Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals usingextended complex Kalman filter

The paper proposes an extended complex Kalman filter and employs it for the estimation of power system frequency in the presence of random noise and distortions. From the discrete values of the 3-phase voltage signals of a power system, a complex voltage vector is formed using the well known αβ-transform. A nonlinear state space formulation is then obtained for this complex signal and an extended Kalman filtering approach is used to compute the true state of the model iteratively with significant noise and harmonic distortions. As the frequency is modeled as a state, the estimation of the state vector yields the unknown power system frequency. Several computer simulations test results are presented in the paper to highlight the usefulness of this approach in estimating near nominal and off-nominal power system frequencies     

自适应频率跟踪的谐波电流检测方法

针对电网电压的频率在运行过程中会发生变化,导致谐波电流检测精度下降并直接影响到有源电力滤波器的补偿效果,为此提出了一种基于自适应频率跟踪的谐波电流分频检测方法。该法根据普罗尼谱估法中电导矩阵的频率变化情况,采用LMS算法在线优化从而能独立实时地检测出各相电流中的基波和各次谐波分量,并且直接处理检测结果,具有优良的跟随性能。仿真结果证明了该方法的可行性。     

A new optimal approach for improvement of active power filter using FPSO for enhancing power quality

In the recent years, development of industry cause to increase nonlinear and time variant loads in power systems. These loads bring about power quality phenomena such as voltage and current harmonics, current unbalance and flicker in power systems. In this paper, an optimal method for active power filter is proposed to improve power quality. The control system of APF is based on combination of the synchronous detection method, instantaneous power theory, and output of DC capacitor voltage regulator. To stabilize the DC voltage and improvement of reference currents, PID controller is suggested. Regarding to intense changes of load in power system due to nonlinear load, PID controller with fixed parameters could not adequate for the APF control. Therefore, Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization method is proposed for optimizing of PID controller. This method is found on PSO and Fuzzy algorithm. To evaluate the proposed method, the APF is modeled in the worst conditions with a power system loaded with two electric arc furnace. In addition, in order to make good use of frequency changes in the power system, the power frequency estimation is put to use.     

A genetic based algorithm for measurement of power system disturbances

This paper introduces genetic algorithms (GA) as a powerful tool for monitoring and supervising power system disturbances generated due to dynamic performance of power systems. Monitoring power system disturbances involves monitoring fundamental voltage magnitude and its frequency as well as harmonic and sub-harmonic voltage magnitudes and their frequencies under different operating conditions for power quality evaluation purposes. The proposed method is based on genetic algorithms optimization technique. The method uses digital set of measurements for the voltage or current waveforms at power system bus to perform the estimation process digitally. The algorithm is tested using different simulated data to monitor power quality. Three different study cases are considered in this work. In the first part, the estimation of voltage flicker levels and its frequency is presented and discussed. In the second part, the frequency of a bus voltage signal that is contaminated with harmonics is estimated. The harmonic contents are also estimated in this case. In the third part, the analysis of a damped sub-harmonic signal is presented. Effects of number of samples, sampling frequency and the sample window size are studied. Effects of GA parameters and operators, such as population size, crossover, mutation probabilities and niching are also studied. Results are reported and discussed.     

基于全网架相量测量的抗差状态估计算法

鉴于海南电网实现了主网架全PMU覆盖,提出了一种基于全PMU量测的抗差状态估计算法。该算法以测点正常率最大为目标,兼顾功率、电压相量和电流相量量测,采用现代内点法实现系统非线性模型的高效求解。由于充分利用所有PMU量测数据,该算法可有效排除不良数据的影响。算例表明,所提算法显著地提升了状态估计的收敛率、合格率和计算频率。     

Parametric algorithms for frequency estimation in PWM converter systems

Proper estimation of voltage parameters has a significant meaning for power converters control systems. One of the measured parameter, directly associated with control process, is frequency of the basic voltage component at the converter output. Unfortunately, power converters generate a wide spectrum of harmonics as well as interharmonics, that makes difficulties in estimation this frequency. Measurement carried out in industrial applications exhibits complex nature of investigated signals often corrupted by resonances or overvoltages phenomena. It entails searching a new digital algorithms for frequency measurement. This work presents algorithm using modification of high-resolution Prony method connected with digital filtering. The investigations was based on simulations and real measured signals recorded in two different commercial PWM converters. Obtained results indicate accuracy of the method as well as its fast response.     

