带有消息投递概率估计的机会网络自适应缓存管理策略

高效的缓存管理策略能够有效提高机会网络中节点的缓存资源利用率。消息的投递概率直接决定了消息的转发与存储必要性,该文提出一种带有消息投递概率估计的自适应缓存管理策略,通过构建节点连接状态分析模型,以分布式的方式感知节点服务能力,从而估计消息的投递概率,进而确定消息的转发与删除优先级,以执行缓存管理相关操作。结果表明,所提出的缓存管理策略可降低网络负载57%,并有效提高消息的成功投递率,降低消息的平均投递时延。     

机会网络中基于优先级的缓存管理策略研究

机会网络中的消息传递是基于"存储—携带—转发"的路由方式进行的,网络中往往保留消息的多个副本,因此研究消息的转发和丢弃策略对路由策略的性能提高至关重要。为了提高网络的投递率、减少传递延迟以及降低网络开销,文章在考虑消息属性如消息副本数、生存时间及产生时间的基础上,通过定义消息优先级,提出了一种新的缓存管理策略——基于消息优先级的缓存调度策略PSP。此外,本文还提出一种计算消息副本数的方法。仿真结果表明PSP在消息平均投递率、平均传输延迟以及平均网络开销方面比其他几种策略具有明显的性能提高。     

节点状态感知的机会网络分布式协作缓存机制

合理利用节点间的协作关系及相邻节点的缓存资源可有效提高机会网络中节点缓存的利用率与消息的投递率。该文提出一种节点状态感知的分布式协作缓存机制,通过感知消息扩散程度动态估计消息的重要程度,确定消息在缓存操作中的优先级。进而根据节点的活跃度及相对粘度获知给定消息与其目标节点的相遇概率,并针对消息源节点的差异设计分区协作缓存方法,同时在本地缓存处于存满状态时动态选取协作节点,实现本地消息到相邻节点的转移,以达到高效利用缓存资源的目的。结果表明,所提出的协作缓存机制能够有效地利用节点有限的缓存资源,并大幅度地改善消息投递率及节点缓存利用率。     

带有节点状态估计的间断连接无线网络缓存管理策略

针对间断连接无线网络中的节点缓存资源有限的问题,该文提出一种适用于间断连接无线网络的缓存管理机制。根据运动过程中所获得的网络状态信息,各个节点以分布式的方式估计给定节点与其他节点直接及间接连接状态、节点服务率以及节点连通强度,动态感知各个节点服务能力的差异,同时预测当前节点成功投递该消息的概率以感知消息的效用值,从而执行缓存管理操作。结果表明,与其他缓存管理机制相比,所提出的缓存管理机制不仅能够有效降低投递开销,同时大幅度地提高了消息成功投递率。     

基于校园机会网络的协作小组缓存调度策略

缓存管理已经成为机会网络的研究热点,目前大多数缓存管理方法都集中在单节点,本文在校园协作学习背景下提出了缓存共享的协作小组资源调度方法.节点活跃度描述了移动节点的缓存空间利用率和节点参与消息转发积极性,消息树描述了消息在网络中的扩散程度.以协作小组为单位建立已送达消息链表,对已成功投递消息所占缓存空间及时进行释放.该方法能有效提升节点空间利用率和消息投递率并且降低了消息的投递延迟.实验结果表明,与已有算法相比,消息投递成功率平均提高了10.53％,为小组缓存的共享利用与资源的高效调度提供方法.     

基于预期延迟值的扩散转发路由算法

针对现有延迟容忍网络路由算法在消息传递过程中分发不灵活的问题,提出基于节点通话历史记录计算预期通断时长以及消息传递延迟值,并根据结果选择节点、分配副本数进行消息转发的路由算法（MDESF）。在算法不同阶段,根据节点的活跃度选择中继节点,再分配传递消息的副本数目,加快分发,降低延迟。同时为保证消息及时传递,在单副本阶段选择最优节点转发。本算法同时提出内存管理策略,提高消息转发成功率。仿真实验表明,该算法相对其他同类算法在投递率、交付时延和网络拥塞比率方面综合表现更优。     

供给需求关系感知的间断连接无线网络安全路由机制

针对间断连接无线网络中限制消息副本路由机制的低消息投递率与存在恶意节点攻击的问题,提出了一种节点状态实时感知的安全路由机制,采用供给需求模型对节点转发消息的过程进行建模,通过动态感知节点活跃度、邻居节点剩余缓存率和相遇节点声誉值,结合消息生存时间比,建立节点对消息配额的供给需求模型,进而合理分配稀缺的配额资源,并在本地网络状况满足约束条件下,依据消息需求弹性动态更新消息配额,实现可靠的安全路由机制。数值结果表明,所提出的路由机制有效地减小了恶意节点攻击行为的影响,并大幅改善消息投递率和消息平均时延。     

