随机粗糙海面的统计模型和分形模型电磁散射的比较研究

本文从Phillip海谱出发。分别应用MonteCarlo方法和分形函数建立了海面的统计模型和分形模型,并应用Kirchhoff近似分别计算了这两种模型的后向散射系数随入射角的变化以及双站散射系数随散射角的变化。结果表明,两种模型的电磁散射系数随入射角和散射角的变化曲线均符合较好。说明用分形模型可很好地说明具有Phillip海谱的实际海面电磁散射回波的幅度特征。     

有限深度海域海面电磁散射的FDTD 方法研究

雷达能够探测、遥感有限深度海域的海面及附近目标,针对这一需求,采用改进的文氏海谱和Monte Carlo 方法模拟有限深度海域海面,选取Debye 模型计算海水介电常数,运用时域有限差分法研究了有限深度海域海面 电磁散射,仿真了散射系数的角分布曲线。仿真结果表明:散射系数随散射角振荡变化,在镜反射方向处产生散射增强 效应;海水深度虽然对散射系数影响较小,但是仍有规律可循,海水深度越大,散射系数越小;海面风速、入射角、风区范 围对散射系数影响较大,风速越大,散射系数越小;入射角越大,散射系数越小;风区范围越大,散射系数越小。     

改进的一维分形模型在海面电磁散射中的应用

本文中提出了一种改进的一维分形海面模型,其表面谱在空间波数小于基波波数及大于基波波数时分别满足正幂率关系和负幂率关系,在不同风速时分形模型的表面谱和PM谱吻合较好.在满足Kirchhoff近似条件下推导了改进分形模型的散射系数及散射强度系数的计算公式并进行了数值计算,比较了改进分形海面模型和经典分形海面模型下散射强度系数角分布并讨论了它们随入射频率和海上风速的变化.     

改进的分形海面电磁散射的矩量法研究

采用改进的一维分形模型模拟实际的粗糙海面,运用矩量法研究了锥形波入射一维改进的分形海面电磁散射特性。通过数值计算得到了散射系数随散射角的变化曲线,讨论了海面风速、分维数、入射波频率对散射系数的影响,得到了一维改进的分形海面散射系数与粗糙面参数、入射波频率之间的依赖关系。结果表明海面风速、入射波频率对散射系数的影响较大,而分维数对散射系数的影响较小。     

带限Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形土壤表面与置于其上组合目标复合电磁散射特性仿真及分析

为了满足置于粗糙面之上组合目标雷达回波特性的数据采集、特征提取的需要,采用Topp模型和电介质复介电常数计算公式模拟土壤介电常数的实部和虚部,应用带限Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形函数模拟土壤表面,运用时域有限差分方法研究了带限Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形土壤表面与置于其上组合目标的复合散射,并仿真了复合散射系数的角分布曲线。仿真结果表明,复合散射系数随散射角振荡地变化,在镜反射方向处产生散射增强效应;土壤表面高度起伏均方根越大,复合散射系数越大;分维越大,复合散射系数越大;湿度对复合散射系数影响虽小,但有固定的规律可循;组合目标尺度、介电常数、入射角对复合散射系数影响没有固定的规律可循;标度区间、空间基频对复合散射系数基本上没有影响。     

室内粗糙面的太赫兹散射特性研究

运用改进型菲涅尔方程和基尔霍夫近似方法分别研究室内不同粗糙面的太赫兹波反射和散射.根据改进型菲涅尔反射理论,得到了在水平和垂直两种极化状态下,不同入射角、不同粗糙面及不同频率的反射系数,分析了以上参数变化对反射系数的影响和物理意义.同时,基于基尔霍夫近似理论,得到了在水平和垂直两种极化状态下,不同入射角和方位角、不同散射角、不同粗糙面的散射系数,获得了散射系数随以上参数变化而产生的数值结果,并分析了仿真结果的物理意义.     

土壤表面与运动目标复合电磁散射的矩量法研究

为了满足土壤表面上方雷达目标检测、识别和分类等的需要,采用空间域合成法生成高度起伏遵守Alpha-stable分布的土壤表面,选用Topp模型模拟土壤的介电常数,运用矩量法研究了锥形波入射条件下土壤与其上方运动的三角形截面柱的复合电磁散射问题,通过数值计算得到了复合散射系数随散射角的变化曲线,分析了等边三角形和不规则三角形截面柱在土壤表面上方横向平移、纵向平移、转动以及电磁波入射角对复合散射系数的影响。数值计算结果表明：复合散射系数随散射角振荡地变化,等边三角形截面柱的纵向平移和转动对复合散射系数有较大的影响,而横向平移对复合散射系数的影响很小;不规则三角形截面柱的横向平移和纵向平移对复合散射系数产生的影响很小,转动对复合散射系数的影响较大。有关结果可为民用、军用领域工程问题提供理论依据和实践方法。     