基于保留二次项迭代的电力系统动态状态估计算法

与电力系统静态估计不同,动态估计可以准确的跟踪系统状态,并在电力系统保护和控制中发挥重要作用。以往在做状态估计时,通常将非线性测量函数进行泰勒级数展开,舍弃二次及以上的高阶项,不可避免的造成估计误差。本文针对电力系统中的量测方程是直角坐标下电压实部和虚部的二次函数,借鉴保留非线性潮流算法中保留二次项的思想,结合无迹变换,提出基于保留二次项迭代的电力系统动态状态估计算法,该算法在卡尔曼滤波过程中进行泰勒级数展开时没有近似,精度更高。基于IEEE39节点标准系统进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,本文所提算法是有效的,且估计精度相对不保留二次项得到了提高。     

Three-phase adaptive frequency measurement based on Clarke's transformation

The utilization of Clarke's transformation in the estimation of power system frequency provides the classical single-phase methods with more robustness because the estimated frequency is computed using the information provided by the three-phase voltage. This approach is particularly important when asymmetric sags generate zero voltage in one of the three phases. In addition, the proposed algorithm exhibits good behavior during dynamic conditions. The Clarke components of the voltage signals are then used to compute the frequency of the system following an iterative approach based on a proportional-integral-derivative controller. The inverse component of the voltage is also used in order to detect unbalanced conditions. The proposed algorithm has been put to the test with distorted three-phase voltage supplied by an arbitrary waveform programmable power supply and with different signals generated with an Alternative Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program model.     

强跟踪UKF算法在光伏系统MPPT中的应用

强跟踪UKF算法是采用Unscented策略逼近非线性分布且强跟踪系统突变的状态估计算法,该算法兼具强跟踪算法鲁棒性强、Unscented变换精度高、实现简单的优点。针对光伏系统在部分遮蔽情况下最大功率点误判问题,结合恒压法与强跟踪UKF算法,提出了一种新的光伏系统MPPT策略。采用恒压法快速定位最大功率点的电压范围;在该电压范围用尽量小步长的控制电压,以相应瞬时功率作为被估量,采用STUKF算法精确估算最大功率点,确定相应控制电压;保证光伏系统MPPT跟踪速度基础上,提高跟踪精度,通过状态跟踪判断状态突变,避免了误判问题。仿真和实验验证了所提策略的正确性、有效性。     

一种改进的低压电力线正交频分复用载波通信的最小均方信道估计算法

研究分析了正交频分复用(OFDM)通信中的最小均方(LMS)自适应信道估计算法,提出了一种改进的变步长LMS信道估计算法。该算法根据εm(k)、εm-1(k)自相关的时间平均估计及其均方误差(MSE),实现了对LMS算法步长的调整。仿真试验结果表明采用改进后的LMS信道估计算法的OFDM系统误码率明显降低,MSE降低了1/10,提高了算法的信道跟踪性能,且运算复杂度小,更适用于低压电力线OFDM通信系统。     

基于PMU/SCADA混合量测的电力系统状态估计

为提高电力系统状态估计的准确度,在现有理论基础上提出了基于PMU/SCADA混合量测的状态估计方法,将电力系统划分为线性区域和非线性区域,在线性区域内计算与安装PMU装置相关联节点处的电压相量,将该计算结果作为间接量测引入非线性区域的状态估计中,从而使状态估计的准确度有所提高。仿真实验表明,在IEEE-14系统中,该算法计算速度快,能有效提高状态估计的精度,具有一定的实用价值。     

A New Power System Digital Harmonic Analyzer

In this paper, new digital instruments measuring power-quality indicators and harmonic analyzers are developed. A new technique for simultaneous local system frequency and amplitudes of the fundamental and higher harmonics estimation from either a voltage or current signal is presented. The structure consists of three decoupled modules: the first one for an adaptive filter of input signal, the second one for frequency estimation, and the third one for harmonic amplitude estimation. A very suitable algorithm for frequency and harmonic amplitude estimation is obtained. This technique provides accurate frequency estimates with error in the range of 0.002 Hz and amplitude estimates with error in the range of 0.03% for SNR = 60 dB in about 25 ms. The theoretical basis and practical implementation of the technique are described. To demonstrate the performance of the developed algorithm, computer simulated data records are processed. Data of the distribution power system voltage signals are also collected in the laboratory environment and are processed in a newly developed digital PC-based harmonic analyzer. It has been found that the proposed method really meets the need of offline applications. Even more, by using the parallel computation algorithms, this method should meet the need of online applications and should be more practical     

基于斜坡渐变扰动的新型电力系统等效惯量评估

基于阶跃扰动的惯量评估方式依赖难以准确测量的初始频率变化率（RoCoF）与稀少的频率事件,而基于类噪声扰动的惯量评估方法无法评估电流源型虚拟惯量且对数据要求高。对此,提出基于可再生能源机组主动输出斜坡渐变扰动功率的惯量评估方法。建立含RoCoF与斜坡渐变扰动功率的等效惯量评估基础模型。考虑RoCoF噪声阶跃易导致等效惯量评估产生较大误差,推导双二阶广义积分锁相环中的q轴电压分量变化量与RoCoF的线性关系,并将其代入基础评估模型替代RoCoF。采用改进的非线性最小二乘拟合斜坡渐变扰动下q轴电压分量变化量与时间的非线性表达式,从拟合的表达式中提取系统等效惯量。在改进的EPRI-36中验证了所提评估方法相较于常规方法的优越性。     

