Vehicle active steering control research based on two-DOF robust internal model control

Because of vehicle’s external disturbances and model uncertainties, robust control algorithms have obtained popularity in vehicle stability control. The robust control usually gives up performance in order to guarantee the robustness of the control algorithm, therefore an improved robust internal model control(IMC) algorithm blending model tracking and internal model control is put forward for active steering system in order to reach high performance of yaw rate tracking with certain robustness. The proposed algorithm inherits the good model tracking ability of the IMC control and guarantees robustness to model uncertainties. In order to separate the design process of model tracking from the robustness design process, the improved 2 degree of freedom(DOF) robust internal model controller structure is given from the standard Youla parameterization. Simulations of double lane change maneuver and those of crosswind disturbances are conducted for evaluating the robust control algorithm, on the basis of a nonlinear vehicle simulation model with a magic tyre model. Results show that the established 2-DOF robust IMC method has better model tracking ability and a guaranteed level of robustness and robust performance, which can enhance the vehicle stability and handling, regardless of variations of the vehicle model parameters and the external crosswind interferences. Contradiction between performance and robustness of active steering control algorithm is solved and higher control performance with certain robustness to model uncertainties is obtained.     

Robust internal model control of servo motor based on sliding mode control approach

This paper proposes a robust internal model control (IMC) based on sliding mode control (SMC) approach for high-performance motion control of a servo motor subject to uncertainties and/or disturbances. The proposed control strategy considers not only the simplicity and intuition of the IMC-based controller for a prescribed tracking performance but also the effectiveness of the SMC scheme to guarantee the robustness of the servo system. Since the performance of the IMC-based controller can be analyzed via a SMC structure, a robust control law based on the SMC technique is introduced into the IMC scheme to decrease the sensitivity to uncertainties and enhance the resistance to disturbances. Moreover, the 2-degree-of-freedom IMC integrating the robust SMC scheme is developed to further improve the control performance. The stability is analyzed based on Lyapunov theory, and the theoretical results show that a prescribed transient tracking performance and a final tracking accuracy of the servo system can be guaranteed. Comparative simulations and experiments are investigated to verify the high performance nature of the proposed control strategy.     

Improvement on an inverted decoupling technique for a class of stable linear multivariable processes

This paper improves an inverted decoupling technique for a class of stable linear multivariable processes with multiple time delays and nonminimum-phase zeros. Two decoupling schemes are proposed based on the inverted decoupling technique. One is a developed inverted decoupling scheme. In this scheme, the decoupler is designed such that the inverted decoupling technique accommodates a wider field than the one introduced in the published literature. However, due to the stability issue, some multivariable processes still cannot be decoupled by the inverted decoupling structure. To solve this problem, another modified decoupling scheme with unity feedback structure is suggested for implementation. The Internal Model Control (IMC) theory is applied here to design PI/PID controllers for the decoupled processes. Furthermore, in the presence of multiplicative input uncertainty, low bounds of the control parameters are derived quantitatively for guaranteeing robust stability of the system. Simulations are illustrated for demonstrating the validity of the proposed control schemes.     

A new two-degree-of-freedom level control scheme

In this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom level control scheme for delay free processes is analyzed. The nominal performance and robustness are examined. And sufficient and necessary conditions for robust stability are derived. An alternative level control scheme is developed for processes with dead time and suboptimal controllers that can produce smooth response are derived analytically based on the internal model control. The scheme has an important feature in that it is simple and transparent in design and in the corporation of performance and robust stability issues. Numerical examples are provided to compare the proposed scheme with those developed.     