土壤表面与置于其上组合目标复合电磁散射特性研究

为了满足置于粗糙面之上组合目标测量和检测的需要,该文分别采用Dobson半经验模型和电介质复介电常数公式表示土壤介电常数的实部和虚部,应用指数型分布粗糙面和Monte Carlo方法模拟实际的土壤表面。通过与矩量法得到的计算结果比较,验证了时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算粗糙面与目标复合散射问题的有效性,进而运用该方法研究了土壤表面与置于其上组合目标的复合散射,得出了复合散射系数的角分布曲线。结果表明:复合散射系数随散射角振荡地变化,在镜反射方向处发生散射增强效应;土壤表面高度起伏均方根越大,复合散射系数越大;相关长度越大,复合散射系数越小;湿度越大,复合散射系数越小;组合目标尺度、介电常数、入射角对复合散射系数影响比较复杂。该文结果可用于求解地、海粗糙面与置于其上任意目标的复合电磁散射问题,与其它数值计算方法相比较,采用时域有限差分方法既可获得较高的准确性,同时又可减少计算时间和内存占用量。     

草原环境地表电磁散射的矩量法研究

为了满足草原及其附近目标雷达探测和遥感的需要,选用高斯型分布表示草和土壤表面的高度起伏情况,选取Topp 模型表示土壤层介电常数,采用双弥散模型表示草的介电常数,运用矩量法研究了草原环境地表的电磁散射特性,得到了散射系数的角分布曲线,讨论了入射角、入射波频率、草含水量、土壤湿度、土壤层和草层表面相关长度及均方根高度、草层厚度对散射系数的影响。结果表明,散射系数随散射角振荡地变化,在镜反射方向处有明显的散射增强效应;入射角和入射波频率对散射系数的影响较大,草含水量、土壤层和草层表面起伏相关长度和均方根高度对散射系数影响较小且较为复杂,土壤湿度、草层厚度对散射系数几乎没有影响。     

二维fBm分形分层介质粗糙面电磁波透射特征研究

该文运用微扰法研究了平面波入射分层介质粗糙面的电磁波透射问题,推导出不同极化状态的透射波散射系数公式。采用二维fBm分形粗糙面来模拟实际的分层介质粗糙面,结合其功率谱导出了平面波入射时的透射系数计算公式。通过数值计算得到了HH极化状态下二维fBm分形分层介质粗糙面透射系数随透射波的散射角变化的曲线,分形特征、基本特征、随频率变化的特征。结果表明分维、底层介质介电常数、中间介质介电常数和厚度、粗糙面参数及入射波频率对透射系数的影响是非常复杂的。     

脉冲波入射时分形粗糙海面的双频散射截面和脉冲展宽

根据粗糙面基尔霍夫小斜率近似研究了脉冲波入射时实际海谱分布的一维分形海面的电磁散射。分析了毫米波入射时不同分维、入射角和入射中心频率下双频散射截面的散射角分布。结果表明分形海面的双频散射截面在镜反射方向有最大的相关带宽，随着海面分维的减小、入射中心频率和入射角的增加，该相关带宽是增大的。对于入射功率为δ函数时的散射波功率是一个具有一定脉冲展宽的散射脉冲，且脉冲展宽与相关带宽成反比关系。     

动态分形粗糙海面散射的遮蔽效应和多普勒谱研究

利用粗糙面电磁散射中的基尔霍夫近似,结合粗糙面遮蔽函数和分形粗糙海面特征函数的计算,导出了考虑遮蔽效应情况下导体分形粗糙海面散射截面的近似公式。研究了海面不同均方根斜率对遮蔽效应的影响。比较了毫米波入射时高斯粗糙面和分形粗糙海面的散射截面分布情况。分析了不同分维下分形海面双站散射截面的角分布情况。详细讨论了不同入射角和不同分维及遮蔽效应对分形海面散射回波多普勒谱的影响。     

二维fBm随机分形界面的电磁散射特性

应用二维fBm（分形布朗运动）模拟了这种既非完全周期的也非完全随机的实际粗糙界面，用Kirchhoff方法计算了电磁波在随机分形界面的散射特性。数值结果表明随着分形维数的增加，散射场中非相关分量逐渐增大，旁瓣增多并在镜面方向周围不断展宽。     

低掠入射时分形粗糙面散射的高阶微扰解

针对粗糙表面低掠入射散射特性求解的大误差问题,采用高阶微扰法研究了分形布朗运动粗糙表面在低掠入射条件下的散射特性,计算了高阶微扰法在低掠入射时的修正值,比较了高阶场量和阴影函数对低掠入射的修正效应,讨论了不同分维数下低掠入射时的散射系数,分析了低掠入射下极化指数与不同幂次正割函数的拟合逼近问题,修正了Ngo等人的结论.结果表明,高阶微扰法能有效求解掠入射角下分形粗糙表面的散射特性.     