基于复序列FFT和锁相原理的电参数测量

提出了波形畸变系统电参数的测量算法原理及其微机电参数测量装置的设计方法。该测量算法采用复序列快速富里叶变换 ( FFT)原理 ,计算各次谐波的电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率和功率因数。该测量装置采用锁相倍频器实现采样频率对工频频率的自动跟踪     

A New Approximate Least Absolute Value Based on Dynamic Filtering Algorithm for On-Line Power System Frequency Relaying

ABSTRACT

Frequency deviation from its rated value and its rate of change are indications of load imbalance in power systems. Frequency relays which detect frequency deviation and its rate of change and react accordingly are implanted in power systems to ensure the safe and efficient operation of power systems. This paper presents a new application for a discrete filtering based on least absolute value parameter estimation algorithm (DLAV), which was developed recently by the authors, for on-line measuring of the steady state frequency, the frequency deviation as well as the voltage magnitude and and its phase angle from a noisy measurements. The proposed algorithm uses the digitized samples of the power system voltage at the relay location. The proposed algorith can easily handle the time-varying magnitude of the power system voltage, if any.

In this paper, two models are used,namely the two-state model and the six- state model. The order of the second model depends on the number of terms taken from Taylors series expansion. We assume, in this paper, that the power system frequency is constant during the data window size. In this paper we compare the proposed algorithm and the well-known Kalman filtering (KF) algorithm. Test results are reported in this paper, which forms the basis for our conclusion at the end of the paper.     

Direct estimation of voltage phasor, frequency and its rate of change using Newton''s iterative method

A new approach to the design of a digital algorithm for direct estimation of voltage phasor, frequency and its rate of change is presented. The algorithm derived is based on Newton's iterative method, very commonly used in the field of unconstrained optimization studies. A five-parameter voltage model was assumed, so the result of the estimation was a parameter vector, consisting of the following unknown parameters of the voltage signal processed: its DC component, magnitude, phase angle, frequency and its rate of change. To demonstrate the performance of the algorithm, off-line computer simulation results are presented. The algorithm showed high measurement accuracy over a wide range of frequency changes. The algorithm ‘order two convergence’ provided a very good dynamic response as well as a fast algorithm adaptability. The new algorithm seems to be a particularly useful tool in the field of frequency relaying as well as in various aspects of power engineering applications.     

Frequency measurement of distorted signals using Fourier and zero crossing techniques

An approach to the design of a digital algorithm for network frequency estimation is proposed. The algorithm is derived by using the Fourier and zero crossing techniques. The Fourier method is used for digital filtering and the zero crossing technique is applied to the cosine or sine components of the original signal, which is usually corrupted by higher harmonics. The algorithm showed a very high level of robustness as well as a high measurement accuracy over a wide range of frequency changes. It can be used for frequency tracking in power networks when higher harmonics are present in the voltage or current signals. The theoretical basis and practical implementation of the technique are described. The performance of the developed algorithm has been verified by the computer simulations, and the field and laboratory tests.     

A hybrid least squares-GA-based algorithm for harmonic estimation

Harmonic estimation in a distorted signal along with additive noise has been an area of interest for researchers in many disciplines of science and engineering. This paper presents a new algorithm to estimate the harmonics in power systems using genetic algorithms (GAs). The harmonic estimation problem is linear in amplitude and nonlinear in phase. The proposed hybrid algorithm takes advantage of this structure and iterates between linear least squares amplitude estimation and the nonlinear GA-based phase estimation. Improvement in both convergence for solution as well as processing time is demonstrated from this algorithm.     

Improving frequency measurements: switching loads

Frequency recording units (FRUs), designed to measure power systems' frequency at low voltage, are affected by the connection of large loads causing sudden phase shifts and magnitude changes in the voltage. These phase shifts introduce spikes in the frequency measured by FRUs. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to detect the phase shifts and to produce an accurate frequency estimation regardless of load changes.     

Generalized State Estimation of Flexible AC Power Systems Considering Wind Generators and Primary Frequency Control

This paper proposes a practical approach to incorporate the mathematical models of both fixed-speed and variable-speed wind turbine generators, automatic load frequency controls as well as voltage magnitude and frequency dependent loads into a weighted least squares-based state estimation algorithm suitable for the analysis of flexible alternating current (AC) transmission systems. As opposed to conventional static state estimators, where the inclusion of these electric components has been neglected so far, the proposed approach permits the determination of the steady state operation of a power system in the event of a supply-demand unbalance by estimating the magnitude of the frequency deviation from its nominal value. The state estimation is based on measurements related to those that should be obtained by a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and phasor measurement units. For the purpose of this paper, the set of values associated with SCADA measurements (nodal power injections, power flows, and voltage magnitudes) and phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements (voltage and current phasors) are generated from a power flow analysis of the network under study. Lastly, numerical simulations are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.