采用内模控制理论的双馈感应风机鲁棒控制器设计

针对工程中双馈感应电机转子电流控制器参数整定的问题,提出一种利用内模控制理论设计转子电流控制器的鲁棒控制方法。首先定义内模控制的灵敏度函数和互补灵敏度函数,并推导双馈感应电机转子电流控制系统传递函数,建立了转子电流内环的内模数学模型。IMC控制器的设计以平方积分误差值和鲁棒稳定M值为准则,并与传统比例积分控制器进行比较。通过对1.5 MW双馈感应电机的MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真表明,本文方法稳态跟踪精度高、动态响应快、对模型误差和外界干扰具有较好的鲁棒性。最后在11 k W的双馈风机实验平台上验证了所提方法的有效性。     

IMC-PID design based on model matching approach and closed-loop shaping

Motivated by the limitations of the conventional internal model control (IMC), this communication addresses the design of IMC-based PID in terms of the robust performance of the control system. The IMC controller form is obtained by solving an H-infinity problem based on the model matching approach, and the parameters are determined by closed-loop shaping. The shaping of the closed-loop transfer function is considered both for the set-point tracking and for the load disturbance rejection. The design procedure is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem which is solved by a specific optimization algorithm. A nice feature of this design method is that it permits a clear tradeoff between robustness and performance. Simulation examples show that the proposed method is effective and has a wide applicability.     

Optimal solution,quantitative performance estimation,and robust tuning of the simplifying controller

Recently, a simplifying controller has been proposed based on the principal of simplification of the control system transfer functions, which offers improved control for processes with a large time delay. It is the purpose of this complementary paper to give a comprehensive analysis on the scheme. First, the relationship among the simplifying controller, the Smith predictor, and the internal model control are discussed. Second, an analytical design procedure is developed based on internal model control (IMC) and optimal solution is derived. Third, the problem of estimating the time domain performance of the closed loop system, quantitatively, is discussed. Fourth, a simple robust tuning procedure is presented. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed method.     

Performance assessment of PID and IMC tuning methods for a mixing process with time delay

A flow process with time delay has been considered for modeling and control. A dilute solution of sodium chloride is used as tracer and an online conductivity measurement unit as sensor and recorder. The objective of the current study is to design control algorithms and present corresponding robust control analysis for the process. The control methodologies considered are (i) conventional PID control and (ii) internal model control (IMC). The control structures are comparatively analyzed using standard robustness measures for stability and performance. Of the two control algorithms, conventional PID and IMC, IMC exhibits faster settling time, no overshoot, better set-point tracking and disturbance rejection, and good robust performance than the PID control scheme.     

Enhanced disturbance rejection for open-loop unstable process with time delay

The present study suggests a disturbance estimator design method for application to a recently published, two-degree-of-freedom, control scheme for open-loop, unstable processes with time delay. A simple PID controller cascaded with a lead-lag filter replaces the high-order disturbance estimator for enhanced performance. A new analytical method on the basis of the IMC design principle, featuring only one user-defined tuning parameter, is developed for the design of the disturbance estimator. Several illustrative examples taken from previous works are included to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed disturbance estimator. The results confirm the superior performance of the proposed disturbance estimator in both nominal and robust cases. The proposed method also offers several important advantages for industrial process engineers: it covers several classes of unstable process with time delay in a unified manner, and is simple and easy to design and tune.     

Internal model control for industrial wireless plant using WirelessHART hardware-in-the-loop simulator

The emergence of wireless technologies such as WirelessHART and ISA100 Wireless for deployment at industrial process plants has urged the need for research and development in wireless control. This is in view of the fact that the recent application is mainly in monitoring domain due to lack of confidence in control aspect. WirelessHART has an edge over its counterpart as it is based on the successful Wired HART protocol with over 30 million devices as of 2009. Recent works on control have primarily focused on maintaining the traditional PID control structure which is proven not adequate for the wireless environment. In contrast, Internal Model Control (IMC), a promising technique for delay compensation, disturbance rejection and setpoint tracking has not been investigated in the context of WirelessHART. Therefore, this paper discusses the control design using IMC approach with a focus on wireless processes. The simulation and experimental results using real-time WirelessHART hardware-in-the-loop simulator (WH-HILS) indicate that the proposed approach is more robust to delay variation of the network than the PID.     

