基于非线性M–C准则的深埋土质隧道三维塌落破坏上限分析

围岩条件较差时,深埋土质隧道在隧道开挖过程中容易发生塌方,准确预测深埋土质隧道塌方土体的范围极其重要,目前能预测深埋土质隧道塌落范围的理论研究不够成熟。为了提前预测土质隧道围岩顶部塌落体的范围,基于非线性Mohr–Coulomb准则和极限分析上限法,推导出深埋土质隧道在三维破坏机制下塌落体的上限表达式,得到了深埋土质隧道塌落体范围的精确解。通过数值软件Matlab绘制出了塌落体的三维形状,研究了各参数对深埋隧道塌落体形状的影响,并与既有研究进行对比分析,研究结果表明:土体中各参数、隧道顶部圆弧的半径和支护力对深埋土质隧道塌落体的范围影响比较大;基于非线性Mohr–Coulomb准则下深埋土质隧道塌落体的上限分析可以求解出有、无支护力条件下塌落体的高度和宽度,求解合理、可靠,并能给出防止深埋土质隧道塌方发生的支护力大小,可为隧道工程设计提供理论依据。     

基于不同本构模型的混凝土结构地震倒塌对比分析

基于混凝土材料本构模型,结合精细化结构单元模型和高效稳定的数值算法,实现了混凝土结构的动力倒塌全过程分析。对建模方法、结构分析方法、材料与构件失效准则等进行了简要介绍。以某钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构为例,分别采用混凝土弹-脆性本构模型、弹塑性本构模型和随机损伤本构模型进行了结构地震倒塌全过程分析。结果表明：混凝土本构模型对结构倒塌分析具有重要的基础地位,本构模型选取不当,将给出错误的倒塌模式或分析结果;混凝土随机损伤本构模型能够准确地预测结构的强非线性行为,可用于复杂混凝土结构倒塌全过程的模拟。     

Reducing deformation effect of tunnel with Non-Deformable Support System by Jointed Rock Mass Model

Numerical modeling has been used widely in mining and construction industries in recent years. The most important issue in engineering projects designed with numerical modeling is accurate modeling of rock mass behavior. If the rock mass behavior is modeled accurately, fewer problems will be faced during field application of projects. Selection of the true material model is a very important issue in numerical modeling for the tunnel projects. Non-Deformable Support System (NDSS), which will be mentioned in the scope of this research, does not mean that it does not permit any deformation or is a very stiff system. NDSS is a support system that does not permit deformations exceeding specified deformation amounts which are calculated with determination of the accurate rock mass behavior by the true material model and it must be evaluated with support system and excavation advance specifically. The origin of the paper is that numerical modeling provides more comfortable results in tunneling in case one can determine rock mass deformation and failure behavior appropriately. In (NDSS), however, support system element can only be determined by proper numerical modeling analysis. Moreover, deformation values determined by NDSS analysis are accepted as limit values. Therefore, applied support system should be within deformation tolerance limits determined by NDSS analysis. Briefly, this paper is related to NDSS that should be determined by numerical modeling analysis.In this research, in regard to the excessive deformations in T-35 tunnel which is one of the 33 tunnels of Ankara–Istanbul High-Speed Railway Project, results of the in situ measurements in the tunnel excavated with the new developed NDSS and results of the numerical model made with Jointed Rock Mass Model have been compared. It is determined that the results of the numerical modeling and the in situ measurements are very consistent with each other.     

Nonlinear analysis of masonry-infilled steel frames with openings using discrete element method

Nonlinear numerical modeling of masonry-infilled frames is one of the most complicated problems in structural engineering field. This complexity is attributed to the existence of joints as the major source of weakness and material nonlinearities as well as the infill-frame interaction which cannot be properly modeled using the traditional finite element methods. Although there are many numerical studies available on solid masonry-infilled steel frames’ behavior, however, few researches have been conducted on infilled frames with openings. In this paper a two-dimensional numerical model using the specialized discrete element method (DEM) software UDEC (2004) is developed for the nonlinear static analysis of masonry-infilled steel frames with openings subjected to in-plane monotonic loading. In this model, large displacements and rotations between masonry blocks are taken into account. It was found that the model can be used confidently to predict collapse load, joint cracking patterns and explore the possible failure modes of masonry-infilled steel frames with a given location for openings and relative area. Results from the numerical modeling and previous experimental studies found in the literature are compared which indicate a good correlation between them. Furthermore, a nonlinear analysis was performed to investigate the effect of door frame on lateral load capacity and stiffness of infilled frames with a central opening.     

