饮用水源突发性锑+铊复合型污染应急处理研究

为应对可能出现的突发性铊+锑复合型污染事件,模拟自来水厂现有工艺对含有锑(Sb)和铊(Tl)的原水进行处理,分别考察了常规混凝沉淀工艺、K2Fe O4预氧化/混凝沉淀工艺以及分段处理工艺对Tl和Sb的去除效果。结果表明,常规工艺对Sb和Tl的去除效果均有限;K2Fe O4预氧化/混凝沉淀工艺对Tl的去除效果有明显提高,但对Sb的去除率反而降低;分段处理工艺对Sb和Tl都有明显的去除效果,当第1段聚合氯化铁(PFC)的投加量为10.0 mg/L,第2段K2Fe O4、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)的投加量分别为1.0、1.5 mg/L时,滤后水中剩余Sb、Tl的浓度分别为2.26、0.012μg/L,去除率分别达到了83.67%和96.32%。因此,分段处理可作为水厂应对突发性铊+锑复合型污染的有效应急处理措施。     

饮用水水源突发性石油污染的应急处理方法研究

采用粉末活性炭(PAC)与ClO2组合技术对水源突发性石油污染进行了应急处理试验研究.结果表明,PAC+ClO2组合技术的除油效果明显优于采用单一处理方法.在ClO2和PAC的投量分别为8和30 ms/L,PAC吸附时间为3 h的条件下,该组合工艺可将水中0.5 mg/L石油类污染物降至0.01 mg/L,满足饮用水标准中0.05 mg/L的要求.在输水管渠中间的调压阀室投加PAC,可以充分利用管渠的流行混合时间;在水厂混合反应前投加ClO2进行预氧化较为适宜.PAC+ClO2组合技术可作为饮用水水源突发石油类污染的应急处理措施.     

饮用水源亚砷酸盐污染应急处理的中试研究

以我国目前广泛采用的常规净水工艺为基础,开展了水源突发性砷污染的应急处理工艺中试研究。试验结果显示,当原水As(Ⅲ)含量超标3倍时,常规处理工艺对As(Ⅲ)的去除率仅为71.85%,无法将出水中的As(Ⅲ)控制在10μg/L以下,预氧化是必须的。对于长江镇江段的水质而言,当有效氯的投加量满足大于As(Ⅲ)浓度水平1.0～1.5mg/L时,预氯化-强化混凝工艺能够安全、迅速、有效的应对突发性的As(Ⅲ)污染,但在低有效氯投加量时,氨氮浓度以及预氯化点的选择会对处理效果产生影响。对于有机物含量较高的水体而言,需要进一步考察消毒副产物。当KMnO4的投加量满足大于As(Ⅲ)浓度水平0.5mg/L时,KMnO4预氧化-强化混凝工艺亦能够安全、迅速、有效的应对突发性的As(Ⅲ)污染,且其处理效果明显优于预氯化,预氧化点的选择不会对处理效果产生明显影响。建议有条件的水厂优先选用KMnO4作为As(Ⅲ)的氧化剂。     

粉末活性炭去除原水中铊的试验研究

为应对原水突发性铊污染,研究了粉末活性炭吸附法去除原水中不同浓度的铊污染物的效果。结果表明,原水中铊含量为0.15μg/L时,投加30 mg/L的粉末活性炭,出水铊质量浓度低于0.1μg/L;原水中铊含量为0.2μg/L时,投加50 mg/L的粉末活性炭,出水铊质量浓度为0.13μg/L,再投加30 mg/L的粉末活性炭时,出水铊质量浓度低于0.1μg/L。采用粉末活性炭吸附法,可有效应对原水中铊污染物含量不超过0.2μg/L的突发性污染。     

水源水钴污染的应急处理研究

为应对可能出现的钴污染风险,通过混凝搅拌试验,研究了聚合硫酸铁(PFS)应急处理水源水钴污染的最佳条件及最大应对能力。结果表明,混凝剂PFS和助凝剂PAM的最佳投量分别为20、0.5~0.8 mg/L。当处理钴污染浓度分别为5、5~10、11~110 mg/L的原水时,可在混凝前将原水的p H值分别调为9.2、9.6、9.8,经混凝沉淀、砂滤处理后出水钴浓度可以达标(钴1.0 mg/L)。PFS对钴污染的处理能力可达111.95 mg/L,满足应急处理的要求。     