Enhanced IMC design of load disturbance rejection for integrating and unstable processes with slow dynamics

In view of the deficiencies in existing internal model control (IMC)-based methods for load disturbance rejection for integrating and unstable processes with slow dynamics, a modified IMC-based controller design is proposed to deal with step- or ramp-type load disturbance that is often encountered in engineering practices. By classifying the ways through which such load disturbance enters into the process, analytical controller formulae are correspondingly developed, based on a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) control structure that allows for separate optimization of load disturbance rejection from setpoint tracking. An obvious merit is that there is only a single adjustable parameter in the proposed controller, which in essence corresponds to the time constant of the closed-loop transfer function for load disturbance rejection, and can be monotonically tuned to meet a good trade-off between disturbance rejection performance and closed-loop robust stability. At the same time, robust tuning constraints are given to accommodate process uncertainties in practice. Illustrative examples from the recent literature are used to show effectiveness and merits of the proposed method for different cases of load disturbance.     

Controller design for high-frequency cutting using a piezo-driven microstage

Controller design consists of a feedforward and a feedback controller to support a microstage with flexure hinge structure driven by piezoelectric ceramic actuator for high-frequency nanoscale cutting is developed in this article. The feedforward controller is designed based on a hysteresis dynamic model in order to reduce the nonlinear hysteresis effect of piezoelectric actuator. The position feedback controller is designed based upon an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method embedded in an internal model control (IMC) structure constructing a run-to-run IMC (RtR-IMC) control scheme in order to deal with system bias or modeling inaccuracy. Also, disturbance due to temperature rise will influence actuator's performance, hence an additional compensator is included in the IMC structure. Surfaces dimple micro-machining utilizes piezoelectric-driven microstage for high-speed cutting is selected as an example to investigate system performance. The developed control algorithm is implemented on a DSP-based system to provide 1 kHz operating speed. In experiment, the proposed feedforward and feedback controller is verified to be able to overcome those negative factors efficiently and preserve good positioning accuracy.     

A novel robust speed controller scheme for PMBLDC motor

The design of speed and position controllers for permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) drive remains as an open problem in the field of motor drives. A precise speed control of PMBLDC motor is complex due to nonlinear coupling between winding currents and rotor speed. In addition, the nonlinearity present in the developed torque due to magnetic saturation of the rotor further complicates this issue. This paper presents a novel control scheme to the conventional PMBLDC motor drive, which aims at improving the robustness by complete decoupling of the design besides minimizing the mutual influence among the speed and current control loops. The interesting feature of this robust control scheme is its suitability for both static and dynamic aspects. The effectiveness of the proposed robust speed control scheme is verified through simulations.     

并联稳定平台电液驱动单元复合内模控制研究

针对液压驱动舰船稳定平台样机的运动控制要求,提出了一种基于速度前馈结构的复合内模控制方案。以舰船稳定平台的单通道液压驱动单元为研究对象,采用机理建模和参数辨识相结合的方法得到了控制对象的数学模型,在模型的基础上完成了基于速度前馈结构内模复合控制器的设计,并对提出的控制方法进行了仿真和实验研究。仿真和实验研究结果表明：基于速度前馈结构的复合内模控制可以改善系统的跟踪性能,提高系统的抗干扰性和鲁棒性。     

Design and robust tuning of control scheme based on the PD controller plus Disturbance Observer and low-order integrating first-order plus dead-time model

This paper presents an effective design and robust tuning method for the control structure based on a series PD controller and a simple Disturbance Observer. All elements of the proposed controller are directly obtained from the low-order Integrating First-Order Plus Dead-Time (IFOPDT) model, used to approximate essential dynamic characteristics of lag-dominant stable, integrating and unstable plants. The structure of the proposed controller is an effective, easy to implement and tune, extension of the series PID controller. For the same robustness, a better disturbance rejection response is obtained by the proposed controller than that of the PID, by adjusting only two parameters with a clear meaning. A comparison with well-tuned PIDs, done by simulations, and the experimental results, obtained on a real thermal power plant, confirm that high performance and robustness are obtained, for dynamic characteristics common to industrial processes.     

