曲底多岛屿腔槽清根算法研究与实现

针对以圆柱面、圆锥面为底面，外轮廓和岛屿轮廓由直线段和圆弧段任意组合而成的曲底多岛屿腔槽的清根加工算法进行了深入的研究，生成了用球头刀５轴清根加工腔槽的内外轮廓与曲底面相交部分的正确的刀位文件。     

曲底多岛屿腔槽清根算法研究与实现

针对以圆柱面，圆锥面为底面，外轮廓和岛屿轮廓由直线段和圆弧段任意组合而成的曲底多岛屿腔槽的清根加工算法进行了深入的研究，生成了用球头刀５轴清根加工腔槽的内外轮廓与曲底面相交部分的正确的刀位文件。     

数控加工自由曲面无干涉刀位的计算方法论述

基于模糊推理的自由曲面描述方法和模式识别理论，提出一种适用于不同刀具类型并可同时考虑无刀具底面干涉刀位和侧面干涉刀位的自动算法。     

基于Z-buffer的组合曲面圆环面刀具加工方法

为解决组合曲面五轴加工问题提出一种基于计算机图形学Z-buffer技术的圆环面刀具刀位生成算法。首先借助Z-buffer技术确定刀位计算的检测区域,然后在保证圆环面刀具和检测区域不干涉的前提下调整刀位,使刀具端面和模型曲面充分贴合,从而得到更宽的加工行宽。算法充分利用计算机硬件的快速高效性,直接对加工检测区域内的点进行读取和存贮,避免复杂的搜索和迭代过程。算法过程中集成对刀位干涉的检测和避让,可直接生成无干涉的刀位数据。刀位算法计算过程使用曲面的多面体信息,适用于以裁剪曲面为元素的组合曲面模型的无干涉刀位的计算。针对某组合曲面模型进行刀位计算和仿真,仿真结果相比传统的球头刀加工算法效率提高了10倍。最后对生成的刀轨进行了实际加工试验验证。     

基于Z-Buffer理论的三坐标无干涉刀位轨迹的生成

针对当前无干涉刀位轨迹生成算法存在的问题，提出一种基于Z-Buffer理论的用于三坐标加工的无干涉刀位轨迹生成算法。该算法已成功地应用于洗衣机波轮、水轮机叶片等复杂曲面零件的NC加工。实践证明该算法具有可行性，计算方法简单，并且能很好地解决干涉问题，对于在三坐标加工中的刀位轨迹生成具有很高的实用价值。     

多轴加工无干涉刀具路径生成算法研究

多轴数控加工中刀具路径的计算直接影响加工零件的精度和加工效率。本文介绍了一种平底刀多轴无干涉刀位轨迹生成算法,在刀轴方向上消除干涉量。首先对参数曲面进行三角离散化,根据曲面相应点的法矢布置初始刀具位姿。构造曲面和刀具的OBB模型,通过包围盒间的快速相交测试得到刀具与曲面的干涉三角片,在此基础上,采用解析方法计算刀具与干涉三角片在刀轴方向上的干涉量,修正刀位点,最后得到无干涉刀位轨迹。     

基于散乱数据点的数控加工刀位直接生成

研究了测量得到的散乱数据点在平面上投影点的边界轮廓提取算法；以抬刀次数最少为优化目标，通过引入计算几何中单调链的概念，确定了最佳的行切加工方向和最少单调链数；给出了在平面区域内行切法加工的刀位计算与Z字形刀位连接方法，该方法适用于模具型腔的刀位规划；针对圆环刀、球头刀和平头刀，提出了不发生干涉的曲面三轴加工刀位计算方法，可基于散乱点测量数据直接生成数控加工刀位，此刀位计算方法也可用于模具型腔的修复。最后，通过数值仿真验证了算法的可行性。     

整体叶轮鼓形刀五坐标数控加工刀位轨迹生成

研究了用鼓形刀具进行整体叶轮五坐标数控加工的编程技术.根据鼓形刀具的几何特点,设计了一种无干涉的鼓形刀刀位轨迹生成算法,开发出整体叶轮五坐标数控加工程序生成功能模块.通过算例,证明设计的鼓形刀无干涉刀位轨迹算法是切实可行的,与球头刀相比,对于同样的残留高度,可以增大加工行距,使刀轨长度变短,可提高整体叶轮数控加工的效率.     

