豆科植物次生代谢产物对动物生产的影响

豆科植物的蛋白质含量丰富，一般将其作为主要的蛋白质供给物。黄酮类、甙类、低聚糖类等物质是豆科植物正常代谢中的次生代谢产物。豆科次生代谢产物对动物生产性能以及免疫功能都有重要的影响。     

欧盟微生物农药登记中次生代谢产物的风险评估

微生物次生代谢产物在农业和畜牧业以及医药领域都有重要的应用潜力。简单综述了微生物次生代谢产物在作物保护中的作用以及欧盟在微生物农药登记管理中针对受关切代谢产物的风险评价框架。不同微生物包括真菌、细菌和放线菌等所产生的次生代谢产物在植物保护中可能被作为杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀线虫剂等。欧盟微生物农药登记特别重视微生物次生代谢产物的安全性,需要确定所涉及的次生代谢产物是否属于受关切的次生代谢产物。次生代谢产物评价的内容包括毒性和抗微生物药物活性。风险评估过程设计4个阶段共21个步骤。被确定的受关切的次生代谢产物则需要进一步的定量风险评估。     

转基因作物与化学农药

近十几年来转基因作物迅猛发展,一大批具有抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂的转基因作物形成规模,给化学农药带来影响.对转基因作物的发展现状及趋势以及对化学农药的影响进行了评述.     

农药对高等植物次生代谢的影响及其生态学意义

大量研究表明,植物次生物质在农业生态系统中有非常重要的意义。如在植物与植物之间的异株克生作用,昆虫与寄主植物之间的协同进化,植物与病原物之间的相互关系中都起重要作用。植物次生物质在植物体内产生的种类和数量主要决定于植物的遗传特性,但外界因素如环境条件、气象因素、病虫侵染、各种化学物质等都会对植物的次生代谢产生深     

红花细胞和组织培养研究进展

红花是重要的油药两用作物,本文对红花细胞和组织培养的国内外研究进展进行了综述,主要包括愈伤组织的诱导、次生代谢产物的合成及细胞的大规模培养、器官发生、体细胞胚胎发生等几个方面,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

苔藓类植物次生代谢产物的利用与开发

苔藓植物次生代谢产物是由苔藓植物细胞生命活动过程中产生的一类小分子有机化合物,其中苔类的主要次生代谢产物有萜类、联苄和二联苄,藓类次生代谢物主要为黄酮。苔藓植物次生代谢产物具有调节植物生长、抑菌、昆虫拒食、抗肿瘤及其他多种药用活性。就苔藓次生代谢产物的种类、生物活性、未来应用及开发方向进行综述,为未来苔藓资源开发与保护提供依据,同时也加快苔藓次生代谢产物的有效开发。     

毛状根生产次生代谢产物的研究进展

近30年来利用毛状根生产植物次生代谢产物的研究不断增加,但毛状根商业化生产还受到限制,其主要原因是对毛状根合成次生代谢产物的影响机制了解得还不细致。本文讨论了物理、化学因素对毛状根生长和次生代谢产物合成的影响机制,提高毛状根合成代谢物产量的调控技术,以及生物反应器中关键影响因素的研究进展。虽然借助于代谢工程将使得毛状根大量表达次生代谢产物成为可能,但由于毛状根的形态和生理特性,深入研究相应的反应器并提高传质效率将为毛状根法工业化提供可靠依据。     

一种多元素土壤调理剂的制备方法

土壤调理剂可以平衡供应各种不同的营养元素,使植物具有抗病虫害能力,达到"健身防病"的功效,从而减少化学农药的使用量。土壤调理剂中生物质灰渣中的元素可以被植物直接吸收,改变土壤肥力库,对土壤起到调理作用。土壤调理剂中生物质灰渣的合理利用,起到节能减排、保护环境的作用。土壤调理剂可以提高作物产量,改善作物品质,提高作物的抗性。     

环境友好的化学农药仍是21世纪植物保护的主体

一方面要防止病虫害、满足世界人口增长对谷物的需求 ,另一方面 2 1世纪生物农药和转基因作物的应用还难成主流 ,因此 ,环境友好的化学农药仍将是全球植物保护的主体。本文介绍了化学农药、生物农药和转基因作物及它们之间的相互关系     

化学农药在植物保护中的作用—其现状和未来

对于化学农药在植物保护中所起的作用,存在着不同的见解。我认为,只要不是感情用事,不搞标语口号主义,那么对这个问题进行的争论是必要和有益的。我也有自己的看法,想提出下面四个论点来加以阐述。论点一化学农药是当今植物保护的主要支柱、并将继续成为未来植保技术不可或缺的部份。我想从三方面来谈:农药对作物产量的影响、农药的经济效益以及其它取代化学农药的     

植物内生菌及其次生代谢活性物质多样性的研究进展

植物内生菌是一种新型的微生物资源,具有重大的研究意义和潜在的应用价值,近年来已成为微生物资源研究的热点之一.对植物内生菌及其次生代谢活性物质多样性的研究进展进行了综述.     

