口腔内窥镜系统的设计与实现

本文设计一种口腔内窥镜,以满足牙科医学应用.整个系统主要由成像系统、照明系统、图像显示及处理系统三个部分组成.系统具有显微放大的功能,并且亮度及色温可调.文中利用光学软件设计、优化了光学成像系统,给出了系统像差曲线,并构造了光学照明系统.论文结尾使用口腔内窥镜对两种牙齿模型进行了测试实验,系统成像分辨力高于100 lp/mm,图像清晰,可以观察到牙齿表面的细节.实验结果表明,系统能够满足牙科医学使用要求.     

用于纳米级表面形貌测量的光学显微测头

为了满足纳米级表面形貌样板的高精度非接触测量需求,研制了一种高分辨力光学显微测头。以激光全息单元为光源和信号拾取器件,利用差动光斑尺寸变化探测原理,建立了微位移测量系统,结合光学显微成像系统,形成了高分辨力光学显微测头。将该测头应用于纳米三维测量机,对台阶高度样板和一维线间隔样板进行了测量实验。结果表明：该光学显微测头结合纳米三维测量机可实现纳米级表面形貌样板的可溯源测量,具有扫描速度快、测量分辨力高、结构紧凑和非接触测量等优点,对解决纳米级表面形貌测量难题具有重要实用价值。     

工业CT二维空间分辨力的校准方法

工业CT的空间分辨力是指从CT图像中能够分辨特定的最小几何细节的能力,是评价一台工业CT系统测量能力的重要参数之一.为了提升工业CT的测量能力及成像质量,需要对其空间分辨力进行校准实验.针对这一问题设计出栅格形及交叉形分辨力线对卡,使用光刻工艺完成其研制过程,并基于此结合本底校正等图像处理方法进行了系统二维空间分辨力校准实验,通过调制传递函数MTF计算出实验系统的空间分辨力数值,验证了此方法可用于校准CT分辨力的实验意义.最后,对如何提升测量准确度的问题进行了探讨.     

基于压电扫描管动态特性分析的AFM成像方法研究

针对原子力显微镜(AFM)在高速扫描下成像误差大的缺点,提出了一种基于压电扫描管动态特性的改进成像方法,并对这种成像方法的性能进行了理论分析和实验验证.分析和实验结果表明,该成像方法可以较好地处理压电扫描管的动态特性,有效地提高 AFM 在 Z 方向上的成像精度,因此得到的扫描图像能够更加真实地反映样品的形貌.     

微透镜列阵成像光刻调焦方法

本文分析了离焦量对微透镜列阵成像光刻图形质量的影响,给出了系统离焦量的容差.同时提出了一种结构简单、可应用于微透镜列阵成像光刻系统调焦的新方法.并将基于该调焦方法的实验装置应用于微透镜列阵成像光刻系统,进行了光刻实验.实验表明,利用该方法时微透镜列阵成像光刻系统调焦,可得到接近微透镜列阵极限像质的光刻图形.     

一种显微CT系统图像畸变校正方法

基于透镜耦合的光耦探测器由于其高分辨力、倍率选择多样化的特点,被应用到显微CT系统中.然而,光耦探测器的成像畸变影响了显微CT系统的成像质量.为此提出一种适用于显微CT系统的图像畸变校正方法.建立理想图像和实际畸变图像的多项式函数关系,利用特征点坐标求取畸变系数,并利用畸变系数对图像进行畸变校正.实验结果表明,所提方法能够有效地校正畸变,校正后系统的空间分辨力由原来的8.5μm提升到4.2μm.标准网格板图像校正后网格线的弯曲得到明显改善,网格间距趋于平均,离散程度变小.同时,该畸变校正算法复杂度低,具有较高的实用性.     

Kell系数对CCD航测相机成像质量的影响分析

应用空间卷积的方法对CCD航测相机成像系统的光学成像过程和CCD积分采样成像过程进行了分析.提出通过改变地面分辨力(GRD)与像元分辨力(GSD)的比值(Kell系数)来提高图像分辨力的方法.对Kell系数取不同值时的标靶成像过程进行仿真,提出以比较CCD上影像一个周期内的平均调制度为评判标准的方法,对CCD航测相机的成像质量进行评价.结果表明,当Kell系数取2.8时,便可以分辨出地面标靶的特征.     