软弱夹层不同分布部位对隧道支护结构的影响

以山西云中山隧道工程为依托,针对花岗岩隧道,当软弱夹层相对隧道的位置不同时,在工地现场监控量测的基础上,采用数值模拟方法和现场监控量测进行对比,并运用有限元方法,对软弱夹层在角度、长度和宽度特定、而相对于隧道的位置不同时的几种情况进行了数值模拟,具体分析了支护结构的弯矩以及锚杆受到的轴力等变化规律,并把模拟分析得到的结果和监测的结果进行了对比分析,揭示了软弱夹层对隧道围岩稳定性的影响规律,最后提出了采用这种方法的注意事项。     

大厚度湿陷性黄土隧道现场浸水试验研究

对于穿越大厚度湿陷性黄土地层的隧道,其围岩湿陷变形会威胁隧道结构的稳定性。为了分析黄土围岩湿陷变形对隧道衬砌结构的影响机制,选取典型大厚度湿陷性黄土隧道场地,通过开展隧道场地地面浸水试坑试验及隧道仰拱浸水试验,测试了地面入渗和隧道基底入渗过程中不同埋深地层的湿陷沉降变形及地基的沉降变形、入渗过程中围岩的体积含水率变化分布、试坑周边地层的侧向位移、衬砌结构接触压力和轴力,研究了既有隧道黄土地层的湿陷变形特性及水分运移规律、隧道结构力学响应。结果表明,隧道开挖、衬砌作用扰动黄土结构,增大了围岩及深层黄土的渗透性;与天然黄土场地试坑浸水入渗比较,增大了竖向浸水范围,减小了水平向浸水范围。隧道围岩湿陷变形改变了围岩与衬砌结构的相互作用性状。围岩湿陷和地基软化作用增大了二次衬砌结构侧墙竖向荷载和侧墙围岩的挤压作用,引起拱脚地基承载力减小和沉降变形发展,拱顶、拱肩接触面呈受拉状态;仰拱中部地基土的抗力作用抑制其沉降变形,从而使得拱脚和仰拱中部出现显著的沉降差,导致仰拱混凝土开裂,形成纵向裂缝。此外,浸水范围内黄土的湿陷变形不仅引起竖向沉降变形,还会引起周围土体产生侧向水平位移;洞口边坡场地黄土的湿陷性和地层湿陷变形差异较大,反映了黄土山岭黄土场地地层条件复杂多变的特征。     

Forecast analysis for the re-frozen of Feng Huoshan permafrost tunnel on Qing-Zang railway

According to the in-situ measured data of the air temperature and ground temperature inside of Feng Huoshan Tunnel on Qing-Zang railway, China, the thawed range of the permafrost surrounding the tunnel is very large, which is caused by the hydration heat of the cast-in-situ concrete lining, insulation measurement during winter construction and other artificial activities. In this paper, taking the coupled effects of moisture transfer and heat conduction into account, the finite element formulae of this problem with phase change are derived from the governing differential equations and moisture transfer equations using Galerkin's method and the software for computers is edited. Using the software, forecast analysis for the re-frozen of Feng Huoshan permafrost Tunnel is made. The analysis results indicate that the vault, left wall and right wall of Feng Huoshan Tunnel without the thermal insulation material will be refrozen on 30 September 2004, and the arch bottom will be refrozen on 30 September 2005. However, if the tunnel is fitted with the thermal insulation material whose thermal conductivity is 0.0186(W/m K), the vault of the tunnel will be refrozen on 30 September 2005, and the left wall, the right wall and the arch bottom will be refrozen on 30 September 2006. If thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation material is 0.03(W/m K), the vault of the tunnel will be refrozen on 30 September 2004, and the left wall, the right wall and the arch bottom will be refrozen on 30 September 2005. So, the thermal insulation material will prevent the thawed range of Feng Huoshan permafrost tunnel from being refrozen. The thawed range of the permafrost surrounding the cold region tunnel caused by construction must be taken into account in design and the time of the field observation should be extended, or observational results, such as their temperature and stress field, will greatly be different from results in stability.     

基于电镜扫描实验的柱状节理隧洞卸荷破坏机制研究

 采用现场调查、室内力学实验、细观实验的方法,对导流洞内柱状节理玄武岩的卸荷破坏机制进行研究。研究结果表明：(1) 柱状节理岩体内节理面主要包括：柱间节理面、柱内竖直隐节理面、柱内水平节理面,柱间节理面表面粗糙不平,为岩浆岩冷却后形成;柱内竖直隐节理面存在羽毛状陡坎,开挖卸荷后易松弛成为显节理;柱内水平节理面表面平整,方向近乎水平。(2) 将现场破坏面与标准破坏模式下的电镜扫描结果对比表明：柱内竖直隐节理面为原生节理面,破坏形式主要为拉破坏;柱间节理面为原生张拉节理,破坏形式包括拉伸与剪切及其混合破坏;水平节理面为构造运动中形成,无明显开挖卸荷破裂特征。(3) 柱状节理塌方机制为：受多组节理切割,柱体易沿节理面从柱体内外共同破裂,呈小柱体垮落,即硐室开挖后,当法向力超过柱间节理面抗拉强度时,柱状节理沿着柱间节理面开裂,并滑移;在滑移过程中,柱间节理面相互摩擦,形成剪破坏特征;当法向力超过柱内竖直隐节理抗拉强度时,柱体内部沿着柱内竖直隐节理破裂;节理面相互切割形成小柱体,从柱体内外共同破裂,并向临空面滑落;由于水平节理面非常发育,小柱体最终会在重力及开挖扰动作用下垮塌脱离母岩,严重时形成塌方。该机制可以很好地解释现场边墙柱体破裂面中三弱面共存的原因。     

