前列腺特异性抗原体外诱导结肠癌特异性CTLs

目的检测前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)在结肠癌中的表达水平,探讨PSA作为结肠癌主动免疫治疗新靶点的可能性。方法用RT-PCR方法检测结肠癌细胞系中PSAmRNA的表达水平;免疫组织化学方法检测结肠癌细胞中PSA蛋白的表达水平。利用PAP表位肽对结肠癌患者的PBMCs进行体外诱导,ELISA法检测PSA特异性IFN-γ分泌水平;51Cr释放法检测PSA多肽特异性CTLs对结肠癌细胞的细胞毒性。结果4种结肠癌细胞(colo201,colo205,SW480和SW620)表达PSA mRNA和PSA蛋白。HLA-A+24结肠癌患者的PBMCs经体外诱导产生的CTLs可特异性杀伤HLA-A24+/PSA+的结肠癌细胞,CTLs的细胞毒活性依赖于CD8+的T淋巴细胞。结论结肠癌患者的外周血中存在PSA特异性CTLs前体细胞,PSA有可能成为结肠癌特异性免疫治疗的靶点。     

RNA干扰P115基因对胃癌细胞巨噬细胞移动抑制因子表达的抑制作用

目的构建高尔基体转运蛋白P115基因shRNA表达载体,探讨P115基因沉默对胃癌细胞株BGC-823中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(Macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)表达的影响。方法设计4对针对P115基因的shRNA序列,构建重组表达质粒,转染高表达P115的胃癌细胞株BGC-823。RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫细胞化学检测P115及MIF的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果 4个P115基因shRNA质粒经单酶切和测序证实构建正确;转染BGC-823细胞后,均能抑制P115基因的表达,其中以pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shP115-2的沉默效果最好,其对P115基因mRNA表达的抑制率为75.07%,对P115蛋白表达的抑制率为70.97%;转染pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shP115-2后,MIF基因的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 P115基因沉默后,BGC-823细胞MIF的表达明显降低,提示P115可能参与调节胃癌细胞MIF的表达,P115基因可作为研究胃癌发生发展分子机理的新靶点。     

shRNA沉默P115基因对胃癌细胞增殖相关蛋白表达的影响及机制

目的探讨高尔基体囊泡转运蛋白(colgi-vesicular transport protein,P115)基因沉默对胃癌细胞株BGC-823中增殖相关因子细胞周期素D1(cyclinD1)、微小染色体维持缺陷蛋白2(mini chromosome maintenance protein 2,Mcm2)和增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen,PCNA)表达的影响及其可能的机制。方法采用脂质体介导法将重组表达质粒P115-shRNA2(P115-shRNA2组)和阴性对照质粒shNC(阴性对照组)转染至高表达P115的胃癌细胞株BGC-823中,并设未转染组,经G418筛选出稳定转染细胞,实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)法检测细胞中P115、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)、cyclinD1、Mcm2和PCNA基因mRNA的转录水平;Western blot法检测细胞中P115、MIF、pERK1/2、cyclinD1、Mcm2和PCNA蛋白表达水平;免疫共沉淀法检测BGC-823细胞中P115与MIF间的相互作用;ELISA法检测细胞上清液中MIF的分泌水平。结果与未转染组和阴性对照组相比,P115-shRNA2组细胞中P115、MIF、cyclinD1、Mcm2和PCNA的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低,ERK1/2的磷酸化水平明显下调,BGC-823细胞培养上清中MIF的含量明显降低;P115蛋白可在抗MIF的免疫沉淀物中检出,P115和MIF在BGC-823细胞中存在特异性的相互作用。结论 P115基因沉默下调胃癌细胞中cyclinD1、Mcm2和PCNA的表达,其分子机制可能与P115通过调控MIF的表达和分泌,进而启动下游的ERK1/2信号通路有关。P115可作为研究胃癌细胞增殖分子机制的新靶点。     

基于芯片数据库荟萃分析及免疫组化检测Ferroportin1在不同肿瘤中表达的研究

目的阐明Ferroportin1(FPN1)mRNA及蛋白在人胃癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、肺癌及肝癌等多种肿瘤组织与癌旁组织中的表达分布情况,为肿瘤的诊断和治疗寻找新的靶点。方法利用Oncomine数据库,对多种肿瘤组织及正常组织中FPN1 mRNA的表达情况进行挖掘及荟萃分析。同时,采用免疫组织化学方法,研究FPN1蛋白在人类胃癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、肺癌及肝癌肿瘤组织和癌旁组织中的表达。结果结果发现,经数据挖掘FPN1 mRNA在神经系统肿瘤、食管癌、畸胎瘤中表达上调;在白血病、肺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌中表达下调。FPN1蛋白在结肠及肝脏组织中表达相对较高(中度阳性),在被检测的五种肿瘤标本中,其表达均有不同程度降低,却仅在乳腺癌及肝癌中存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论免疫组化证实FPN1蛋白表达在乳腺癌及肝癌组织中显著降低,而芯片数据却未发现其mRNA表达的相同趋势,这可能提示转录后调节在FPN1的表达调节中发挥更为主要的作用,且其有望作为乳腺癌及肝癌的诊断及治疗新靶点。     