实时监测激光核聚变靶球涂敷状态的CCD成像系统设计

介绍一种CCD成像系统的设计,它可应用于连续监测直径0.1-0.3mm的激光核聚变靶球涂敷时的实时状态。这个系统利用现成照相物镜和变焦显微物镜二次成像,配以场镜压缩轴外光线,和CCD传感器相组合,设计斜向视场上的二维扫描机构构成了可在8.2mm×44mm全视场扫描检测的CCD扫描成像系统,无论是空间分辨力或时间分辨力都达到了实时监测的要求,大大提高了靶球膜层的涂敷效率。     

具有高空间分辨力的位相型光瞳滤波式差动共焦测量法

提出一种新的改善光触针类测量传感器空间分辨力的位相型差动共焦测量方法.该方法通过具有横向超分辨能力的位相型光瞳滤波器最大程度地改善共焦测量系统的横向分辨力,通过差动共焦测量法改善共焦测量系统的轴向分辨力,最终提高共焦测量系统空间分辨能力.理论分析和实验表明,当入射激光束波长λ=632.8 nm、测量物镜数值孔径NA=0.85、uM=4时,该方法的横向分辨力优于0.2μm,轴向分辨力优于2 nm.该方法可用于表面微观轮廓及微小尺度的超精密测量.     

微形貌光电观测镜的光学系统设计

针对微小面积及“盲孔”底面形貌,提出了一种基于直接成像原理的多功能光电检测系统。主要阐述了其光学系统设计思路,即内窥式镜头与显微系统相结合,观测与微扫描相结合。物镜部分采用内窥式探头,可深入内径 2.5mm 的盲孔内部,数值孔径不受微孔尺寸限制,从而提高了系统分辨力,达到 600lp/mm。利用平行平板光学测微器,寻找和瞄准微孔内观测表面的微小细节,可将±0.1mm 范围内的被观测目标定位到视场中心。     

High topographical accuracy by optical shot noise reduction in digital holographic microscopy

In this work, we present a new method to reduce the shot noise in phase imaging of digital holograms. A spatial averaging process of phase images reconstructed at different reconstruction distances is performed, with the reconstruction distance range being specified by the numerical focus depth of the optical system. An improved phase image is attained with a 50% shot noise reduction. We use the integral of the angular spectrum as a reconstruction method to obtain a single-object complex amplitude that is needed to perform our proposal. We also show the corresponding simulations and experimental results. The topography of a homemade TiO2 stepwise of 100 nm high was measured and compared with the atomic force microscope results.     

Optical on-line running reconstruction of MR-images in the phase-scrambling Fourier-imaging technique

Recently, the use of magnetic-resonance-guided navigation to improve the safety and effectiveness of surgical procedures has shown great promise. The purpose of the present study was to develop and demonstrate an imaging strategy that allows surgeons to continue operating without delays caused by imaging. The phase-scrambling Fourier-imaging technique has two prominent characteristics: localized image reconstruction and holographic image reconstruction. The combination of these characteristics allows images to be observed even during the data-acquisition period, because the acquired signal is converted into a hologram and the image is reconstructed instantly in the coherent optical image-processing system. Experimental studies have shown that the phase-scrambling Fourier-imaging technique enables the motion of objects to be imaged more quickly than the standard fast imaging. The proposed running reconstruction strategy can be easily implemented in the well-established magnetic-resonance imaging equipment that is currently in use.     

Tomographic image reconstruction from optical projections in light-diffusing media

The recent developments in light generation and detection techniques have opened new possibilities for optical medical imaging, tomography, and diagnosis at tissue penetration depths of ~10 cm. However, because light scattering and diffusion in biological tissue are rather strong, the reconstruction of object images from optical projections needs special attention. We describe a simple reconstruction method for diffuse optical imaging, based on a modified backprojection approach for medical tomography. Specifically, we have modified the standard backprojection method commonly used in x-ray tomographic imaging to include the effects of both the diffusion and the scattering of light and the associated nonlinearities in projection image formation. These modifications are based primarily on the deconvolution of the broadened image by a spatially variant point-spread function that is dependent on the scattering of light in tissue. The spatial dependence of the deconvolution and nonlinearity corrections for the curved propagating ray paths in heterogeneous tissue are handled semiempirically by coordinate transformations. We have applied this method to both theoretical and experimental projections taken by parallel- and fan-beam tomography geometries. The experimental objects were biomedical phantoms with multiple objects, including in vitro animal tissue. The overall results presented demonstrate that image-resolution improvements by nearly an order of magnitude can be obtained. We believe that the tomographic method presented here can provide a basis for rapid, real-time medical monitoring by the use of optical projections. It is expected that such optical tomography techniques can be combined with the optical tissue diagnosis methods based on spectroscopic molecular signatures to result in a versatile optical diagnosis and imaging technology.     

