磺化酚酞型聚醚砜/改性蒙脱土纳米复合膜的研究

用季胺盐改性蒙脱土和磺化酚酞型聚醚砜首次制得了磺化酚酞型聚醚砜/改性蒙脱土纳米复合质子交换膜,并用1H NMR、SEM、FT-IR等分析手段对其进行了表征,测定了复合膜的质子导电率.研究结果表明:改性蒙脱土以纳米颗粒形式分散于磺化酚酞型聚醚砜聚合物基体中;在相同测试温度下,磺化酚酞型聚醚砜/改性蒙脱土纳米复合质子交换膜的质子电导率随着改性蒙脱土含量增加而增加,添加10%(wt)改性蒙脱土的复合质子交换膜,在80℃下的质子电导率为8.53×10-4S/cm.     

β-C位引入供电子羟基增强季铵化聚砜膜的热碱稳定性

以氯甲基化的聚砜(CMPSf)为基材,与N-甲基二乙醇胺和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺反应,分别制备了β-C具有供电子羟基的N-甲基二乙醇胺季铵化聚砜膜(PSf-MDOH)和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺季铵化聚砜膜(PSf-DMOH)。在60℃、1 mol/L的KOH溶液中浸泡6 h后,β-C具有供电子羟基的PSf-DMOH膜和PSf-MDOH膜的离子传导率略有下降,但仍保持了良好的膜尺寸稳定性,而β-C无羟基的三乙胺季铵化聚砜膜发生破碎,完全丧失膜形态,表明供电子羟基的引入显著提高了膜的热碱稳定性。同时,2种膜的性能比较发现,低离子交换容量(IEC)时,PSf-MDOH膜的离子传导率高于PSfDMOH膜,但随着IEC的升高,PSf-MDOH膜吸水率急剧增加,膜内有效离子浓度下降,离子传导率低于PSf-DMOH膜。     

咪唑季铵化聚醚砜阴离子交换膜的制备与性能表征

以1-甲基咪唑为季铵化试剂,通过氯甲基化、季铵化、碱化等步骤,成功制备了不同氯甲基化取代度咪唑季铵化聚醚砜(PES-ImOH)阴离子交换膜。并对膜的离子交换容量(IEC)、吸水率、溶胀度和氢氧根传导率等性能进行表征。实验结果表明,当PES-ImOH膜的氯甲基化取代度(DC)为40%~61%,60℃时膜具有适宜的吸水率(24%~80%),较低的溶胀度(15%~44%)。DC为73%时,膜的IEC达到1.85 mmol/g,20℃时的离子传导率达到34 mS/cm,初始分解温度达到190℃。说明PES-ImOH膜在碱性阴离子交换膜燃料电池方面有很好的应用前景。     

蒙脱土的改性及其悬浮液的流变行为

4种可与蒙脱土进行非共价作用的小分子化合物(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB、十二烷基硫酸钠,SDS、4-氨基丁酸,AA和八季铵基笼型聚倍半硅氧烷,Poss)、两种可与蒙脱土进行共价作用的小分子化合物(1,3-丙烷磺内酯,PS和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷,KH550)和3种聚合物大分子(聚乙烯亚胺,PEI、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物,PAADDA和季铵化聚乙烯亚胺,QPEI)被用来改性钠基蒙脱土。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪和激光粒度仪对改性蒙脱土进行了表征,并测试了改性蒙脱土与对氯甲基苯乙烯-苯乙烯共聚物的N,N′-二甲基乙酰胺悬浮液的流变行为。结果表明,所有的改性蒙脱土的层间距都有所增加,其中QPEI改性蒙脱土的层间距达到2.41nm;小分子改性的蒙脱土疏水性越强,Zeta电位就越高,其中CTAB改性蒙脱土的Zeta电位由-38.5mV增加至31.2mV;添加改性蒙脱土的悬浮液呈现非牛顿流体行为,在高剪切速率区显示弱剪切变稀现象,其中含QPEI改性蒙脱土的悬浮液粘度增加达40%以上。     

EVOH/蒙脱土插层型纳米复合材料的研究

将蒙脱土有机化处理,然后将有机化蒙脱土与乙烯-乙烯醇嵌段共聚物(EVOH)通过Brabender流变仪熔融共混,制得纳米复合材料.通过电子透射显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,X射线衍射分析等手段对该复合材料进行了结构测试.结果表明:EVOH可以插入有机化蒙脱土片层间;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮改性蒙脱土被EVOH插开的片层距离比季铵盐改性蒙脱土被EVOH插开的片层距离大;有机化蒙脱土在复合材料中比例越小,复合体系中蒙脱土被插开的片层间距越大;当有机化蒙脱土含量为8%时,形成剥离型纳米复合材料;当有机化蒙脱土含量为15%时,形成插层型纳米复合材料.     