机会网络中能量有效的副本分布状态感知路由机制

针对机会网络中的节点能耗与消息扩散程度之间存在矛盾,基于节点能耗与副本状态感知的路由机制可以显著地改善资源受限场景的网络性能,综合考虑消息扩散程度与节点剩余能量,并结合节点相遇概率预测方法,提出能量有效的副本分布状态感知路由机制,为消息分布式地选择合理的中继节点。仿真结果表明,所提出的路由机制能够有效降低网络负载,并大幅改善消息投递率和平均时延性能。     

机会网络中一种混合的Epidemic路由算法

机会网络采用存储-携带-转发的路由模式,利用节点移动所形成的相遇机会实现节点间通信。由于网络中节点之间的接触时间周期较短以及节点能量和缓存空间有限,容易导致时延增加和数据分组丢失。为此,提出一种混合的Epidemic路由算法(H–EP算法),通过优先发送目的地址为对方节点的数据分组;同时,根据数据分组的生存时间进行有效的缓存管理;此外,为数据分组设置合理的跳数门限值,达到门限值时,转为直接投递。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提算法能够在保证分组投递率的同时,有效缩短投递时延,增加缓存利用效率等。     

容迟网络中一种改进型ProPHET路由算法研究

由于ProPHET路由没有限制网络中消息数量,因此其网络开销很高。文章提出了新的消息转发度量化函数,并据此给出一种改进的概率路由算法P-DFM（ProPHET Based on DFM）。该算法利用节点与目的节点的接触概率和节点间的相遇频率来计算节点的消息转发度,通过比较节点的DFM决定转发消息的副本数目。采用TheONE对Epidemic路由、ProPHET路由及P-DFM路由进行仿真,结果表明提出的P-DFM算法有效地提高了消息投递率,降低了网络开销的成本。     

Intelligent Dynamical Buffer Scheduling Mechanism for Intermittently Connected Mobile Network

According to the store-carry-forward packet transmission method, nodes can communicate with each other in intermittently connected mobile network flexibly. As can be seen, the successful transmission of packets is assisted by multiple copies injected into the network. Therefore, the limited buffer should be utilized reasonably in this situation. In this paper, an adaptive buffer scheduling mechanism is proposed with the aid of packet transmission status estimation. According to the activity degree of node and the number of packet copies, the status of packet transmission in the network can be evaluated. Furthermore, with the estimated outcome of packet redundancy, the packets in the buffer are scheduled dynamically. Numerical results show that the activity degree can be estimated accurately, especially when the networks become larger. The number of packet copies can be proved that it follows normal distribution. Compared with other buffer scheduling mechanisms, our mechanism displays better performance, e.g., the packet delivery probability is enhanced by 21–50 %, and the latency is reduced by 15–23 %.     

基于分层的水下传感器网络路由策略

提出一种基于分层的水下传感器网络路由协议（Layered-DBR, layered-depth based routing）。节点进行一次信息广播后,只允许指定深度范围内的节点进行消息接收,以达到控制网络副本的目的,最终建立与网络冗余相关的网络分层模型。在分层网络中,节点首先需要计算消息转发前后的相对深度距离与相对剩余能量,进而计算出消息的转发概率。同时,建立一种消息队列管理机制,该队列同时具有消息转发管理和历史记录管理的功能,并给出消息的入列和出列方法。仿真实验表明,Layered-DBR能够有效地控制网络冗余,与DBR和Flooding算法相比,Layered-DBR能有效地减少网络能耗,延长网络寿命。     

一种基于WSN时变性与节点剩余能量均衡的机会路由算法

 为了解决数据报文在无线传感网络中动态路由以及网络内各节点剩余能量均衡问题,该文提出了一种机会路由算法。首先,利用热力学第2定律描述数据报文在无线传感器网络中动态路由的传输过程,其中,为了表征网络内各节点状态的时变性以及剩余能量,提出了机会熵模型;其次,以机会熵模型作为选择下一跳节点的理论依据,并结合蚁群优化(ACO)算法,设计并实现了考虑网络中各节点时变性与剩余能量均衡的机会路由算法(ACO for Time Dependent Opportunistic-routing Protocol, ATDOP),使得数据报文在转发过程时,能够有效地选择下一跳节点,从而使网络内各节点的通信资源和能量资源达到负载均衡。最后,通过实验证明,相对于已有的机会路由协议,ATDOP具有报文成功传输率高、网络有效吞吐量大以及网络工作寿命长等优点。     

带有编码冗余控制的机会网络数据转发机制

网络编码方法能有效提高数据传输效率,但采用该方法的机会网络数据转发机制均未考虑传输中的编码数据迭代冗余副本控制问题。为了充分降低译码复杂度并减少迭代冗余副本,提出了相遇持续时间估计及编码机会感知方法,进而设计了带有传输容量估计的编码冗余控制数据转发机制。节点以分布式的方式感知数据编码机会,为不同扩散程度的数据确定相应的优先级,并根据传输容量估计结果完成转发控制,以充分利用节点间的相遇持续时间。结果表明,所提出机制有效地减少了网络中的冗余副本,使译码所需的数据量趋于理论上的最小值,改善了网络资源利用率。     