Applications of short-coherence digital holography in microscopy

We present an optical system based on short-coherence digital holography suitable for the imaging of three-dimensional microscopic objects. The short temporal coherence properties of the light source allow optical sectioning of the sample. Proper reconstruction of different layers within biological samples is possible up to a depth of a few hundred micrometers, but multiple scattering and inhomogeneities in the refractive index reduce the imaging quality for deeper layers. We have studied the possibility of numerically correcting sample-induced aberrations, and we now propose a method of improving image quality. Numerical simulations and preliminary experimental results show that compensation of these aberrations is possible to some extent.     

Biological imaging with a near-field optical setup

Noncontact scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) systems can be used to optically resolve samples in atmospheric conditions at theoretical resolutions comparable to those of transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope systems. SNOM systems are also increasingly used to image biological samples. In this study we custom built a SNOM system with the aim of further demonstrating the potential applications of near-field optical examination of biological material. In this study we were able to image both fixed whole-cell samples in air and liquid environments and live whole-cell samples in liquids. The images acquired were of a relatively low resolution, but this work has shown that SNOM systems can be used to monitor the dynamics of living cells at subnanometric resolutions in the z axis and for fluorescent imaging of whole cells in a liquid medium.     

Simulation of high-resolution X-ray microscopic images for improved alignment

The introduction of precision optical elements to X-ray microscopes necessitates fine realignment to achieve optimal high-resolution imaging. In this paper, we demonstrate a numerical method for simulating image formation that facilitates alignment of the source, condenser, objective lens, and CCD camera. This algorithm, based on ray-tracing and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory, is applied to simulate the X-ray microscope beamline U7A of National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). The simulations and imaging experiments show that the algorithm is useful for guiding experimental adjustments. Our alignment simulation method is an essential tool for the transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) with optical elements and may also be useful for the alignment of optical components in other modes of microscopy.     

倾斜镜面成像的自动调焦方法

倾斜镜面成像系统的像面与光轴倾斜,仅利用轴向自动调焦无法实现像面整体清晰。为此提出一种基于图像清晰度判断的自动调焦方法。该方法将轴向调焦与角度调焦相结合,通过步进方式平移和旋转像接收面,利用离焦函数判断聚焦情况,采用数据拟合回归的方法实现了像面整体清晰。该方法在椭偏成像系统的应用结果验证了其有效性,调焦精度达到微米量级。     

Speckle-reduced three-dimensional volume holographic display by use of integral imaging

We propose a method to implement a speckle-reduced coherent three-dimensional (3D) display system by a combination of integral imaging and photorefractive volume holographic storage. The 3D real object is imaged through the microlens array and stored in the photorefractive crystal. During the reconstruction process a phase conjugate reading beam is used to minimize aberration, and a rotating diffuser located on the imaging plane of the lens array is employed to reduce the speckle noise. The speckle-reduced 3D image with a wide viewing angle can be reconstructed by use of the proposed system. Experimental results are presented and optical parameters of the proposed system are discussed in detail.     

C/C复合材料的旋转偏振成像方法

本研究提出了一种旋转偏振显微成像方法。根据热解碳独特的双反射特性,设计了仅有一个检偏镜的显微图像采集系统;通过检偏镜的旋转,获取C/C复合材料在不同偏振角位置的单偏光图像;经过图像配准和图像融合,合成最大、最小反射率和双反射率映射图像。这种映射图像反映的信息是采用常规显微镜法不能观察到的,它直观地揭示了材料内部的微观结构特征,可以作为测定热解碳真实反射率的基础。本研究可为C/C复合材料微观结构分析以及相关特征参数测量提供理论依据和实现途径。     

Apertureless near-field/far-field CW two-photon microscope for biological and material imaging and spectroscopic applications

We present the development of a versatile spectroscopic imaging tool to allow for imaging with single-molecule sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The microscope allows for near-field and subdiffraction-limited far-field imaging by integrating a shear-force microscope on top of a custom inverted microscope design. The instrument has the ability to image in ambient conditions with optical resolutions on the order of tens of nanometers in the near field. A single low-cost computer controls the microscope with a field programmable gate array data acquisition card. High spatial resolution imaging is achieved with an inexpensive CW multiphoton excitation source, using an apertureless probe and simplified optical pathways. The high-resolution, combined with high collection efficiency and single-molecule sensitive optical capabilities of the microscope, are demonstrated with a low-cost CW laser source as well as a mode-locked laser source.