m³/h). One possible reason is that the flow structure in the impeller channel promotes an increase of the cavitation intensity when the flow rate is reduced to a certain degree. This shows that it is necessary to find the relationship between the cavitation instabilities and flow instabilities when centrifugal pumps operate under part-load flow rates.     

Influence of blade outlet angle on performance of low-specific-speed centrifugal pump

In order to analyze the influence of blade outlet angle on inner flow field and performance of low-specific-speed centrifugal pump, the flow field in the pump with different blade outlet angles 32.5° and 39° was numerically calculated. The external performance experiment was also carried out on the pump. Based on SIMPLEC algorithm, time-average N-S equation and the rectified k-? turbulent model were adopted during the process of computation. The distributions of velocity and pressure in pumps with different blade outlet angles were obtained by calculation. The numerical results show that backflow areas exist in the two impellers, while the inner flow has a little improvement in the impeller with larger blade outlet angle. Blade outlet angle has a certain influence on the static pressure near the long-blade leading edge and tongue, but it has little influence on the distribution of static pressure in the passages of impeller. The experiment results show that the low-specific-speed centrifugal pump with larger blade outlet angle has better hydraulic performance.     

Cavitation in semi-open centrifugal impellers for a miniature pump

Cavitation in miniature pumps was investigated experimentally for two semi-open centrifugal impellers. Although both impellers had the same blade cross-section, one impeller had a two-dimensional blade, while the other had a leaned blade. The flows were also analyzed using a numerical model of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pumps near the peak efficiency point using the k-ɛ turbulence model and the VOF cavitation model. The average cavitation performance of each impeller was satisfactorily predicted by the numerical simulations. The results show that the miniature pumps have similar cavitation performances as an ordinary-size pump, with the cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller reduced by increased axial tip clearances. Also, both the hydraulic and cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller were improved by the leaned blade. The results also show that uniform flow upstream of the impeller inlet will improve the cavitation performance of a miniature pump. __________ Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech), 2006, 46(8): 1451–1454 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

叶轮斜切对导叶式离心泵特性的影响

为改善试验离心泵扬程曲线驼峰,斜切叶轮16.4°,通过试验探索泵扬程、效率、轴功率的变化,同时利.用标准SST湍流模型对主要工况Q(Q为额定流量)、0.7Q进行非定常数值模拟,研究叶轮斜切对泵压力脉动和叶轮径向力的影响。试验结果表明,叶轮斜切后各工况扬程均有下降,驼峰区减小;效率有所提高,在0.6Q附近效率增大最多(约2.1%);轴功率曲线整体下移,其中大流量区间轴功率减小更多。数值模拟结果表明,叶轮斜切前后的压力脉动主频均为叶片通过频率,斜切叶轮降低了各工况主频和高频的幅值;1个叶轮.旋转周期内的径向力变化轨迹与导叶叶片数有关,且不论叶轮斜切与否,Q工况径向力大于0.7Q,叶轮斜切使两工况的叶轮径向力下降约41%。