Threshold based locking routing strategy for delay tolerant network

Delay tolerance network probabilistic routing protocols forward message to a node by observing its predictability value to meet the message destination. However, it is vital to predict the ability of node to carry the transmitted message. For instance, the traffic confluence on the high probable nodes can produce congestion that results in the drop of previously stored messages. These drops diminish the delivery ratio because the dropped message lost its opportunity to be delivered. Since, there exist multiple copies of each message; therefore, the same node invariably receives the dropped messages from other parts of the network and causes the highest number of transmissions. Additionally, the replication from source node continues on the high probable peers even the previous copies were transmitted on the better predictable neighbors than the current. In this paper, we have proposed a novel routing method called as the adaptive threshold based locking method that maintains the contemporary status of the node based on its activity in the network. We have used the adaptive status measuring metrics such as transmit factor, drop factor and hop away count. Moreover, a threshold based locking method has been introduced to control the diffusion of messages. We have performed the comparison of existing and proposed routing methods with real time mobility traces. The proposed strategy has bolstered the delivery ratio and minimizes hop count, end-to-end delay and number of transmission.     

A fuzzy logic based buffer management scheme with traffic differentiation support for delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are an emerging class of wireless networks which enable data delivery even in the absence of end-to-end connectivity. Under these circumstances, message replication may be applied to increase the delivery ratio. The requirement of long term storage and message replication puts a burden on network resources such as buffer and bandwidth. Buffer management is an important issue which greatly affects the performance of routing protocols in DTNs. Two main issues in buffer management are drop decision when buffer overflow occurs and scheduling decision when a transmission opportunity arises. The objective of this paper is to propose an enhancement to the Custom Service Time Scheduling traffic differentiation scheme by integrating it with a fuzzy based buffer ranking mechanism based on three message properties, namely, number of replicas, message size and remaining time-to-live. It uses fuzzy logic to determine outgoing message order and to decide which messages should be discarded within each traffic class queue. Results of simulation study show that the proposed fuzzy logic-based traffic differentiation scheme achieves improved delivery performance over existing traffic differentiation scheme for DTNs.     

Enhanced fuzzy logic‐based spray and wait routing protocol for delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks are a class of ad hoc networks that enable data delivery even in the absence of end‐to‐end connectivity between nodes, which is the basic assumption for routing in ad hoc networks. Nodes in these networks work on store‐carry and forward paradigm. In addition, such networks make use of message replication as a strategy to increase the possibility of messages reaching their destination. As contact opportunities are usually of short duration, it is important to prioritize scheduling of messages. Message replication may also lead to buffer congestion. Hence, buffer management is an important issue that greatly affects the performance of routing protocols in delay tolerant networks. In this paper, Spray and Wait routing protocol, which is a popular controlled replication‐based protocol for delay tolerant networks, has been enhanced using a new fuzzy‐based buffer management strategy Enhanced Fuzzy Spray and Wait Routing, with the aim to achieve increased delivery ratio and reduced overhead ratio. It aggregates three important message properties namely number of replicas of a message, its size, and remaining time‐to‐live, using fuzzy logic to determine the message priority, which denotes its importance with respect to other messages stored in a node's buffer. It then intelligently selects messages to schedule when a contact opportunity occurs. Because determination of number of replicas of a message in the network is a difficult task, a new method for estimation of the same has been proposed. Simulation results show improved performance of enhanced fuzzy spray and wait routing in terms of delivery ratio and resource consumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Message Drop Control Buffer Management Policy for DTN Routing Protocols

In delay tolerant network interruptions will occur continuously because there is no end-to-end path exists for the longer period of time from source to destination. In this context, delays can be immensely large due to its environment contrails e.g. wildlife tracking, sensor network, deep space and ocean networks. Furthermore, larger replication of messages put into the network is to increase delivery probability. Due to this high buffer occupancy storage space and replication result in a huge overhead on the network. Consequently, well-ordered intelligent message control buffer drop policies are necessary to operate on buffer that allows control on messages drop when the node buffers are near to overflow. In this paper, we propose an efficient buffer management policy which is called message drop control source relay (MDC-SR) for delay tolerant routing protocols. We also illustrate that conventional buffer management policy like Drop oldest, LIFO and MOFO be ineffective to consider all appropriate information in this framework. The proposed MDC-SR buffer policy controls the message drop while at the same time maximizes the delivery probability and buffer time average and reduces the message relay, drop and hop count in the reasonable amount. Using simulations support on an imitation mobility models Shortest Path Map Based Movement and Map Route Movements, we show that our drop buffer management MDC-SR with random message sizes performs better as compared to existing MOFO, LIFO and DOA.