Numerical analysis of DRC segment under inner water pressure based on full-scale test verification for shield tunnel

Shield tunnel subjected to high inner water pressure is used to prevent waterlogging, and DRC (Ductile cast iron segment and Reinforced Concrete) segment has been developed for obtaining high loading capacity in the linings of underground drain shield tunnel. In general, tunnel linings resist bending moment, hoop and shear forces. Cracks will occur in tunnel linings under high inner water pressure during operating period, while tensile stress will appear at member section. On the basis of the existing experimental results, the crack pattern, relative slip, contact stress, strain distribution, and relationship between deflection and load of DRC segment were investigated by finite element method. A three-dimensional finite element model of DRC segment was proposed to simulate its nonlinear behaviors by applying MSC.Marc software package. Taking the three sources of nonlinearity into account, the proposed numerical model fully presented the complicated behaviors of DRC segment during the whole loading process. Results indicated that the numerical studies agreed well with the experimental tests, and comparisons between them demonstrated that the proposed numerical model could excellently analyze the nonlinear behaviors of DRC segment under combined hoop and bending loads.     

浅埋隧道塌方处治方法研究

根据工程塌方处治实例,探讨了浅埋隧道塌方处治中超前支护系统的作用原理,利用有限元手段分析了二次衬砌结构的内力情况,给出了塌方处治方案,根据处治效果可得出:(1)管棚注浆法作为一种行之有效的辅助工法,其力学效应是显著的;(2)处于浅埋顺层围岩条件下的隧道,围岩的变形往往带有突然性;(3)施工中及时构筑二次衬砌,早日形成封闭式支承体系,加快围岩变形稳定过程,可有效地抑制围岩过度变形及塌方事故。     

西施坡隧道管棚超前支护效应的研究

管棚超前支护技术是隧道开挖常见的辅助方法之一,在防止隧道塌方、抑制地层位移、控制地表沉降等方面发挥着重要作用,本文以西施坡隧道为例,运用FLAC 3D数值模拟手段分析研究管棚超前支护技术对地表沉降的抑制作用,抑制效果达到30%左右,同时通过分析预支护后的监测量控数据进一步研究支护效果。     

临近地铁隧道基坑开挖的数值模拟分析

临近地铁隧道的基坑开挖必定会对隧道产生影响,同样隧道的存在对基坑的变形也有一定作用。通过对上海某基坑工程应用FLAC3d软件进行数值模拟分析,研究发现,基坑开挖卸载后,地表发生沉降,基坑内土体发生隆起,其中靠近隧道区域隆起值最大;隧道开始整体向基坑方向侧移,但是上下、左右特征点位移量并不一致,隧道产生不均匀应力,特别是上下方向可能存在拉应力。     

隧道坍塌方处理及防治措施

从地表塌穴的处理、洞内塌体的加固等方面就隧道塌方处理的相关技术作了介绍 ,提出了预防塌方的基本措施 ,对隧道塌方的预防和处理具有较大的参考价值。     

Effects of buckling initiators on mechanical behavior of thin-walled square tubes subjected to oblique loading

Thin-walled structures usually collapse in Eulerian buckling mode under oblique loads. Energy absorption capacity and crush force efficiency of the structure in this type of collapse are low. Collapse initiators are used to improve these properties. In this research, effect of collapse initiators on energy absorption characteristics of square tubes under oblique quasi-static loads is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Initiators are in the form of cuttings on the tube corners. Results show that collapse initiators in most of the specimens change deformation mode from general buckling to progressive buckling and decrease considerably the peak load; therefore increase crush force efficiency. Furthermore, effect of location and number of initiators is studied. There is good agreement between the numerical results and data from experiments.     

