Coexistence of OFDM‐Based IMT‐Advanced and FM Broadcasting Systems

Coexistence analysis is extremely important in examining the possibility for spectrum sharing between orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based international mobile telecommunications (IMT)‐Advanced and other wireless services. In this letter, a new closed form method is derived based on power spectral density analysis in order to analyze the coexistence of OFDM‐based IMT‐Advanced systems and broadcasting frequency modulation (FM) systems. The proposed method evaluates more exact interference power of IMT‐Advanced systems in FM broadcasting systems than the advanced minimum coupling loss (A‐MCL) method. Numerical results show that the interference power is 1.3 dB and 3 dB less than that obtained using the A‐MCL method at cochannel and adjacent channel, respectively. This reduces the minimum separation distance between the two systems, which eventually saves spectrum resources.     

Space-Time Optimum Combining for CDMA Overlay for Personal Communications Systems

The requirement to suppress narrowband interferences in CDMA communication stems from the overlay concept, i.e., coexistence of different types of signals in the same frequency band. This paper describes the performance analysis of a direct-sequence (DS) CDMA personal communication system sharing a common spectrum with narrowband microwave radio links in the 1.85 to 1.99 GHz band. The coexistence of these two systems within the same frequency band will improve the overall spectrum efficiency, but will also cause interference to both systems. In this paper it is shown that joint spatial and temporal optimum combining provides an efficient means of improving the performance of the DS-CDMA system through cancellation of the narrowband signal and the co-channel interferences. The proposed space-time architecture provides degrees of freedom for both diversity and interference cancellation. It is shown that the joint space-time receiver is robust with respect to the narrowband interference signal bandwidth and its carrier frequency offset from the DS-CDMA carrier frequency.     

A multi‐access method for BPL based on orthogonal pulse division multiplexing,barker‐code‐based spectrum spreading and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

A highly efficient multi‐access scheme of broadband power line (BPL) communication, named as OFDM‐BPS‐OPDMA, is proposed based on the Orthogonal Pulse Division Multiplexing Access (OPDMA), Barker‐code‐based Spectrum Spreading (BSS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method. The orthogonal pulses are generated by using the eigenvectors of Hermitian matrix. At the same time, a specific pulse will be allocated to every user of the communication system. The transmitting data are first modulated by OFDM. Then, it is processed with OPDMA and BSS. Finally, the data is sent to the power line channel. On the receiving side, the data is processed with BSS demodulation, OPDMA demodulation and OFDM demodulation, and the receiving data for each user is acquired. Because of the orthogonality between these pulses, the multi‐user interference could be eliminated; when BSS is used, the waveform restoration is enhanced. Meanwhile, with the help of OFDM, the multi‐path interference is mitigated. Particularly, all users can share the resources of time and spectrum without interfering with others, and get excellent reliability in the concerned scheme. When OFDM is used, the sub‐carriers may be allocated dynamically, and the legal radio frequency band could be shunned by sharing the common bandwidth with other communication systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Diversity Enhanced-Particle Filter based Multiple Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Using Hadamard Matching in CA-OFDM Based LTE-A System

Carrier aggregation (CA) is a promising bandwidth extension technique which in turn increases the data rate. A scalable and flexible Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) can be considered as a key element in 5G wireless communications. The combination of CA and OFDM is a prominent factor in LTE-A system followed by strict synchronicity. So, carrier frequency offset (CFO) is an important parameter to be considered and corrected. In carrier-aggregated OFDM (CA-OFDM) systems, multiple carrier frequency offsets (MCFOs) are a non linear synchronization error that induces inter carrier interference (ICI) to the system. To solve this problem, our self proposed Diversity Enhanced Particle Filter (DE-PF) with a novel resampling algorithm is used in downlink CA-OFDM receiver structure with Hadamard sequence based prominent matching algorithm to match the estimated MCFO to its corresponding Component Carrier (CC). Simulations prove that with DE-PF algorithm and proposed Hadamard matching algorithm improves MCFO estimation accuracy to a greater extent than the existing linear and non linear algorithms.     