Scattering coefficient evaluation from a two-dimensional seafractal surface

This work deals with the problem of electromagnetic scattering from a sea fractal surface. The final goal is to demonstrate that the sea scattered signal retains some fractal characteristic of the two-dimensional (2D) sea fractal surface. To get this final result, the work was organized in four different steps: (1) defining a 2D fractal surface of the sea; (2) computing the electromagnetic (EM) scattered signal; (3) fractally analyzing the EM sea scattered signal; (4) numerically validating the theoretical results. This paper deals with the first two steps of the work, the other ones are reported in a second paper. Some new insights in the field of electromagnetic scattering from fractal surfaces come out from this paper. In detail, for the class of the 2D dynamic Weierstrass-based surfaces with a generic statistical distribution of the amplitude, we provide: (1) a closed-form expression of the scattering coefficient; and (2) the Kirchhoff approximation conditions on the basis of the general criterion of Soto-Crespo and Nieto-Vesperina. These are the main results of this part, and they are very important for the following applications and uses: (1) making a theoretical fractal analysis of the signal, as reported in the second part of this work; (2) defining a numerical algorithm for clutter generation in radar systems; (3) performing a preliminary statistical analysis of the data     

分形粗糙面上方目标电磁散射特性的研究

利用分形函数来模拟海地粗糙表面，在考虑到粗糙面的粗糙度，入射波极化方式以及粗糙面的动态和静态等因素对电磁散射特性影响的情况下，运用克希霍夫近拟条件，对粗糙面上方平板目标电磁散射的物理机制进行了分析和研究。理论分析和数值结果表明，本文所述方法物理图象清晰，是一种有效分析实际粗糙面与目标相互作用的方法。     

考虑海谱分布的动态分形海面的电磁散射

本文采用考虑了Pierson-Moskowitz谱的归一化带限Weierstrass分形函数来模拟动态分形海面.利用基尔霍夫近似研究了该粗糙面的电磁散射,讨论了后向散射截面随入射角的变化,给出了后向散射截面时间序列的分维与分形海面分维间的关系.计算了散射场幅值,结果表明该分形海面散射场幅值分布服从K-分布.     

粗糙海面上三维金属目标的电磁散射特性分析

该文采用矩量法(MoM)计算粗糙海面上三维金属目标的电磁散射特性。计算了位于半空间媒质中的电偶极子和磁偶极子的矢量位并矢格林函数和标量位格林函数,并将其应用于矩量法中。把海水视为下半空间媒质,粗糙海面为位于上半空间中的介质表面。通过建立介质和金属混合目标的积分方程,并采用迭代方法求解矩阵方程以得到该模型的散射特性,数值结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Scattering from natural soils modeled by dielectric fractal profiles: the forward-backward approach

The forward-backward (FB) method is an efficient technique for numerical evaluation of electromagnetic scattering from rough surfaces. In its usual formulation, this technique can be only applied to perfectly or highly conducting surfaces. In addition, up to now FB has been employed to compute scattering from surfaces modeled by Gaussian stochastic processes with Gaussian or Pierson-Moscowitz spectra. Accordingly, this technique can be fruitfully used for numerical simulations of scattering from sea surfaces. However, in order to properly deal with natural soil surfaces, extension to the dielectric interface case and to fractal surface models is needed. Extension of the FB method to the dielectric interface case has been recently presented, whereas application to fractal surface models is presented here. Original contribution of the present paper is twofold. First of all, the FB method for dielectric profiles is framed within the theory of iterative methods for the solution of linear systems. In addition, application of the FB method to dielectric band-limited fractional Brownian motion fractal one-dimensional surfaces is explored. Numerical experiments show that, for most of realistic values of dielectric constant and fractal parameters actually encountered for natural soil profiles, the FB method is very rapidly convergent, and its results are in perfect agreement with "exact" ones (i.e. with results of method of moments solved via a direct method).     

A numerical model for electromagnetic scattering from sea ice

A numerical model for scattering from sea ice based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is presented. The sea ice medium is modeled as consisting of randomly located spherical brine scatterers with a specified fractional volume, and the medium is modeled both with and without a randomly rough boundary to study the relative effects of volume and surface scattering. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain numerical results for incoherent υυ backscattered normalized radar cross sections (RCSs) in the frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz and for incidence angles from 10° to 50° from normal incidence. The computational intensity of the study necessitates an effective permittivity approach to modeling brine pocket effects and a nonuniform grid for small scale surface roughness. However, comparisons with analytical models show that these approximations should introduce errors no larger than approximately 3 dB. Incoherent υυ cross sections backscattered from sea ice models with a smooth surface show only a small dependence on incidence angle, while results for sea ice models with slightly rough surfaces are found to be dominated by surface scattering at incidence angles less than 30° and by scattering from brine pockets at angles greater than 30°. As the surface roughness increases, surface scattering tends to dominate at all incidence angles. Initial comparisons with measurements taken with artificially grown sea ice are made, and even the simplified sea ice model used in the FDTD simulation is found to provide reasonable agreement with measured data trends. The numerical model developed ran be useful in interpreting measurements when parameters such as surface roughness and scatterer distributions lie outside ranges where analytical models are valid