Modified Smith predictor based cascade control of unstable time delay processes

An improved cascade control structure with a modified Smith predictor is proposed for controlling open-loop unstable time delay processes. The proposed structure has three controllers of which one is meant for servo response and the other two are for regulatory responses. An analytical design method is derived for the two disturbance rejection controllers by proposing the desired closed-loop complementary sensitivity functions. These two closed-loop controllers are considered in the form of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller cascaded with a second order lead/lag filter. The direct synthesis method is used to design the setpoint tracking controller. By virtue of the enhanced structure, the proposed control scheme decouples the servo response from the regulatory response in case of nominal systems i.e., the setpoint tracking controller and the disturbance rejection controller can be tuned independently. Internal stability of the proposed cascade structure is analyzed. Kharitonov's theorem is used for the robustness analysis. The disturbance rejection capability of the proposed scheme is superior as compared to existing methods. Examples are also included to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the proposed method.     

Two-degree-of-freedom fractional order-PID controllers design for fractional order processes with dead-time

Recently, fractional order (FO) processes with dead-time have attracted more and more attention of many researchers in control field, but FO-PID controllers design techniques available for the FO processes with dead-time suffer from lack of direct systematic approaches. In this paper, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) FO-PID controller based on internal model control (IMC) is proposed for FO processes with dead-time, conventional one-degree-of-freedom control exhibited the shortcoming of coupling of robustness and dynamic response performance. 2-DOF control can overcome the above weakness which means it realizes decoupling of robustness and dynamic performance from each other. The adjustable parameter η₂ of FO-PID controller is directly related to the robustness of closed-loop system, and the analytical expression is given between the maximum sensitivity specification M_s and parameters η₂. In addition, according to the dynamic performance requirement of the practical system, the parameters η₁ can also be selected easily. By approximating the dead-time term of the process model with the first-order Padé or Taylor series, the expressions for 2-DOF FO-PID controller parameters are derived for three classes of FO processes with dead-time. Moreover, compared with other methods, the proposed method is simple and easy to implement. Finally, the simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.     

Robust adaptive motion/force control scheme for crawler-type mobile manipulator with nonholonomic constraint based on sliding mode control approach

In this paper, a robust adaptive motion/force control (RAMFC) scheme is presented for a crawler-type mobile manipulator (CTMM) with nonholonomic constraint. For the position tracking control design, an adaptive sliding mode tracking controller is proposed to deal with the unknown upper bounds of system parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. Based on the position tracking results, a robust control strategy is also developed for the nonholonomic constraint force of CTMM. According to the Lyapunov stability theory, the stability of the closed-loop control system, the uniformly ultimately boundedness of position tracking errors, and the boundedness of the force error and adaptive coefficient errors are all guaranteed by using the derived RAMFC scheme. Simulation and experimental tests on a CTMM with two-link manipulator demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.     

Robust fractional order sliding mode control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines

Wind power plants have nonlinear dynamics and contain many uncertainties such as unknown nonlinear disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Thus, it is a difficult task to design a robust reliable controller for this system. This paper proposes a novel robust fractional-order sliding mode (FOSM) controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system. In order to enhance the robustness of the control system, uncertainties and disturbances are estimated using a fractional order uncertainty estimator. In the proposed method a continuous control strategy is developed to achieve the chattering free fractional order sliding-mode control, and also no knowledge of the uncertainties and disturbances or their bound is assumed. The boundedness and convergence properties of the closed-loop signals are proven using Lyapunov׳s stability theory. Simulation results in the presence of various uncertainties were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.