Coexistence Model for Compatibility Between IMT-Advanced and Other Wireless Communication Services

This paper focuses on spectrum sharing between International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced (IMT-A) and other wireless communication services. An enhancement to a current coexistence model that has been widely used in the studies on spectrum sharing is achieved. This model can be used in the study on any preliminary spectrum sharing between a newly introduced wireless communication system when less information of it is available and the existing systems. However, the current coexistence model has three limitations. (i) This model considers only the transmitter as the interference source and does not consider the receiver blocking as a second source of interference. This can lead to inaccurate results. (ii) This model utilizes the minimum coupling loss, which considers only a single victim and a single transmitter. This will result in a very large separation distance as it reflects the worst-case scenario. (iii) Finally, this model in turn uses the free-space propagation model to represent the path loss, which is applicable only to idealized cases. By considering the abovementioned limitations, our study proposes an enchantment to the current model to achieve feasible results and thus increase the spectrum usage. For a co-channel sharing scenario, the separation distance achieved by the current model is 80,000 km, whereas that achieved by the enhanced model is 240 km. Similarly, the adjacent channel distance achieved by the current model is 3.5 km for a 12-MHz frequency separation, whereas both the systems can coexist in the mentioned frequency separation. This shows that the enhanced model will eventually obtain more realistic results and achieve practical findings for more reliable compatibility results between the IMT-A or any newly introduced communication system and other wireless communication services.     

LMDS宽带无线接入技术

本地多点分配业务（LMDS）是解决通信网接入问题的有效技术,国际电联规划的LMDS可用频带比DBS、MMDS的要宽得多。LMDS系统包括基站系统、用户端设备和网络管理系统,可以提供多种业务。目前LMDS的商用系统已经正式投入运营,我国也已在广州等城市开展了LMDS的测试工作。     

Robust channel estimation and ISI cancellation for OFDM systems with suppressed features

A feature-suppressed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the corresponding channel estimation and intersymbol interference (ISI) mitigation techniques are investigated in this paper. Cyclic prefix (CP) and pilot tones, which are commonly used in civilian OFDM systems for ISI mitigation and channel estimation, create distinctive waveform features that can be easily used for synchronization and channel estimation purposes by intercepting receivers. As a result, CP and pilot tones are eliminated in the proposed feature suppressed OFDM system to reduce the interception probability. Instead, a set of specially designed OFDM symbols, driven by different pseudorandom sequences, are employed as preambles to avoid unique spectral signature. These preambles are inserted into the OFDM data symbol stream periodically and in a round-robin manner. In addition, a random frequency offset is introduced to each preamble to further mask the multicarrier signature. New challenges arising from these feature suppression efforts are studied, including robust channel estimation and demodulation techniques in the presence of frequency offset and severe interference. Based on our interference analysis, an iterative ISI and intercarrier interference (ICI) estimation-cancellation-based technique is proposed for both channel estimation and OFDM data demodulation. Our channel estimator performs joint frequency offset and channel impulse response estimation based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) principle. To reduce its complexity, we employ a number of techniques, which include approximation of the ML metrics, as well as fast Fourier transform pruning. The performances and feasibility of the proposed feature suppressed OFDM system and the channel estimator are analyzed and verified through numerical simulations.     

Application of ANFIS Power Control for Downlink CDMA‐Based LMDS Systems

Rain attenuation and intercell interference are two crucial factors in the performance of broadband wireless access networks such as local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) operating at frequencies above 20 GHz. Power control can enhance the performance of downlink CDMA‐based LMDS systems by reducing intercell interference under clear sky conditions; however, it may damage system performance under rainy conditions. To ensure robust operation under both clear sky and rainy conditions, we propose a novel power‐control scheme which applies an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for downlink CDMA‐based LMDS systems. In the proposed system, the rain rate and the number of users are two inputs of the fuzzy inference system, and output is defined as channel quality, which is applied in the power control scheme to adjust the power control region. Moreover, ITU‐R P.530 is employed to estimate the rain attenuation. The influence of the rain rate and the number of users on the distance‐based power control (DBPC) scheme is included in the simulation model as the training database. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme improves the throughput of the DBPC scheme.     

Performance of DS‐UWB in MB‐OFDM and multi‐user interference over Nakagami‐m fading channels

The mutual interference between the two ultra wideband (UWB) technologies, which use the same frequency spectrum, will be a matter of concern in the near future. In this context, we present a performance analysis of direct‐sequence (DS) UWB communication in the presence of multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB‐OFDM) UWB interfering transmissions. The channel fading is modeled according to Nakagami‐m distribution, and multi‐user interference is taken into account. The DS‐UWB system performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER). Specifically, using the characteristic function approach, an analytical expression for the average BER is derived conditioned on the channel impulse response. Numerical and simulation results are provided and compared for different coexistence scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross-layer-based adaptive TCP algorithm for cloud computing services in 4G LTE-A relaying communication

