润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响

在普通CD40润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝，研究了在不同载荷条件下对缸套活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响；用铁谱仪对试验油样进行了磨粒分析；用原子力显微镜对缸套试样表面的微观形貌进行了测试；用LAS-3000型表面分析系统对磨损表面进行了成分分析。结果表明：缸套活塞环摩擦副在含纳米氧化铝的润滑油作用下，表现出优越的抗摩减磨性能，其效果随栽荷的增大而增强；在高载荷作用下缸套试样表面形貌有了明显的改观，减小了摩擦阻力，降低了摩擦因数。     

改性纳米h-BN润滑油添加剂对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在缸套-活塞环摩擦副中,当活塞在上、下止点处为零速,难以形成油膜,且在气缸的高温工况下,其他部位的油膜也会被破坏,从而造成缸套-活塞环的摩擦功耗增加和磨损加剧。采用优质润滑油是提高缸套-活塞环润滑与摩擦特性的重要手段。制备改性纳米六方氮化硼(h-BN)颗粒并将其按不同质量分数分散至聚α-烯烃（PAO10）基础油中,使用R-tec摩擦磨损试验机开展不同载荷下的往复摩擦试验,通过观测摩擦因数、磨损体积和缸套磨损表面、磨损元素及三维形貌参数,研究改性纳米h-BN添加剂对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响以及减摩抗磨润滑机制。结果表明：加入改性纳米h-BN添加剂可以显著降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量,加入质量分数0.25%的添加剂在50 N、3 Hz工况下可使摩擦因数降低33.87%,磨损体积降低23.32%;在载荷及摩擦热作用下纳米h-BN添加剂可以在磨损表面形成摩擦保护膜,可以改善缸套的表面粗糙度,创造优良的润滑环境,提升其摩擦学性能。     

纳米润滑添加剂改善摩擦磨损提高发动机性能的研究

以5W-30润滑油为基础油,Al_2O_3/TiO_2为纳米添加剂,配制添加剂质量分数为2%的纳米润滑油。通过摩擦学性能试验台模拟缸套-活塞环摩擦副实际工作过程,研究Al_2O_3/TiO_2纳米添加剂对摩擦学性能的改善;通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对活塞环样本微观形貌进行观察,确定表面磨损情况;通过发动机台架实验研究确定实际使用工作过程中,纳米添加剂对发动机动力性能的影响。结果表明,润滑油中加入Al_2O_3/TiO_2纳米添加剂后,缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能得到明显改善,摩擦因数和活塞环磨损率显著下降,摩擦因数最大下降50.6%,平均下降42%;活塞环磨损率最大下降34.8%,平均下降27.2%;活塞环表面微观形貌得到明显改善,磨损表面得到修复,划痕显著减少;在转速为4 400 r/min时随着负荷逐渐增大,发动机台架实验输出功率最高提升24.2%,低负荷功率增幅显著,高负荷范围内功率平均提升3.3%,动力性能得到较大提升。     

柴油机活塞环表面类金刚石薄膜在模拟工况下摩擦学性能

大缸径、长冲程的大功率柴油机的活塞环-缸套摩擦副易发生异常磨损,使柴油机动力性能丧失,甚至发生拉缸等重大事故,通过先进的表面处理技术可显著改善活塞环-缸套摩擦副的润滑条件,提高活塞环-缸套摩擦副的摩擦学性能。采用阴极电弧离子镀技术在铬-陶瓷复合镀(CKS)活塞环表面制备厚度为7 μm的DLC薄膜,研究CKS活塞环表面的DLC薄膜在柴油机模拟工况下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在干摩擦、室温贫油和高温贫油的工况下,CKS活塞环表面的DLC薄膜可以显著减小活塞环-缸套摩擦副对摩的摩擦因数,降低缸套的磨损;摩擦过程中DLC薄膜与润滑油的协同润滑作用以及DLC薄膜的石墨化是改善活塞环-缸套摩擦副摩擦学性能的主要原因。     