强化混凝对微污染水源水消毒副产物的去除研究

通过对微污染水源水的强化混凝试验,研究不同的聚合氯化铝投加量对消毒副产物三卤甲烷生成势、UV254及TOC的影响。结果表明,增加聚铝投加量时三卤甲烷生成势呈现下降的趋势,当聚铝投加量为2.7mg/L时,三卤甲烷生成势的去除由原水的238.9μg/L降至114.5μg/L,去除率高达52.07%,四次试验的平均去除率达40%;投加不同聚铝量后UV254呈现下降的趋势,当聚铝投加量为2.7mg/L时,UV254由原水的0.070降至0.042,去除率达40%,且四次试验的平均去除率达到32.32%;投加不同聚铝量后TOC呈现下降的趋势,当聚铝投加量为2.7mg/L时,TOC的去除由原水的3.231mg/L降至1.226mg/L,去除率高达62.06%,四次试验的平均去除率达到48.48%。     

次氯酸钠预氧化去除水中硫醚类致嗅物的试验研究

本试验根据水中硫醚类致嗅物的可氧化性,采用次氯酸钠预氧化对水中的三种硫醚进行处理,试验结果表明:在去离子水条件下,在氧化时间为5min的情况下,0.20mg/L的氯投加量对1.80μg/L的甲硫醚和1.0mg/L的氯投加量对100～120μg/L的二甲基二硫醚和二甲基三硫醚的去除率均达到99.0%以上。在原水条件下,在氧化时间为5min时,0.20mg/L的氯投加量对1.80μg/L的甲硫醚和1.0mg/L的氯投加量对100～120μg/L的二甲基二硫醚的去除率可以达到95.0%以上,但是1.0mg/L的氯投加量对100～120μg/L的二甲基三硫醚的去除率却只有79.5%,在氧化时间为30min时,3.0mg/L的氯投加量对119μg/L的二甲基三硫醚的去除率才达到98.0%。     

PAC-PAM复合混凝应急除浊试验研究

本研究以近期台风天降雨时水源水为研究对象,模拟混凝沉淀工艺烧杯试验,改变聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量和水源水p H值因素,进行单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳混凝条件为PAC投加量为6 mg/L,PAM投加量为20μg/L,生产用水p H调为8.5。在上述最佳处理条件下,水源水浊度由48.5NTU经过10分钟的沉淀降为3.4NTU,浊度去除率为92.99%,有效减轻滤池的过滤负荷。     

高锰酸钾强化给水BAF/常规工艺处理效果的研究

通过在BAF前或后投加不同量的高锰酸钾,考察高锰酸钾对给水BAF/常规工艺处理微污染原水的强化效果,并确定最佳投加点和投加量。结果表明:在给水BAF前投加0.8 mg/L的高锰酸钾时处理效果最佳,对NH3-N、CODMn、锰和藻类的总去除率分别达到了99.4%、70.6%、92.5%和95.7%,相应的砂滤出水平均值分别为0.03 mg/L、1.60 mg/L、0.03 mg/L和33.6×104个/L,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)和《饮用净水水质标准》(CJ 94—2005)的要求。     

突发性油污染事故中PAC/SBR联用强化除油研究

通过试验论证利用PAC/SBR联用工艺强化去除油污染的可行性,从而为运用PAC/SBR工艺处理突发性石油污染提供决策参考和科学依据。结果表明,0.2 g/L的PAC投加量能够使SBR工艺有效抵抗浓度为100 mg/L的石油污染冲击;0.5 g/L的PAC投加量可以使SBR工艺有效抵御浓度为200 mg/L的石油污染冲击。     

饮水中不同价态砷的含量随时间的变化

2007年12月分别在内蒙古自治区和山西省砷中毒病区采集砷中毒病人家庭压井水水样33份，采用离子色谱氢化物发生原子荧光法对33份水样在现场即刻测量iAs（Ⅲ）和iAs（Ⅴ）含量，水样于-20℃保存10d后在实验室进行了相应检测；采用配对t检验分析不同时间的测量结果。对2008年7月在内蒙古采集的10份水样逐日测量了冷冻和室温条件下iAs（Ⅲ）和iAs（Ⅴ）含量变化情况。结果表明，iAs（Ⅲ）含量现场即刻和10d后测量结果差别有统计学意义（t=6．291，P〈0．001），10d后测量比现场即刻测量平均降低53．78 μg／L，95％CI为36．36～71．19μg／L；iAs（Ⅴ）现场即刻和10d后测量结果差别有统计学意义（t=-4．327，P〈0．001），10d后的测量结果比现场即刻测量平均增加23．75μg／L，95％CI为9．47～26．31μg/L；总砷现场即刻和10d后测量结果差别无统计学意义（t=0．806，P=0．426）。逐日测量结果表明iAs（Ⅲ）含量逐渐降低，iAs（Ⅴ）含量逐渐升高。水体基质不同及采样、运输和保存样品的过程会造成iAs（m）被氧化为iAs（Ⅴ），导致不能精确测量不同价态砷暴露水平，因此现场即刻测量砷可以更为准确地测量砷价态暴露水平。     