5轴叶轮粗加工过切与碰撞综合检测修正研究

针对复杂多曲面叶轮的5轴粗加工刀轨自动生成问题,提出一种基于使用平头立铣刀的无过切,干涉的刀具轨迹生成算法。通过对整体叶轮5轴加工中可能出现刀具与叶片干涉的问题,提出了一种干涉检测方法。依据检测结果对干涉进行处理,从而避免实际加工时干涉的发生。方法考虑了刀具运动路径上全部刀位点与叶轮的位置关系,计算量小,对于叶轮数控加工编程中大量刀位数据的干涉检查,可以显著地节省计算机运算时间。     

叶轮数控加工中的干涉检查

针对自由曲面离心叶轮多坐标数控加工中可能出现刀具与叶片干涉的问题,提出了一种干涉检查方法。首先计算出叶片曲面的等距面,等距面的偏移距离为刀具半径,再根据所给定的刀位数据得出刀轴的表达式,然后计算该等距面与刀轴是否有交点,如果有交点则存在干涉,否则计算叶片边界线到刀轴的最小距离,若此距离大于刀具半径则无干涉,否则存在干涉。该方法计算量小,对于叶轮数控加工编程中大量刀位数据的干涉检查,可以显著地节省计算机运算时间。     

Interference-free tool-path planning for flank milling of twisted ruled surfaces

Flank milling is the key feature that the five-axis NC machine offers. Compared with bottom-edge based machining (e.g. flat/fillet endmilling), the machinability can be greatly enhanced by flank milling where the side cutting edge is mainly used. As far as tool-path planning is concerned, the conventional method of the cutter-axis parallel to the ruling lines of the generator curves imposes interference problems including overcut/undercut. In this paper, a new interference-free tool-path planning method fortwisted ruled surfaces is presented. Our strategy is to change the tool orientation and offset distance such that the undercut volume is minimised without global tool interference. The validity and effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated via several illustrative examples.     

基于临界约束的四轴数控加工刀轴优化方法

针对自由曲面四轴加工中复杂刀具运动导致的干涉和刀具运动不连续等现象,提出一种基于临界约束的刀轴优化方法。基于刀具与工件约束曲面之间的相对位置关系,利用曲线上的点搜索算法确定切触点处的临界刀轴矢量,并计算当前切触点刀轴摆动的可行域;以切削行内所有切触点的刀轴可行域为基础,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现了自由曲面四轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光顺控制。整体叶盘四轴加工试验表明,利用此方法获得的刀轴矢量可以显著改善机床运动的连续性,并避免刀具干涉的产生,提高了加工质量。     

Tool path planning for five-axis flank milling with developable surface approximation

This paper presents a novel approach that automatically generates an interference-free tool path for five-axis flank milling of a ruled surface. A boundary curve of the machined surface is subdivided into curve segments. Each segment works as a guide curve in the design method for developable Bézier surface that controls a developable patch for approximating the surface with available degrees of freedom. Geometric algorithms are proposed for calculating consecutive patches with G¹ continuity across the patch boundary. A tapered tool can move along the rulings of these patches without inducing local tool interference as a result of their developability. The machining deviation is controlled by the surface approximation error. A machining test is conducted with the generated CL data and the result verifies the feasibility of the proposed approach. This work successfully transforms avoidance of tool interference into a geometric modeling problem and provides a simple solution. It thus demonstrates a good potential for the developable surface theory of five-axis flank machining .     

五轴NC加工中刀具运动包络面的计算

在机械加工过程中,刀具的铣削在加工体表面形成沟槽,对该沟槽型面的数字化描述是精确计算表面加工残差、判断加工干涉的理论基础,进而可实现表面加工精度评估与控制及加工轨迹全过程的精确规划计算。沟槽型面是刀具刃口回转面在空间运动形成的包络面的一部分,因此推导包络面的解析方程成为解决问题的关键。结合五轴加工机床的运动特点,通过建立加工刀具刃口回转面的数学模型,推导出五轴NC加工刀具运动刃口回转面包络的解析方程。数字仿真的结果与实际完全一致,验证了方法的正确性和有效性,具有较强的理论性和实用价值。     

A novel method for grooving and re-grooving aluminum oxide grinding wheels

In this paper, a new grinding wheel grooving system is proposed that is able to both groove as well as re-groove a grinding wheel using a single-point diamond dressing tool. The re-grooving capability of the new system is achieved by synchronizing the grinding wheel angular position with the dressing tool translational position. This position synchronization enables the diamond dressing tip to repeatedly engage the grinding wheel at the same angular position around the wheel and then proceed to trace the existing groove pattern along the wheel surface to, for example, refresh a worn groove geometry. Furthermore, the proposed system can be mounted on either a non-CNC or a CNC conventional grinding machine and can groove and re-groove the grinding wheel without the need to remove it from the grinding wheel spindle. The novel wheel grooving system was experimentally validated by creating helically shaped circumferential grooves on the grinding wheel surface. The resulting maximum differences in groove width and depth were found to be 0.015 and 0.013 mm, respectively, for ten consecutively cut grooves. These small discrepancies are believed to be primarily due to the brittle fracture mechanism of the abrasive grits. Furthermore, the new wheel grooving system was shown to be able to create a wide range of different groove patterns on the wheel surface. A wear study was then carried out to compare the performance of both grooved and non-grooved grinding wheels. For the conditions used in this research, the results of this wear study showed that a grooved wheel not only exhibits less wear than a non-grooved wheel but also can remove approximately twice as much workpiece material before failure occurs.     

