水级联法确定间歇用水过程的夹点及废水最小化

利用水级联分析法对间歇过程用水网络进行研究,确定过程的用水夹点及最小新鲜水用量和最小废水排放量,提出了间歇用水过程的全局夹点的概念,考虑了用水过程的流率限制,在水级联表格中用流率替代了传统水级联分析法中的传质量,识别过程中每个时间段的局部夹点及公用工程目标,通过全局夹点和局部夹点的比较,指出过程的用水瓶颈,设置储罐打破瓶颈,使用水网络公用工程目标最小化。通过实例对水级联分析法进行了详细的阐述,计算结果与文献一致,表明该方法是一种易于理解、直观且简便有效的确定间歇过程用水网络的夹点及最小公用工程的方法。     

再生循环水系统引入再生过程后夹点位置

引入再生循环的最优水系统可以最大限度地节约新鲜水的用量和减少废水的排放,是当前节水技术研究的重点。用水系统引入再生过程后,极限供水线会发生变化,从而水系统夹点个数以及位置都可能会发生变化。运用前人总结出的再生循环过程最佳供水线的构造方法,分析影响引入再生过程后夹点位置变化的因素,发现引入再生过程前后夹点位置的变化情况与以下因素有关：极限复合曲线上的凹点位置以及凹向极限供水线的程度和最高浓度用水单元水流率与新鲜水流率的关系,并分析得出夹点位置的变化规律,从而为用水网络的分析和设计提供理论性的指导。     

再生循环水系统引入再生过程后夹点位置

引入再生循环的最优水系统可以最大限度地节约新鲜水的用量和减少废水的排放,是当前节水技术研究的重点。用水系统引入再生过程后,极限供水线会发生变化,从而水系统夹点个数以及位置都可能会发生变化。运用前人总结出的再生循环过程最佳供水线的构造方法,分析影响引入再生过程后夹点位置变化的因素,发现引入再生过程前后夹点位置的变化情况与以下因素有关:极限复合曲线上的凹点位置以及凹向极限供水线的程度和最高浓度用水单元水流率与新鲜水流率的关系,并分析得出夹点位置的变化规律,从而为用水网络的分析和设计提供理论性的指导。     

水夹点分析与数学规划法相结合的用水网络优化设计

提出了水夹点分析和数学规划法相结合的用水网络最优设计法。水夹点分析基于对过程用水的理解,获得新鲜水用量目标并给出用水网络设计的基本规则。在此基础上建立过程使用新鲜水、排放废水和回用的各种可能匹配方案的用水网络超结构及其MINLP模型。既避免了用水夹点综合设计用水网络得不到真正意义上的最优解,又在一定程度上防止超结构规模过大,MINLP维数太高,求解困难。采用通用代数建模系统GAMS得到用水网络最优设计方案。文献中的应用实例表明,本文所提方法可充分发挥水夹点分析确定新鲜水用量或回用结构的简洁实用性和超结构MINLP寻求最佳方案的优点。     

基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络集成图示法

将氢网络中基于剩余率的集成优化法扩展至水网络，以杂质浓度为基础进行分析，提出了基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络图像集成优化方法。该方法无需图像试差和迭代，通过构建浓度-流量图和杂质赤字图，可确定未考虑再生回用的水网络夹点位置及最小新鲜水用量。并在此基础上，考虑再生装置和水网络的优化以及二者的集成，分析水网络的新鲜水节省量与杂质脱除率、再生水源流量及再生废水浓度的定量关系；构建定量关系图确定最小新鲜水用量随各参数的变化关系、夹点位置、最大新鲜水节省量以及一定再生条件下的极限及最优提纯参数。案例分析表明，该方法简单、高效，对于各工况下的水网络，均可使新鲜水消耗量及废水排放量减小，为工艺设计和操作提供重要的参考。     

循环冷却水最小流率目标值的确定

循环冷却水是工业用水系统中最重要的一种用水类型,其用量由过程系统的冷却需求决定.从系统的角度,分别探讨了如何用水夹点法和热夹点技术中的总复合曲线来确定循环冷却水流率的目标值,并对其间的差异进行了比较和分析,对于企业的节水工作有着重要的指导意义.用这两种方法对某装置的冷却水网络进行了分析,确定了不同情况下的冷却水的最小流...     