磺化聚联苯醚砜／改性蒙脱土复合质子交换膜的研究

对蒙脱土进行了有机磺酸化改性和结构表征，并用于对磺化聚联苯醚砜膜的杂化改性，同时制备了改性蒙脱土（SMMT），磺化聚联苯醚砜（SPSU）复合质子交换膜，对它们进行的物化和燃料电池性能研究结果表明：有机磺酸化改性使蒙脱土层间距有所增大，有利于改善蒙脱土片层间的有机亲和性和质子传导能力；在SMMT／SPSU复合膜中含有较SPSU膜更多的键合水，使膜在升高温度下的含水率提高，改善了膜在高温、低湿度下的质子传导性能，有希望由此开发新的高温质子交换膜。     

磺化聚醚醚酮/蒙脱土复合型质子交换膜制备与性能

以磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)为基体,以有机改性的蒙脱土(OMMT)为无机相,采用溶液插层法成功制备出了可望应用于直接甲醇燃料电池的SPEEK/OMMT复合型质子交换膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)表征了复合膜的微观结构,并采用交流阻抗和隔膜扩散方法分别考察了复合膜的质子传导性能和阻醇性能.结果表明,蒙脱土的片层间距超过4.4 nm,SPEEK高分子链已插层到蒙脱土片层之间.与纯SPEEK膜相比,SPEEK/OMMT复合膜的质子传导率有所降低,但在90℃也达到了1.2×10-2S/cm的水平,而且蒙脱土的加入明显地降低了SPEEK膜的甲醇渗透率.     

MC尼龙蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与表征

在超声条件下以KH550硅烷偶联剂插层蒙脱土,采用阴离子聚合反应制备MC尼龙蒙脱土纳米复合材料(MMT/PA),并对改性蒙脱土和纳米复合材料的结构进行表征与性能测试。结果表明,在超声分散条件下KH-550硅烷偶联剂进入蒙脱土的片层间,增大层间距;聚合过程中己内酰胺进入蒙脱土的片层间,实现蒙脱土与己内酰胺的键性结合,并使得最终尼龙分子插层进入蒙脱土的片层间形成纳米复合材料。蒙脱土以部分剥离的多片层聚集体均匀地分散在尼龙基体中,起到增强增韧作用,当蒙脱土含量在3%左右时纳米复合材料的力学性能达到最优。     

不同改性蒙脱土对聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料性能的影响

采用四种不同的改性剂对蒙脱土进行处理,在三单体固相接枝聚丙烯作用下,将聚丙烯与四种改性蒙脱土进行复合,制备聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料,研究了四种复合材料的结构与力学性能.结果表明,经十六烷基三甲基氯化胺或自制的长碳链带有反应基团的不饱和季胺盐改性的蒙脱土与聚丙烯复合可制备性能优良的纳米复合材料,从力学性能来说,十六烷基三甲基氯化铵改性蒙脱土的效果最好.     

聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的无皂乳液聚合法制备和表征

以溴化烯丙基三乙基铵改性钠基蒙脱土,采用无皂乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料。通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和动态光散射(DLS)等手段对有机蒙脱土和复合材料的结构进行表征。结果表明:溴化烯丙基三乙基铵成功插层到蒙脱土层间,层间距由1.32nm增大到1.44nm;FT-IR和XRD测试结果表明无皂乳液聚合法制备的不同蒙脱土含量(1%～5%)的聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料具有剥离型结构;DLS测试结果表明复合胶乳粒子的粒径随蒙脱土含量的增加而减小。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.     

水果蔬菜的机械损伤以及对冲击和振动载荷的响应

机械损伤会直接降低水果蔬菜的品质。讨论了水平蔬菜的机械损伤以及对冲击和振动的响应，还应当进一步用包装动力学的方法研究有关减少其机械损伤的问题。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.