EB病毒感染胃癌细胞中MAPK通路蛋白表达的变化

目的探讨EB病毒感染胃癌细胞后,细胞中MAPK通路蛋白表达的变化。方法将EB病毒作用于胃癌细胞0、24和48 h,采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖情况,Western blot法检测细胞中MAPK通路蛋白ERK1/2、JNK、p38、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)、磷酸化p38(p-p38)表达的变化。结果随着EB病毒作用时间的延长,胃癌细胞的生长率及p-ERK1/2的表达量均逐渐升高(P0.05)。结论 EB病毒作用于胃癌细胞过程中,通过ERK1/2途径促进胃癌细胞增殖。     

运用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测人正常组织及肿瘤组织中BRDT表达

目的探讨BRDT基因在正常组织及癌组织中的分布及其作为肿瘤治疗靶分子的可能性。方法运用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析BRDT在人正常组织及癌组织中的表达,使用18S rRNA作为内对照。结果在所检测的正常组织中该蛋白的mRNA只存在于睾丸组织中,而在其它组织不表达;在检测的10例胃腺癌组织标本中,有6例mRNA的微弱表达;在检测的10例食管鳞状细胞癌组织标本中,有3例mRNA的微弱表达;在检测的12例子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织标本中均未有表达;在检测9例子宫内膜腺癌组织标本中,有2例微弱表达;在检测12例脑癌组织标本中,只有1例微弱表达。结论BRDT不可能作为子宫颈鳞状细胞癌、脑癌、子宫内膜腺癌及食管鳞状细胞癌治疗的潜在分子靶点,是否能够做胃腺癌的靶点还需进一步探讨。     

用于肉毒毒素活性测定的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白的制备

目的制备含有7种血清型肉毒毒素切割位点(SNAP25-VAMP)的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白,在E.coli中诱导表达,纯化后用于肉毒毒素活性测定。方法根据SNARE蛋白复合物中SNAPE25和VAMP基因序列及各血清型肉毒毒素(Bo NTs)的切割位点,设计合成含有SNAREs中突触小体(SNAP25)和突触小泡膜蛋白(VAMP)的Bam HⅠ-HIS6-SNAP62-Eco RⅠ-VAMP57C-TAA-HindⅢ(以下简称为SV)基因,连接至p ET-28a-GFP载体上,构建重组质粒p ET-28a-GFP-SV,转化感受态E.coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达后,经DEAE阴离子交换层析、Cu2+金属螯合层析、Q阴离子交换层析3步纯化,BCA法测定纯化产物的蛋白浓度,ELISA法检测B型肉毒毒素轻链蛋白(Bo NT/BL)活性。结果构建的质粒p ET-28a-GFP-SV经双酶切及测序鉴定证明构建正确,表达的GFP-SV融合蛋白相对分子量约40 000,主要以可溶形式存在,蛋白浓度为18.4μg/μl,纯度可达70%以上。利用该融合蛋白的荧光强弱变化可测定Bo NT/BL活性大小,同时也可测定其抗体中和活性大小。结论制备的含有SV的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白在E.coli中获得了高效表达,为后续各型肉毒毒素活性检测及抗体中和毒素活性检测奠定了基础。     

抗肝癌hdsFv-hEDN重组免疫毒素的表达及生物学活性

目的制备对人肝癌细胞具有特异性杀伤活性的抗肝癌重组免疫毒素。方法利用大肠杆菌系统表达抗肝癌hdsFvhEDN基因重组免疫毒素。表达产物经NiNTA亲和层析纯化后,进行特异性杀伤活性检测。结果抗肝癌hdsFvhEDN重组免疫毒素以可溶性形式表达于大肠杆菌培养上清中,并获得有效纯化。ELISA法检测证实其具有与相应抗原特异性结合的活性。细胞毒试验表明对肝癌细胞具有杀伤作用,而对正常肝细胞无损伤。结论已成功地制备了具有特异性结合和杀伤活性的抗肝癌hdsFvhEDN基因重组免疫毒素,为其进一步应用奠定基础。     