石墨烯/纳米铜复合润滑油添加剂摩擦学性能研究

采用改进的Hummers方法制备石墨烯,并采用纳米激光粒度仪和X射线衍射仪对其进行表征。使用油酸和十八胺对纳米铜和石墨烯进行表面修饰,以改善其在润滑油中的分散稳定性;通过四球实验及缸套-活塞环变载荷摩擦磨损实验,评价石墨烯和纳米铜复合添加剂在润滑油中的减摩抗磨特性。采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）观察试样磨损表面形貌,分析石墨烯和纳米铜复合添加剂的减摩抗磨机制。结果表明,石墨烯/纳米铜复合添加剂的加入使润滑油具有更加优异的抗磨减摩性能,且优于单一纳米铜或石墨烯添加剂;在摩擦过程中,石墨烯和纳米铜对摩擦副表面的凹槽和划痕进行了填充,使得磨损表面珩磨纹更加细密;同时,复合添加剂在摩擦过程中在摩擦表面形成了含有铜元素和碳元素的薄膜,起到了自修复作用。     

温度对缸套-活塞环摩擦性能的影响

LNG燃料柴油机与传统燃料柴油机相比缸内燃烧温度更高。为探究不同温度下缸套-活塞环摩擦性能与温度的映射关系,设计室温和60、90、120℃4种不同温度,在相同载荷和转速下在往复式摩擦磨损试验机上对缸套-活塞环进行不同温度下的摩擦性能试验,通过测试摩擦过程中摩擦力的变化以及分析试验后缸套磨损表面形貌,探讨温度对缸套-活塞环摩擦性能的影响规律。试验缸套试样材质为耐磨合金铸铁,活塞环切片与缸套切片大小对应,材质为球墨铸铁。试验结果表明：随着温度的升高摩擦力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,与室温相比,60℃温度下摩擦力降幅为13.45%,且表现出较好的稳定性,但在120℃下摩擦力增幅为10.66%;试验工况下,60℃时缸套表面形貌参数均处于较优水平。研究表明,适当的温度环境对于摩擦配副之间的润滑性能有一定的促进作用,但温度过高会导致摩擦副的摩擦性能不稳定,破坏摩擦副间氧化膜,这不仅可能破坏润滑油膜的形成,也会影响摩擦副的磨损表面形貌。因此存在合适的温度使得缸套-活塞环的摩擦性能达到最优状态。     

羟基硅酸镁粉体添加剂含量对金属表面自修复膜生成的影响及机制

采用羟基硅酸镁粉体作为润滑油添加剂,在MMU-5G材料端面摩擦磨损试验机上,研究了不同添加剂含量对45#钢/45#钢摩擦副磨损表面自修复膜生成的影响及其机制,借助SEM及EDX测试分析摩擦副的表面形貌及表面成分组成。结果表明,自修复添加剂的含量对羟基硅酸镁粉体添加剂在磨损表面形成自修复膜影响显著。在添加剂质量分数为2%,3%和5%的工况条件下,试样磨损表面有自修复膜生成。添加剂质量分数为2%时,易于短时间内达到磨损-自修复动态平衡,自修复效果最为理想。自修复膜的生成过程包含磨粒磨损和摩擦化学反应2个阶段。自修复膜的生成使得试样摩擦磨损表面平整光滑,可以有效降低金属磨损。     

发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损特性试验研究

利用缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验台研究了速度，温度，载荷，供油等因素对缸套-活塞环系统摩擦磨损特性的影响。试验结果表明，缸套-活塞环摩擦副在发动机工作循环中润滑状态不断发生变化。在试验条件下，温度对摩擦磨损有显著影响，载荷和速度对摩擦力的影响较小。     