最小化新鲜水量与废水处理量的图形方法

水分配网络由回用、再生和废水处理3个相互作用的子系统构成。设计水分配网络需考虑质量负荷固定和流量固定两类用水操作模型。目前，兼顾两类用水操作的图形方法对水分配网络的研究局限于一个或两个子系统的设计，而缺少一种能同时处理3个子系统的方法。本文用新的方法合成了反映用水网络水源盈亏情况的总组合曲线，并由此得到最小废水量和新鲜水量。为考虑废水再生情况，提出通过用再生水线和废水线合成废水排放线的方法求解再生情况下的最小新鲜水量。同时，根据总组合曲线得到了废水组合曲线，求得最小废水处理量。实例表明，本文所提方法可在具体网络设计前，在同一浓度-质量负荷图中确定单杂质水分配网络的各目标参数，且简便易行。     

基于物流焓值的换热网络夹点设计方法

提出一种新的基于物流焓值的换热网络夹点设计方法,首先以综合费用最小为目标确定最小温差,然后建立问题表格确定夹点位置和最小公用工程消耗,最后进行换热网络设计。采用某石油常减压换热网络系统为典型算例对该方法的前两步进行分析研究,结果表明:该方法与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法估算的投资费用有较大差距;在一定的最小温差下其与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法确定的夹点位置不同,公用工程消耗也有较大差距。     

夹点技术在水网络中的研究与应用

常规的节水策略主要通过直观定性分析,通常用于单个单元操作或局部的用水网络中,这样虽然能达到一定的节水基的,但不能使整个用水系统的新鲜水用量和废水产生量达到最小。与常规的节水策豫相比,水夹点技术是从系统的角度对整个用水网络进行设计优化,以使水的重复利用率达到最大。文章介绍了水夹点技术的原理,对水夹点技术在国内外的研究进行了综述,并对其在国内的发展趋势进行了展望。     

考虑再生操作的间歇过程用水网络优化

当前,水资源短缺与污染问题日益严重,废水再生后回用对节约水源和保护环境具有重要的意义。针对间歇过程,为了合理利用不同品质的过程水源,实现用水系统的最大水回用,本文建立了一个包含水源-水阱、水源-中间储罐-水阱、水源-连续再生体系-水阱与水源-废水处理系统的用水网络超结构,基于连续时间模型建立数学模型,并采用多目标分步法依次优化新鲜水用量、再生单元的再生速率以及中间储罐数目,最终得到新鲜水消耗量以及废水排放量最小的最优用水网络结构。同时,为贴近实际生产中的多操作周期过程,本文针对用水系统从启动周期到稳定周期的全过程,进行了用水网络的设计、分析与优化。最后通过算例计算,验证了本文所提方法的合理有效性。     

On the use of graphical method to determine the targets of single-contaminant regeneration recycling water systems

Water system integration with regeneration recycling can reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge to the maximum extent. In this paper, by analyzing the limiting composite curve of a single-contaminant water system, a method is proposed to construct the optimal water supply line for regeneration recycling. Accordingly the targets for regeneration recycling water systems are obtained. The targets in sequence are the minimum freshwater consumption (the minimum wastewater discharge), the minimum regenerated water flowrate, and the optimal regeneration concentration. The post-regeneration concentration is taken to be fixed in the sequential targeting procedure. The interactions of these targets are analyzed, and formulas for calculating these targets are proposed. The results show that for a single-contaminant regeneration recycling water system, the minimum freshwater consumption is determined by the shape of the limiting composite curve below the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration is defined as the minimum regeneration concentration at the minimum freshwater consumption and the corresponding minimum regenerated water flowrate. The minimum regenerated water flowrate and the optimal regeneration concentration are both related to the geometrical features of the limiting composite curve of the water-using system and to the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration has no direct relationship with the pinch concentration.     

石化行业水资源优化利用网络分析

运用水夹点技术,对某石化企业进行用水网络优化研究.在流量恒定和流量改变两种条件下,对某石化企业9个用水操作原有用水网络进行初始设计和优化改进.结果表明,在流量恒定和流量改变条件下,通过用水网络初始设计节约新鲜水用量分别为19.17%和22.87%,对用水网络的初始设计和优化可简化用水网络,回用管路数分别由11条减少为6条和5条,优化后的用水网络分别节约新鲜水用量18.79%和22.47%.水夹点技术在工业用水节约和废水减量方面具有实用价值和较好的应用前景.     

含再生再利用的用水系统的最小新鲜水和相应的再生水用量的确定

A sequential three-step programming method is proposed for determining the minimum flowrate of fresh water and corresponding regenerated water in water-using system of single contaminant with regeneration reuse.In step 1, a programming with the objective of min fws is used to determine the minimum flowrate of fresh water,in which the mathematical representation is a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP1). Then under the same constraints with step 1, a programming with the objective of min freg in step 2 and a programming with the objective of rain Cr in step 3 are subsequently used to determine the minimum flowrate of regenerated water and the minimum inlet concentration to regeneration process corresponding to the minimum flowrate of fresh water based on step 1. The method is easy to apply because we only need to change the objective function but keep the constraints constant to go along the following steps after step 1. In addition, the relationship between the fresh water flowrate required, fws, and inlet concentration to regeneration process, Cr, is investigated. It is found that there exist three relationships between fws and Cr, which indicate three possibilities for Cb: below the pinch, above the pinch or at the pinch. Therefore, a new conclusion is drawn, which differs from that “regeneration of water at pinch minimizes fresh water flowrate“ derived in literature and indicates that in some cases, regeneration at other point also minimizes fresh water flowrate.     