浅埋偏压连拱隧道施工优化及支护结构安全性分析

两江连拱隧道所穿区域地形偏压严重,且岩体破碎,连拱隧道施工开挖对围岩扰动大,不同的施工方案及施工工序隧道支挡结构受力影响较大,本文结合穿越严重偏压地层的两江连拱隧道为例,基于数值分析方法,对在不同施工工序方案下隧道结构内力、变形及偏压支挡结构力学特征进行分析。研究认为:对于复杂地质条件下浅埋偏压连拱隧道,先开挖浅埋侧隧道后开挖深埋侧隧道的施工顺序,比先开挖深埋埋侧隧道后开挖浅埋侧隧道的施工顺序更有利,先开挖浅埋埋侧右洞时,隧道初期支护结构内力、变形及偏压支挡结构桩的内力均比先开挖深埋侧左洞时小,但不管是采用哪种开挖顺序,深埋侧隧道拱顶位移均大于浅埋侧隧道,内排桩的所受弯矩也均大于外排桩。     

Study on seismic performance of a super-tall building with different lateral force resisting systems

超高层建筑对水平荷载（风荷载和地震作用）具有较高的敏感性,合理的抗侧力体系对超高层建筑结构的经济性、安全性以及材料使用效率等影响重大。以北京在建的某超高层建筑设计初期所采用的半高和全高支撑两个方案为研究对象,利用MSC.Marc建立了两个方案的有限元分析模型,并进行了工程量、弹塑性时程和倒塌分析。通过工程量统计,对比分析两个方案主体结构材料总用量以及各类构件材料用量差异;通过弹塑性时程分析和倒塌分析,研究两个方案在不同地震水准下的结构响应和抗倒塌能力。结果表明：该工程的两个结构方案都能满足规范规定的抗震性能需求,全高支撑方案具有更好的经济性,比半高支撑方案节省总材料用量约11%,且抗地震倒塌安全储备提高了约14.8%。     

火灾下门式钢刚架倒塌预测关键易测参量与预警方法

近年来火灾下钢结构倒塌事故频繁发生,严重威胁消防救援官兵和人民群众的生命财产安全,引起国家应急管理部消防救援局的高度关注,亟需开展建筑火灾倒塌预警方法研究。文章基于足尺结构受火试验数据和参数化数值分析结果,提出火灾下门式钢刚架的四种典型倒塌模式,重点研究不同倒塌模式下结构关键易测参量的变化规律,确定了可用于预测火灾下门式钢刚架结构倒塌可能性的预警判定指标,包括火灾下门式钢刚架结构柱顶檐口和跨中屋脊处水平及竖向变形(位移)、变形速率及结构受火构件最高温度等指标,进而提出适用于门式钢刚架多种倒塌模式的预警方法,为结构倒塌预警系统的建立提供一条有效途径。研究表明,提出的预警方法可快速有序地进行火灾下门式钢刚架倒塌的预测预警,其准确性及适用性也得到已有试验的验证。     

MODFLOW在山东文登抽水蓄能电站探洞涌水评价中的应用

山东文登抽水蓄能电站在探洞开挖至400m处,遇到断层带,并发生涌水问题,造成部分洞段出现塌方。涌水问题必定影响水资源均衡,考虑到探洞前方有两家矿泉水水厂,探洞因此停止施工。本文应用MODFLOW软件对该工程进行模拟研究,结合研究区的工程特性,通过建模、概化与计算,模拟了探洞开挖引起的涌水和地下水均衡问题,得出的模拟计算结果较为合理,为解决工程问题提供了强有力的依据,保证了探洞施工的顺利进行。说明MODFLOW在使用恰当的情况下,可以很好地模拟裂隙介质中地下水水流问题。     

基于实际火灾场景的钢框架结构倒塌机制分析

采用ABAQUS建立无楼板的多层钢框架模型,采用顺序热-固耦合法,综合考虑实际火灾场景下局部火源位置、火源功率变化、非均匀分布温度场及火灾作用下梁柱失效进行分析,研究了在梁柱的受火形式和失效柱位置两种因素影响下钢框架结构的初始破坏机理与倒塌机制。结果表明：钢框架结构的连续倒塌始于受火柱的屈曲失效,与之相连的梁由于失去竖向支撑挠度增大并产生拉力,使内力重分布柱产生侧移,进而在火灾的持续作用下结构位移不断发展,破坏向周围扩散,最终导致结构发生连续性倒塌;当底层失效柱为角柱和边柱时,结构发生倾覆式连续性倒塌;当底层失效柱主要分布在结构对称轴上时,结构发生下沉式连续性倒塌,该类型倒塌发生较为突然。     

盾构法施工过程的有限元模拟

在综合考虑了现有的有限元模拟方法的基础上,对部分仿真模拟细节进行了改进,改进了水平荷载的施加方法,用"等代层"来模拟盾尾建筑空隙,用预设单元的刚度迁移来模拟盾构的推进过程。通过对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的模拟,分析了盾构推进过程中地表土体的位移与变形,计算得到的隧道横断面和隧道纵向地面沉降分布曲线与实测数据比较接近,结果证明了模拟方法是可行的。