抑癌基因WWOX对Lewis肺癌细胞c-jun蛋白表达及其转录活性的影响

目的研究抑癌基因WWOX对Lewis肺癌细胞c-jun蛋白表达及其转录活性的影响,探讨WWOX基因的抑癌机制。方法采用脂质体转染法将WWOX基因重组真核表达质粒转染Lewis肺癌细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot法检测WWOX基因mRNA的转录水平和蛋白的表达水平;免疫组化法检测WWOX基因转染后Lewis细胞中c-jun蛋白的表达水平;半定量RT-PCR法检测c-jun调控的4种肿瘤相关基因p21、cyclinD1、FasL及VEGF mRNA的转录水平。结果重组真核表达质粒pcDNA4.0/Myc-His-WWOX转染Lewis细胞后,WWOX基因在mRNA和蛋白水平上均得到表达;与未转染细胞和空载体转染细胞相比,WWOX基因转染细胞胞浆中c-jun蛋白的表达量升高,而细胞核中c-jun蛋白的表达量未见明显差异;p21基因mRNA的转录水平升高,cyclinD1、FasL和VEGF基因mRNA的转录水平降低。结论WWOX基因可在Lewis细胞中表达,其转染Lewis肺癌细胞后,不直接调控c-jun蛋白的表达量,但可影响其转录活性。     

A群链球菌四价重组蛋白的表达、纯化及其免疫原性

目的原核表达并纯化A群链球菌M1、3、6、18型四价重组蛋白,并检测其免疫原性。方法以克隆质粒pUC18-Strep4为模板,PCR法扩增四价重组蛋白基因,克隆至表达载体pQE30中,构建重组表达质粒,转化E.coilM15,筛选阳性克隆,IPTG诱导表达。采用Ni2+-NTA凝胶亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。以该蛋白免疫家兔,ELISA法检测血清抗体滴度;间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测A群链球菌型特异性抗体;体外杀菌试验检测杀菌抗体活性。结果四价重组蛋白表达质粒pQE30-Strep4经双酶切和测序,证明构建正确。重组蛋白相对分子质量与预期相符,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的30%,为可溶性表达。纯化后蛋白纯度可达90%以上,并可诱导家兔产生高滴度的M1、3、6型特异性杀菌抗体。结论已成功表达了A群链球菌四价重组蛋白,纯化后的蛋白可诱导家兔产生针对A群链球菌M1、3、6三个血清型菌株的特异性杀菌抗体。     

实时荧光定量PCR方法检测人癌组织中RFP蛋白的表达

目的检测RFP(Ret finger protein)蛋白在人正常组织及人癌组织中的分布。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,以18 S rRNA为内对照,检测RFP在人正常组织及人癌组织中的表达水平。结果RFP表达水平子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织高于正常子宫颈组织,子宫内膜腺癌组织高于正常子宫内膜组织,胃腺癌组织高于正常胃组织,食管鳞状细胞癌组织高于正常食管组织,而子宫内膜腺癌组织高于子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织,胃腺癌组织高于食管鳞状细胞癌组织,脑癌组织高于正常脑组织。结论RFP可能成为治疗恶性肿瘤的一个潜在的分子靶点。     

Anti-Tumor Effects of Mfn2 in Gastric Cancer

Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in mitochondrial fusion. Its mutation can cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Recent studies of Mfn2 in cancer research have not included gastric cancer. We confirmed that Mfn2 expression was lower in tumor tissue than in normal gastric mucosal tissue and that it was negatively correlated with tumor size, indicating an anti-tumor role for Mfn2. In vitro experiments showed that Mfn2 overexpression suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation, weakened the invasion and migratory ability of cancer cells by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, halted the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Western blotting indicated the likely involvement of P21 and PI3K/Akt signaling. Therefore, Mfn2 is a potential anti-tumor gene and a potential therapeutic target for treating gastric cancer. The progress of gastric cancer may be delayed by controlling Mfn2 expression.     

The Tumor Suppressor Roles of miR-433 and miR-127 in Gastric Cancer

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) provides a new and powerful tool for studying the mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. Currently, the methylation epigenetic silencing of miRNAs with tumor suppressor features by CpG island hypermethylation is emerging as a common hallmark of different tumors. Here we showed that miR-433 and miR-127 were significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer (GC) tissues compared with the adjacent normal regions in 86 paired samples. Moreover, the lower level of miR-433 and miR-127 was associated with pM or pTNM stage in clinical gastric cancer patients. The restored expression of miR-433 and miR-127 in GC cells upon 5-Aza-CdR and TSA treatment suggested the loss of miR-433 and miR-127 was at least partly regulated by epigenetic modification in GC. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of miR-433 and miR-127 in gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 inhibits cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration and invasion by directly interacting with the mRNA encoding oncogenic factors KRAS and MAPK4 respectively. Taken together, our results showed that miR-433 and miR-127 might act as tumor suppressors in GC, and it may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for human GC clinical operation in the near future.     