AquoMin: A software tool for Mass-Exchange Networks targeting and design

This study addresses the work developed at Process Integration Group of CPQ to build a software tool in the area of Pollution Prevention, regarding the Mass-Exchange Networks (MEN) targeting and design.Given a set of mass transfer operations and their limiting data, AquoMin can analyse different options to reduce fresh water consumption and minimise wastewater production. The available strategies to optimise these targets are (i) process without waste water reutilisation, (ii) process with waste reutilisation, and (iii) process with waste regeneration reuse. These options are analysed in two stages: first the targeting and then the design. The former stage uses algorithms based on pinch analysis to obtain the minimum consumption of external water and also the minimum wastewater production. These targets are then used in the second stage, the MEN design.The regeneration reuse strategy needs an extra step in the MEN design stage, which uses pinch analysis concepts to generate a mass balance model to obtain a set of optimal design parameters, the Split Operation Parameters (SOP). Furthermore, work on regeneration with recycle and reuse has been also developed. It was created a general algorithm to obtain the targets for this strategy: the external water source flowrate and the regeneration and recycle flowrate.A small AquoMin tutorial is presented using an Example Problem. The regeneration reuse strategy is focused and the methodology employed in both targeting and design stages were improved. Different scenarios evaluating the MEN structure's complexity and equipment cost were also developed and compared in the regeneration reuse strategy. In the regeneration recycle and reuse strategy, the Example Problem was used to emphasise a new option for the regeneration concentration value and the results of all the strategies are compared.Finally, a five operations’ Case Study was solved to obtain the targets and designs to accomplish the three Process Integration Strategies with a final reduction of 60% in the fresh water consumption.     

Targeting and design of water networks for fixed flowrate and fixed contaminant load operations

Water-using processes are typically modeled as either fixed flowrate operations or fixed contaminant load operations. A new method for targeting the minimum freshwater and pinch in a single-contaminant water network is proposed, which can be applied to both kinds of operations. The method consists of plotting separate source and demand composites with flowrate as the horizontal axis and contaminant load unusually as the vertical axis. It is elegant, non-iterative, and can handle hybrid problems where both kinds of operations coexist.To design minimum freshwater networks for fixed flowrate problems, an algorithm is presented based on a newly developed principle of nearest neighbors. The principle simply states that the source streams to be chosen to satisfy a particular water demand must be the nearest available neighbors in terms of contaminant concentration.To design minimum freshwater networks for fixed contaminant load problems, the nearest neighbors algorithm is applied to process units that lie across the pinch. Units that lie entirely on one side of the pinch are satisfied by the cleanest source available on that side of the pinch. In other words, below-pinch units are satisfied by freshwater and above-pinch units are satisfied by the cleanest available stream above the pinch. Designs based on this methodology, apart from meeting the minimum freshwater target, also minimize the water flowing through the process units resulting in reduced network capital cost.     

具有中间水道的废水再生循环水网络的优化

考虑废水再生循环的水网络,可以最大限度地减少系统的新鲜水消耗和废水排放量,具有中间水道的水网络结构,可以有效地提高系统的柔性,本文建立了具有中间水道的废水再生循环水网络的超结构,提出了网络优化的数学模型。由于该最优网络涉及多参数的优化,本文采用了分步优化的策略,根据各参数的相对重要性,依次对新鲜水消耗量、再生水流率和再生负荷进行优化。计算实例表明,本文建立的方法是有效的。     

间歇过程单杂质用水网络设计

提出了一种利用时间-纯度两维用水图进行用水网络设计的方法，分别提出了无中间储罐和有中间储罐的设计规则。该方法把水的纯度作为一维，把时间作为另一维，从而更好地同时描述间歇用水过程的时间特性和杂质特性。它首先通过水级联分析技术确定间歇过程用水网络的夹点及最小公用工程，然后利用时间-纯度图和设计规则来合成用水网络，对有储罐的情况，确定了储罐的数量与容量，最后利用时间-水网络图描述了所合成的最优间歇过程用水网络，并探讨了用水过程流量对网络的影响。通过文献实例计算，表明该方法简单、直观、有效。     

Graphical approach to minimum flowrate targeting for partitioning water pretreatment units

Pretreatment is often necessary when the fresh water available to industrial plants is impure, and when some processes are particularly sensitive to contaminants. Partitioning processes such as membrane separation units are often used for such applications. However, the use of pretreatment units adds to capital and operating costs for a water system. Hence, it is of interest to develop design procedures to minimize the cost for such system. This work presents a graphical pinch analysis approach for targeting minimum flowrate of partitioning water pretreatment systems in single component problem. The approach determines how product and reject streams from the treatment unit can be allocated, along with bypassed freshwater, to satisfy multiple process sinks with their respective flowrate and purity requirements. Hypothetical case studies are presented to illustrate the approach, and generalized design principles based on pinch analysis heuristics are drawn from the examples.