固相微萃取法同时分析源水中54种挥发性有机物

建立了同时测定饮用水源水中54种挥发性有机物的前处理方法———顶空固相微萃取法。用65μm聚二甲基硅氧烷二乙烯基苯(PDMS-DVB)固相微萃取柱顶空萃取水样中的挥发性有机物,萃取物用气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析,采用质谱(MS)检测器的选择离子监测模式(SIM)和内标法进行定量分析。试验优化了顶空固相微萃取条件,如萃取柱涂层、盐度、萃取温度和萃取时间等。采用优化后的条件获得的方法检出限为0.01～0.37μg/L,在所测浓度范围内校准曲线的相关系数良好(除三氯甲烷和四氯化碳外均大于0.991),对0.60μg/L标准水样测得结果的RSD均小于15%;实际饮用水源水样加标回收率均值和RSD分别为73.1%～130%和1.4%～19%(n=6)。该方法适用于饮用水源水中挥发性有机物的监测分析。     

Effect of medium-pressure UV irradiation on bromate concentrations in drinking water, a pilot-scale study

This study investigated the potential for bromate removal from drinking water on irradiation with medium-pressure UV lamps-a technique gaining considerable interest for drinking water disinfection. Waters from two different sources were spiked with 20microg/L of bromate and irradiated with UV fluences up to 718mJ/cm(2) utilizing a pilot-scale reactor (Calgon Carbon Corp.) at a flow of 76L/min (20 gallon/min). Essentially no removal was observed in one of the source waters. Limited bromate removal, up to 19%, was observed in the second source water at high UV fluences (696mJ/cm(2)) and a fluence-response relationship was clearly evident. All removals would be negligible at UV fluences anticipated for drinking water disinfection (< or =40mJ/cm(2)). Different water characteristics, in particular competitive absorption by nitrate and possibly DOC, were most likely responsible for the differences in bromate removal in the waters tested. The source water that did not show any removal had a higher nitrate concentration (4 vs. 0.1mg N/L) and also a higher DOC concentration (4.1 vs. 3.1mg C/L) than the other source water which showed 19% bromate removal.     

活性MgO、La(OH)_3的表征及去除水中F~-的吸附性能研究

实验采用活性MgO和La(OH)3为吸附剂,对其去除水中氟离子的性能进行了研究.采用BET、XRD、TEM、SEM、FTIR等现代化手段对活性MgO和La(OH)3进行表征.探讨了pH、吸附时间、初始浓度、吸附剂投加量以及共存离子等因素对这两种吸附剂吸附性能的影响.影响因素的研究表明,活性MgO吸附剂最适宜的吸附条件为pH=6~7,温度20~25℃,吸附剂投加量约为1g/L;La(OH)3的最适宜条件为pH=4,温度20~25℃,吸附剂投加量约为1g/L.活性MgO的吸附容量约为55mg/g,La(OH)3的吸附容量约为7.2mg/g.     

Health risk associated with dietary co-exposure to high levels of antimony and arsenic in the world's largest antimony mine area

Like arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) is known to be a genotoxic element in vitro and in vivo. Sb is now recognized as a global contaminant and has aroused the global concerns recently. However, knowledge is scarce concerning the transfer of Sb from the environment to humans and the related hazards to human health. In this pilot study, the health risk and main pathway of long-term human exposure to Sb and As for residents around Chinese Xikuangshan (XKS) Sb mine, the world's largest Sb mine, were evaluated by dietary exposure and hair accumulations survey. The concentrations and species of Sb and As in food samples (n = 209) from three main categories and six subcategories, and in hair samples (n = 89) were determined. Residents in the vicinity of XKS had an estimated dietary intake of Sb (554 μg/day) which was 1.5 times higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) (Sb, 360 μg/day), whereas their dietary intake of inorganic As (107 μg/day) was slightly lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 15 μg/kg BW/week (equal to 129 μg As/day). Hair Sb and As concentrations (Sb, 15.7 mg/kg, DW; As, 3.99 mg/kg, DW) in XKS residents are both above the normal/toxic level. Rice, vegetables (especially leafy vegetable), drinking water, and meat/poultry were the dominant dietary intake sources of Sb for the residents. In contrast, rice was the uniquely dominant dietary intake source of As. Antimonate (Sb(V)) was the dominant Sb species in vegetables, drinking water and residents' hairs. This study highlighted the difference of exposure characteristics between Sb and As. The preliminary results suggested that dietary exposures to Sb, rather than As, was the dominant health risk to local residents. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of As levels on the health of residents still can not be ignored since the elevated As concentrations in human hair have reached the critical level for health risks. In addition, this pilot study did not consider the possible Sb and As combined effects.     