Cloud computing provides various diverse services for users accessing big data through high data rate cellular networks, e.g., LTE-A, IEEE 802.11ac, etc. Although LTE-A supports very high data rate, multi-hop relaying, and cooperative transmission, LTE-A suffers from high interference, path loss, high mobility, etc. Additionally, the accesses of cloud computing services need the transport layer protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP, and streaming) for achieving end-to-end transmissions. Clearly, the transmission QoS is significantly degraded when the big data transmissions are done through the TCP protocol over a high interference LTE-A environment. The issue of providing high data rate and high reliability transmissions in cloud computing needs to be addressed completely. Thus, this paper proposes a cross-layer-based adaptive TCP algorithm to gather the LTE-A network states (e.g., AMC, CQI, relay link state, available bandwidth, etc.), and then feeds the state information back to the TCP sender for accurately executing the network congestion control of TCP. As a result, by using the accurate TCP congestion window (cwnd) under a high interference LTE-A, the number of timeouts and packet losses are significantly decreased. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the compared approaches in goodput and fairness, especially in high interference environment. Especially, the goodput of the proposed approach is 139.42 % higher than that of NewReno when the wireless loss increases up to 4 %. Furthermore, the throughput and the response functions are mathematically analyzed. The analysis results can justify the claims of the proposed approach.     

LTE-A关键技术及标准化进展分析

LTE-A是LTE技术的平滑演进,引入了多载波聚合、中继、协作多点传输等关键技术。其中,多载波聚合是在频域上进行扩展,以满足LTE-A对高带宽的需求;中继技术能带来更广的覆盖范围和更高的系统容量,同时也面临干扰复杂化问题;协作多点传输技术能提高小区边缘的吞吐量;多天线技术通过增加上下行天线端口的数量,来提高峰值速率和频谱效率。     

An EM-based frequency offset estimator for OFDM systems with unknown interference

We consider an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system and address the problem of carrier frequency estimation in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI) with unknown power. This scenario is encountered in emerging spectrum sharing systems, where coexistence of different wireless services over the same frequency band may result into a remarkable co-channel interference, and also in digital subscriber line transmissions as a consequence of the cross-talk phenomenon. A possible solution for frequency recovery in OFDM systems plagued by NBI has recently been derived using the maximum-likelihood criterion. Such scheme exhibits good accuracy, but involves a computationally demanding grid-search over the uncertainty frequency range. In the present work, we derive an alternative method that provides frequency estimates in closed-form by resorting to the expectation-maximization algorithm. This makes it possible to achieve some computational saving while maintaining a remarkable robustness against NBI.     

Pairwise subcarriers weighting for suppressing out‐of‐band radiation of OFDM

This paper proposes a subcarrier weighting technique to suppress the out‐of‐band radiation of OFDM signals. By mapping and weighting the same data on an adjacent pair of subcarriers, the spectrum sidelobes are suppressed perfectly through sidelobes mutual cancellation. The optimum weighting factor is derived based on a rectangular pulse‐shaped OFDM spectrum model. Compared with existing out‐of‐band suppression schemes, the proposed scheme not only requires less computational burden but also achieves better spectral roll‐off. For example, when the cyclic prefix of a one‐eighth OFDM‐block length is added, the proposed scheme suppresses the 10‐dB radiation at the center frequency between two subbands which are using cognitive radio. Analytical and simulation results also show that the proposed scheme improves the system carrier‐to‐interference ratio by 10 dB at a normalized frequency offset above 0.1, which leads to the performance improvement in terms of the BER on AWGN channel and multipath fading channel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐layer LMDS system architecture: DAVIC‐based approach and analysis

Despite the growing interest for LMDS systems there have been only a few commercial implementations until now especially outside of the U.S.A. The use of hierarchical structure through two‐layer networking has been even rarer. In many cases LMDS systems have strong advantages against their competitors to cover the last mile. In this article, we review and analyze the standards currently available and describe the European two‐layer trial system developed in 1996–2000. We show why further development towards IP based LMDS is useful in the future. Most of our recommendations are based on results derived from the European Union supported research project CABSINET. It had the aim of demonstrating the viability of a 40 GHz cellular digital television system with a return channel to offer interactive services. Two systems were tested: a line of sight link using QPSK, and a non‐line of sight with COFDM modulation scheme. In the RF‐subsystems, the greatest difficulty of any viable LMDS system is to obtain a moderately low price for the user receiver, while fulfilling the hard OFDM requirements in terms of phase noise, stability and spectrum restrictions. Several options have been studied in order to design the subsystems with the smallest cost. This paper will present the architectures of the transmitters, nomadic terminals, and the design of the IF/RF subsystems for both types of modulations. The discussion is focused on system engineering and selections required in order to build a full two‐layer LMDS system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LTE下行信道估计算法研究

近年来,正交频分复用（OFDM）技术以其在高速数据传输中具有的良好的抗多径衰落的特性以及较高的频谱利用率等优点得到了广泛的应用。在OFDM通信系统中,信号在带宽小于信道相干带宽的多个正交子载波上发射和传输,以克服多径衰落信道所带来的信号频率选择性衰落。为了补偿各个子载波上的多径衰落,这就需要一个性能良好的信道估计方案。对LTE中基于导频的下行信道估计算法进行研究,首先在导频子载波处采用LS（最小二乘法）算法估计出信道参数,然后通过内插的方法在数据子载波处内插得到信道参数。频域内插主要采用拉格朗日内插或是LMMSE（线性最小均方误差）内插;时域内插采用拉格朗日内插。     