金属陶瓷粒子添加剂对摩擦副表面的影响

用MMW-1型销盘式摩擦磨损试验机,对含有金属陶瓷添加剂润滑油对气缸套-活塞环摩擦学特性的影响进行了模拟试验研究;用表面粗糙度仪测量了缸套试样的表面粗糙度;用原子力显微镜对缸套试样表面的微观形貌和摩擦力形貌进行了测试;用韦氏硬度仪测量了缸套试样的表面硬度变化。研究结果表明,气缸套试样表面在这种添加剂作用下,其表面粗糙度和峰高都大幅度降低,展现了金属陶瓷粒子良好的自修复能力,并且这种能力随载荷的增大而增强。表面硬度分析结果也表明,添加剂粒子与摩擦表面的作用也与载荷有关。     

无油压缩机气缸-活塞环摩擦磨损特性试验研究

为探究无油压缩机气缸与填充PTFE活塞环的配对摩擦磨损特性，在Rtec-instruments多功能摩擦磨损试验机上对不同表面处理工艺的不锈钢、铝合金气缸材料与不同配方填充PTFE活塞环材料进行配对摩擦磨损试验。通过对摩擦系数时序曲线的变化规律、摩擦副磨损前后表面形貌特征及填充PTFE磨损量的研究，选择最优摩擦学性能的气缸-活塞环的配对摩擦副。结果表明，铝合金与不锈钢表面进行PCVD处理相对于常规阳极氧化和镀铬更易在摩擦表面形成自润滑转移膜；PTFE填充碳纤维时，其摩擦系数时序曲线随磨合过程降低且较为稳定；考虑摩擦系数与相对磨损量，提出了综合摩擦系数作为配对摩擦副选材的依据；PCVD处理的铝合金材料与填充主材碳纤维PTFE的综合摩擦系数为6.1×10^-5，具有较低的综合摩擦系数、稳定的摩擦系数时序曲线和良好的表面形貌特征，可作为气缸-活塞环的配对摩擦副的优选方案之一。     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

Frictional evaluation of thermally sprayed coatings applied on the cylinder liner of a heavy duty diesel engine: Pilot tribometer analysis and full scale engine test

The piston system accounts for roughly half of the mechanical friction of an internal combustion engine, thus it is important to optimize. Different thermally sprayed cylinder liners were investigated in order to optimize the frictional impact of the contact between cylinder liner and piston ring/piston. A novel tribometer test setup was used to scan through different materials at different running conditions. Two cylinder liner materials showed significantly lower friction than the other tested materials, CrC–NiCr and MMC. All the thermally sprayed cylinder liners were worn significantly less than the reference material. Based on these results a full-scale single cylinder test was performed to validate the results from the rig. Comparing the thermally sprayed cylinder liner MMC with reference cylinder liner the test showed higher friction torque for the MMC cylinder liner except in one case; at low speed and high pressure. An analysis of the results between the tribometer and the engine points at the importance of the ratio between viscous and mechanical friction losses. The most probable cause of higher friction torque for the thermally sprayed coating (MMC) is that the functional surface of the cylinder liner promotes an increase in viscous friction.     

考虑贫油和高边界压力的发动机顶环-缸套润滑与承载性能分析

为降低发动机润滑油消耗以及由此带来的排放,活塞环缸套系统一般处于贫油润滑状态,特别是顶环与缸套间的贫油状况更严重。贫油状态下,活塞环-缸套间润滑油膜在出口区破裂后很难再形成,同时在燃烧上止点附近的高边界压力下气体承载也难以忽略。因此,以某柴油机顶环-缸套系统为分析对象,基于平均雷诺方程和无再形成边界条件,分析贫油和高边界压力下顶环-缸套界面间的润滑、接触和气体承载问题。研究结果表明,贫油工况下,由于油膜破裂后没有再形成,高边界压力的影响显著,对高爆压强化机型来说顶环-缸套间的气体承载力甚至会大于油膜承载力和接触承载力。     

Temperature—friction characteristics of cylinder lubrication in large,slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines under boundary lubrication conditions