Price, delivery time, and capacity decisions in an M/M/1 make-to-order/service system with segmented market

In this paper, a method to determine the optimal tool orientation to make a more perfect impeller blade surface using a five-axis flank milling machine is presented. Verification of surface geometric accuracy using a 3D coordinate measuring machine is also shown. A mathematical formula is derived which includes the parameters of tool and curved surface to calculate the appropriate tool orientation, whose direction is named the optimal tool orientation. The 3D CAD software Unigraphics (UG) is used to plot models which include the curved surface and the tools of optimal tool orientation and other orientations. The reasonable overlap between curved surface and tool is obtained (overcutting) by checking the interference from the UG, its tool orientation is the optimal tool orientation. According to the optimal tool orientation and position at all cutting points on curved surface, a cutting location source file is derived, which can transform into the NC code for the five-axis tool machine to make the centrifugal impellers of various types. These impellers are measured by using the 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine to verify blade to be free of flaws, and with accurate geometry and the tool, marks are removed from its surfaces.     

Automatic NC-Data generation method for 5-axis cutting of turbine-blades by finding safe heel-angles and adaptive path-intervals

In this paper, an efficient method tor generating 5-axis cutting data for a turbine blade is presented. The interference elimination of 5-axis cutting currently is very complicated, and it takes up a lot of time. The proposed method can generate an interference-free tool path, within an allowance range. Generating the cutting data just point to the cutting process and using it to obtain NC data by calculating the feed rate, allows us to maintain the proper feed rate of the 5-axis machine. This paper includes the algorithms for: (1) CL data generation by detecting an interference-free heel angle, (2) finding the optimal tool path interval considering the cusp-height, (3) finding the adaptive feed rate values for each cutter path, and (4) the inverse kinematics depending on the structure of the 5-axis machine, for generating the NC data.     

Development of an ultra precision machine tool for micromachining on large surfaces

The goal of this research is to develop a multi-functional ultra precision machine to generate micro features on large surfaces. Design and characteristic analyses of our machine are presented. The analyses include its structural analysis and accuracy tests. Each axis of the developed machine was corrected and/or compensated from accuracy tests enough to generate grooves on workpieces with a less than 10 μm pitch size. After compensation, the 2-dimension position error between X-axis and Y-axis was reduced to 1.4 μm for a 400×400 mm² surface. From a 24 hours relative thermal displacement test between Y-axis and Z-axis, the machine showed a stable thermal displacement which was measured to be less than 1 μm. From groove machining tests, our machine could successfully generate 5 μm and 10 μm pitch grooves and showed a stable micro machining characteristics. From this research, we can conclude that the developed machine has mechanical characteristics enough to generate less than 10 μm pitch grooves on a 400×400 mm² surface.     

基于特征的直纹面5轴侧铣精加工刀位计算方法

提出了基于加工特征的直纹面5轴侧铣精加工刀位轨迹的计算方法,给出了误差估算方法。通过对直纹面微分几何特性的研究,用扭曲度来刻画直纹面特征,将直纹面划分为可展化曲面和非可展化曲面。对于可展化曲面,通过调整直纹面上母线方向的变化规律,使之成为可展曲面,以便在加工中获得无脊棱的光滑曲面;对于非可展化曲面,提出用最小偏置角原理来求取刀轴矢量,以使加工误差在刀具与被加工曲面切触状态下趋于最小,最终获得无干涉刀位轨迹。     

鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面刀位算法

对采用鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面的刀位计算进行了研究。为了提高加工效率，提出了一种基于避免加工中砂轮和工件曲面局部干涉的鼓形砂轮几何参数的优化方法。在刀位计算中，砂轮被限定在摆刀平面中旋转；离散鼓形砂轮表面，计算采样点到工件曲面的有向距离，获得当前刀位的加工误差分布和加工带宽；以砂轮轴和工件曲面最小法曲率方向的夹角为优化变量，以当前刀位的加工带宽的最大化为优化目标，用格点法进行了鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面的刀位优化。利用UG二次开发技术编程，生成了Bezier曲面的加工轨迹的计算实例，验证了所提出的砂轮几何参数和刀位的优化算法。