Proinflammatory Interleukin-33 Induces Dichotomic Effects on Cell Proliferation in Normal Gastric Epithelium and Gastric Cancer

Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines linked to the development of inflammatory conditions and cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. This study is designed to investigate whether IL-33 has a direct effect on human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1), the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS), and the gastric carcinoma cell line (NCI-N87) by assessing its role in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Cell cycle regulation was also determined in ex vivo gastric cancer samples obtained during endoscopy and surgical procedures. Cell lines and tissue samples underwent stimulation with rhIL-33. Proliferation was assessed by XTT and CFSE assays, migration by wound healing assay, and apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activity assay and annexin V assay. Cell cycle was analyzed by means of propidium iodine assay, and gene expression regulation was assessed by RT-PCR profiling. We found that IL-33 has an antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on cancer cell lines, and it can stimulate proliferation and reduce apoptosis in normal epithelial cell lines. These effects were also confirmed by the analysis of cell cycle gene expression, which showed a reduced expression of pro-proliferative genes in cancer cells, particularly in genes involved in G0/G1 and G2/M checkpoints. These results were confirmed by gene expression analysis on bioptic and surgical specimens. The aforementioned results indicate that IL-33 may be involved in cell proliferation in an environment- and cell-type-dependent manner.     

Entrectinib Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer with NTRK Overexpression

Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK class VII) expression are important in many human diseases, especially cancers, including colorectal, lung, and gastric cancer. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we evaluated the mRNA expression and mutation profiles of gastric cancer patients with neurotropic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) 1-3 overexpression (defined as a ≥2.0-fold change). Furthermore, we screened eight TRK inhibitors in NCI-N87, SNU16, MKN28, MKN7, and AGS cells. Among these inhibitors, entrectinib showed the highest inhibitory activity; therefore, this drug was selected for analysis of its therapeutic mechanisms in gastric cancer. Entrectinib treatment induced apoptosis in NTRK1-3-expressing and VEGFR2-expressing NCI-N87 and AGS cells, but it had no effect on NTRK1-3-, VEGFR2-, TGFBR1-, and CD274-expressing MKN7 cells. SNU16 and MKN28 cells with low NTRK1-3 expression were not affected by entrectinib. Therefore, a mechanistic study was conducted in NCI-N87 (high expression of NTRK1-3 but mutation of NTRK3), AGS (high expression of NTRK1-3) and MKN28 (low expression of NTRK1-3) gastric cancer cell lines. Entrectinib treatment significantly reduced expression levels of phosphorylated NFκB, AKT, ERK, and β-catenin in NCI-N87 and AGS cells, whereas it upregulated the expression levels of ECAD in NCI-N87 cells. Together, these results suggest that entrectinib has anti-cancer activity not only in GC cells overexpressing pan NTRK but also in VEGFR2 GC cells via the inhibition of the pan NTRK and VEGFR signaling pathways.     

CD26 Induces Colorectal Cancer Angiogenesis and Metastasis through CAV1/MMP1 Signaling

CD26 has been reported as a marker for colorectal cancer stem cells endowed with tumor-initiating properties and capable of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of CD26 on CRC angiogenesis and metastasis, and the potential underlying mechanism. The functional effects of CD26 overexpression or repression were determined by a wound healing experiment, and cell migration and invasion assays in vitro and in mouse models. Differentially expressed genes regulated by CD26 were identified by genome-wide mRNA expression array and validated by quantitative PCR. CD26 functionally regulated CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro and angiogenesis and metastasis in vivo. Genome-wide mRNA expression array and qPCR showed that MMP1 was up-regulated in CD26+ subpopulation, and a subsequent experiment demonstrated the regulatory effect of CD26 on MMP1 in CRC cell lines with CD26 repression or overexpression. Furthermore, overexpression of CAV1 abrogated the CD26-regulated MMP1 induction in CRC cell lines. This study demonstrated the functional roles of CD26 in inducing CRC migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis and identified the potential involvement of MMP1 and CAV1 in such process. CD26 is an attractive therapeutic target for combating tumor progression to improve the prognosis of CRC patients.