In large, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engines research has increasingly shown that the lubrication regime between piston rings and cylinder liner at top dead centre is of the boundary lubrication type due to the high gas pressure, low sliding speed, and high temperature. This means that the tribological properties of piston ring, cylinder liner, and cylinder lubricant in these types of engine under boundary lubrication conditions should be considered simultaneously when friction and wear between the piston ring and cylinder liner are studied. Until now there has been no standard method to evaluate boundary lubrication performance. There are a few traditional methods used in lubricant research, but their results are not correlated with service conditions. It is important to find a suitable method to evaluate the boundary lubrication performance of lubricants at the laboratory testing stage or before the engine testing stage. The important parameters, such as sliding speed, normal load, materials of the contacting pairs, and lubricant, need all to be controlled. In this paper a systematic experimental procedure, the ‘five times heating and cooling test’, is introduced to assess lubricant properties under boundary lubrication conditions. Most of the parameters mentioned above are controlled. The model contact, of pin‐on‐plate form, is made from the actual piston and liner materials used in a large‐bore, slow, cross‐head marine diesel engine. The temperature characteristics of different blends of lubricants are investigated under boundary lubrication conditions using a pin‐on‐plate reciprocating test rig. These blends of lubricants have the same additives but different base fluids; they nevertheless fulfil the physical and chemical requirements of a real marine diesel engine. The test temperature range is from room temperature to the working temperature of the top piston ring. The experiments show that there are different temperature—friction characteristics for lubricants with different bases and the same additive package and there are also different temperature—friction characteristics during heating up and cooling down for each blend. Single‐base lubricants have more promising temperature—friction characteristics than those of a blend of a high‐viscosity base and a low‐viscosity base at high temperature.     

表面形貌对活塞环密封及摩擦性能的影响

综合考虑活塞环表面形貌、弹性变形、运动面型线影响,建立柴油机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的弹性流体动压润滑计算模型,分析活塞环表面纹理方向及粗糙度大小对活塞环窜气及摩擦功耗的影响。研究发现,随着转速的提升,活塞的窜气量及摩擦功耗会加剧,导致发动机效率降低;活塞环-缸套摩擦副的表面纹理方向影响窜气量和摩擦功耗,采用活塞环横向纹理和缸套纵向纹理配合时,对活塞环窜气量及摩擦功耗的改善效果较好;活塞环和缸套的表面粗糙度对密封和润滑特性有较大影响,当缸套表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量先减小后增大,摩擦功耗先增大后减小,而在一定范围内,当活塞环表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量和摩擦功耗都减小。     

活塞环调质稀土离子渗氮处理耐磨性能试验

为改善活塞环磨损性能,在分析活塞环的基体组织、径向弹力及活塞环与气缸套的匹配状况对其耐磨性影响的基础上,对活塞环调质后表面进行稀土离子渗氮处理进行了试验研究,结果表明,活塞环的失效形式与基体组织有密切的关系,经调质处理获得的回火索氏体组织具有良好的综合力学性能和耐磨性;活塞环的径向弹力控制在235～285N为宜;在满足活塞环足够耐磨性的同时,还应考虑与气缸套硬度的合理匹配;台架试验结果表明,经稀土离子渗氮后的活塞环与渗氮气缸套匹配的耐磨性能明显誊千丘伽．钋弹措云靠．     

Analysis of ring pack lubrication

This paper describes a method developed for the simulation of ring pack lubrication characteristic in an internal combustion engine. In general, the quantity of oil supply for piston ring lubrication may be insufficient in filling the entire volume formed at the interference between the piston ring and the cylinder liner. Thus the oil starvation condition should be considered in analyzing piston ring lubrication. In order to reasonably estimate the amount of oil left over on the cylinder liner, the flow rate at the posterior portion of the interface should be calculated with an adequate boundary condition that confirms flow continuity condition. In this analysis, oil starvation and open-end boundary conditions are considered at the inlet and outlet of the piston rings. The lubrication characteristic of each piston ring is obtained by an iterative method with sequential steps. It is revealed that piston rings are operated under oil starvation in most operating cycles and the result under these conditions are quite different from that with the fully-flooded assumption.