An equalization technique for orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiplexing systems in time-variant multipath channels

A loss of subchannel orthogonality due to time-variant multipath channels in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems leads to interchannel interference (ICI) which increases the error floor in proportion to the Doppler frequency. A simple frequency-domain equalization technique which can compensate for the effect of ICI in a multipath fading channel is proposed. In this technique, the equalization of the received OFDM signal is achieved by using the assumption that the channel impulse response (CIR) varies in a linear fashion during a block period and by compensating for the ICI terms that significantly affect the bit-error rate (BER) performance     

Unitary matrix modulation with splitting over the coherence bandwidth for OFDM in a single antenna system

Recently, unitary matrix modulation (UMM) has been investigated in multiple antenna systems which is called unitary space‐time modulation (USTM). In an OFDM, different channel delay profiles and path strengths bring different frequency selective patterns. Therefore, OFDM system can potentially provide a diversity at the frequency selective fading due to the different channel delay profiles. When we consider only the diagonal components of UMM with splitting over the coherence bandwidth, the system can obtain a frequency diversity in a single antenna, since the channel response of the diagonal components of UMM that split over the coherence bandwidth shows to be totally different. In this paper, we propose the diagonal components of UMM/OFDM with splitting over the coherence bandwidth (UMM‐S/OFDM) in a single antenna. The proposed system can obtain the frequency diversity with splitting the diagonal components of UMM/OFDM over the coherence bandwidth. Therefore, the proposed system with a single antenna can obtain good BER performance like the USTM/OFDM with two antennas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bandwidth-efficient wireless OFDM

Due to ever-increasing bandwidth demands in future wireless service, the radio frequency band becomes more and more invaluable. In this paper, we address channel equalization for bandwidth-efficient wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). First, we show that in order to be free of both interchannel interference and interblock interference, wireless OFDM has to occupy a bandwidth wider than the Nyquist rate and use insufficient statistics in symbol demodulation. Thus, the conventional OFDM gains computational efficiency using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in demodulation at the cost of low efficiency of bandwidth usage and degradation in symbol error performance. Then we consider the OFDM that achieves high efficiency of bandwidth usage, allows interchannel interference and interblock interference to exist, and uses sufficient statistics in symbol demodulation. A one-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is proposed for equalization of the bandwidth efficient OFDM system. Simulation and numerical evaluation for an indoor wireless asynchronous transfer mode network are carried out. It is demonstrated that though occupying a narrower bandwidth, the one-tap DFE-based bandwidth-efficient OFDM system achieves lower symbol error rate and higher mutual information than the conventional DFT-based OFDM system. The proposed OFDM system presents a monotonically increasing symbol error rate, and convex-down achieved mutual information with respect to increasing efficiency of bandwidth usage     

On the use of a suppression filter for CDMA overlay

This paper is concerned with a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system operating over a Rayleigh fading channel and sharing a common spectrum with a narrow-band waveform. A suppression filter at the receiver is employed to reduce the narrow-band interference. We evaluate the average up-link bit error rate (BER) performance and investigate how the performance is influenced by various parameters, such as the number of taps of the suppression filter, the number of multiple-access users, the ratio of narrow-band interference bandwidth to the spread-spectrum bandwidth, the interference power to signal power ratio, the ratio of the offset of the interference carrier frequency from the spread-spectrum carrier frequency to the half spread-spectrum signal bandwidth, and so on     

Adaptive subcarrier bandwidth and power in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications

OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems are spectrally flexible and efficient, but they are vulnerable to intercarrier interference (ICI), especially in high mobility environments. High mobility of the terminal causes large Doppler frequency spread resulting in serious ICI. Such ICI severely degrades the system performance, which is ignored in the existing resource allocation of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems. In this paper, an adaptive subcarrier bandwidth along with power allocation problem in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications is investigated. This adaptive subcarrier bandwidth method should choose the suitable subcarrier bandwidth not only to balance the tradeoff between ICI and intersymbol interference but also to be large enough to tolerate an amount of Doppler frequency spread but less than the coherence bandwidth. The power budget and interference to primary users caused by cognitive radio users are imposed for primary users' protection. With these constraints, a joint optimization algorithm of subcarrier bandwidth and power allocation is proposed to maximize the bandwidth efficiency of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems in such conditions. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could maximize the system bandwidth efficiency and balance this tradeoff while satisfying the constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.