高压消解/流动注射光度法同时测定水中总氮与总磷

采用流动注射分析仪测定水中的总氮与总磷,结果显示,总氮在0.00～10.0 mg/L、总磷在0.00～1.00 mg/L的范围内,均可以获得良好的线性方程,相对误差<5%,相对标准差为1%～3%,方法的最低检出限分别为2.27μg/L和2.11μg/L,低于国标方法检出限,总氮的回收率为97.2%～108%,总磷的回收率为100%～106%,该方法适用于同时自动检测水中总氮与总磷的含量.     

Chemical assessment of Sambhar Soda Lake,a Ramsar site in India

The Sambhar Soda Lake situated in Rajasthan, is the largest inland salt lake. The chemical assessment of this lake water is studied with respect to its abiotic characters. Monsoon and winter water sample analyses revealed that the lake water is hypersaline and highly alkaline in nature. The average maximum pH is 9.5 and salinity 30%, which is one of the unique features of this lake. As compared to monsoon water sample the winter sample contains remarkable concentration of various ions like sodium (9930 mg/L), chloride (7356 mg/L), bicarbonates (6080 mg/L), sulfate (9152 mg/L). Various metals were recorded from this sample analysis. The considerable amount of lead (1359 μg/L), cadmium (1416 μg/L), copper (2099 μg/L), and cobalt (2453 μg/L) metals were found from winter 2010 sample. As compare of to other saline lake and sea water the Sambhar Lake water chemistry is different, and require continuous monitoring.     

PDM复配PAC用于冬季低温低浊长江水降浊研究

该文报道了用有机阳离子高分子聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDM）与聚合氯化铝（PAC）现场复配用于冬季低温低浊长江水的脱浊处理研究过程。通过混凝烧杯实验,考察了药剂投加量及PAC与PDM的复配配比对低温低浊长江水脱浊效果的影响。结果表明,对温度为8℃左右,浊度在50NTU以下的长江水,在与南京某水厂相近的混凝搅拌条件下,达到南京某水厂6NTU沉淀出水浊度标准时,PAC需1．28mg／L的投加量,而PDM特征粘度分别为0．48、1．46、2．56dL／g的复配药剂随PAC／PDM复配比例50：1,20：1,10：1的变化分别需1．15～1．00mg／L,1．24～1．14mg／L,1．20～1．10mg／L的投加量,相对于PAC单独处理分别能减少10．15％～21．87％、12．68％～19．72％、11．76％～19．12％。因此,PDM助凝效果明显,同时PAC与PDM的复配配比越低,复配混凝剂混凝脱浊效果越好,PDM特征粘度对复配混凝剂用于冬季长江水的处理的影响不大,但可使絮团明显增大,提高沉淀性能。采用PDM复配混凝剂处理低温低浊长江水,能提高出水水质,减少无机铝盐加量,增强了供水安全性,在长江流域冬季实际生产中具有较强的实用性。     

粉末活性炭对甲基对硫磷和对硫磷的去除研究

通过对粉末活性炭吸附特性的研究,探讨了活性炭工艺去除饮用水中甲基对硫磷和对硫磷有机磷农药的可行性。用Freundlich公式拟合吸附等温线的数据,并用来估算活性炭的吸附容量和最大投加量。试验结果表明,向甲基对硫磷、对硫磷浓度分别为0.22,0.06mg/L的配水中投加10mg/L粉末活性炭,吸附时间20min时两者的去除率为93.66%～98.11%。针对南方某水厂原水,试验所确定的活性炭最佳投加量为1.5～2.0mg/L。试验证明投加粉末活性炭是去除饮用水中甲基对硫磷和对硫磷的有效方法。     

生物除铁除锰滤池对As（V）的去除效果研究

采用人工配水模拟天然水体,考察了生物除铁除锰滤池对As（V）的去除性能。结果表明,当原水As（V）含量不高于200wg／L时,生物除铁除锰滤池对铁、锰的去除效果不受砷的影响,且As（V）去除率可达到95％以上,出水铁、锰及砷含量均满足标准限值要求;生物除铁除锰滤池对As（V）的去除主要发生在深度为0～660mm的滤层内;滤柱在反冲洗后,短时期内会出现砷、铁含量超标现象。