除草剂代谢研究与新除草剂创制

概述了一些除草剂在植物体内的活化作用及研究除草剂代谢对新除草剂创制的重要性. 除草剂代谢研究与创制新除草剂的前期研究相结合,为新除草剂设计提供了新的思路,可加速新除草剂的开发进程,提高了新除草剂研制的命中率. 此外,论述了基于一些高毒农药代谢特性来改造母体农药的结构,能获得高效、低毒的前体农药.     

高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-质谱联用技术在食品工业上的应用

综述了近年来高效液相色谱和液相色谱 质谱联用技术在食品工业上的应用。这些应用包括食品中糖类、蛋白质、维生素等营养物质的测定、食品添加剂定性定量测定以及食品中残留的农药、兽药等污染物的测定。     

Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites

Environmentally hazardous substances such as pesticides are gaining increasing interest in agricultural and nutritional research. This study aims to investigate the impact of these compounds on the healthspan and mitochondrial functions in an invertebrate in vivo model and in vitro in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and to investigate the potential of polyphenolic metabolites to compensate for potential impacts. Wild-type nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2) were treated with pesticides such as pyraclostrobin (Pyr), glyphosate (Gly), or fluopyram (Fluo). The lifespans of the nematodes under heat stress conditions (37 °C) were determined, and the chemotaxis was assayed. Energetic metabolites, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and pyruvate, were analyzed in lysates of nematodes and cells. Genetic expression patterns of several genes associated with lifespan determination and mitochondrial parameters were assessed via qRT-PCR. After incubation with environmentally hazardous substances, nematodes were incubated with a pre-fermented polyphenol mixture (Rechtsregulat^®Bio, RR) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) to determine heat stress resistance. Treatment with Pyr, Glyph and Fluo leads to dose-dependently decreased heat stress resistance, which was significantly improved by RR and PCA. The chemotaxes of the nematodes were not affected by pesticides. ATP levels were not significantly altered by the pesticides, except for Pyr, which increased ATP levels after 48 h leads. The gene expression of healthspan and mitochondria-associated genes were diversely affected by the pesticides, while Pyr led to an overall decrease of mRNA levels. Over time, the treatment of nematodes leads to a recovery of the nematodes on the mitochondrial level but not on stress resistance on gene expression. Fermented extracts of fruits and vegetables and phenolic metabolites such as PCA seem to have the potential to recover the vitality of C. elegans after damage caused by pesticides.     

Effects of Different Short-Term UV-B Radiation Intensities on Metabolic Characteristics of Porphyra haitanensis

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B on algae, have become an important issue as human-caused depletion of the protecting ozone layer has been reported. In this study, the effects of different short-term UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology, and metabolism of Porphyra haitanensis were examined. The growth of P. haitanensis decreased, and the bleaching phenomenon occurred in the thalli. The contents of total amino acids, soluble sugar, total protein, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) increased under different UV-B radiation intensities. The metabolic profiles of P. haitanensis differed between the control and UV-B radiation-treated groups. Most of the differential metabolites in P. haitanensis were significantly upregulated under UV-B exposure. Short-term enhanced UV-B irradiation significantly affected amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. The contents of phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, and serine were increased, suggesting that amino acid metabolism can promote the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances (such as phenols and MAAs) by providing precursor substances. The contents of sucrose, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate were increased, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism contributes to maintain energy supply for metabolic activity in response to UV-B exposure. Meanwhile, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was also significantly upregulated, denoting effective activation of the antioxidant system. To some extent, these results provide metabolic insights into the adaptive response mechanism of P. haitanensis to short-term enhanced UV-B radiation.     

Pestizide polymere, 2. Untersuchung der Herstellungsparameter pestizidenthaltender LDPE- und EVA-Folien

Mixtures of some selected pesticides and LDPE-and EVA-Granules were extruded into sheets. It could be shown, that in general the active agents are stable in extrusion process. Only a derivate of N-methylphenylcarbamat (Propoxur) decomposed to corresponding phenol. The solubilities of the pesticides in the polymers depend on the relative polarities of both components. Further, with the help of R_f values on RPTLC, it is possible to assess the solubilities of these substances in polymer sheets.     

对有潜力作为生物农药物质的新研究

介绍了一些已知有非农药用途活性的生物发酵液和其活性物质的农药活性的最新研究，其中一些物质对病虫害的作用可与商业化制剂媲美。指出对已有各种用途天然源物质进行生物农药开发研究是开发农药的一个重要的途径。     

改进QuEChERS/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定当归中86种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定当归中86种农药残留,比较了9种不同的QuEChERS方法的净化效率和回收率,结果表明,无石墨化碳黑(NGCB)QuEChERS方法效果最佳.在依赖保留时间的多反应监测模式(MRM)下,采用UPLC-MS/MS对农药进行定量.86种农药...     

Effect of carbamate pesticides on the induction of hepatic enzymes of the rat and on the microsomal phospholipid changes

The influence of two carbamine pesticides i.e., manebe and carbaryl upon the hepatic microsomal enzymes induction in the rat was studied. Both substances, when administered by themselves, affect only slightly liver weight, P 450 cytochrome rates and bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase, in the microsome fraction of the hepatic homogenate. It seems, however, that carbaryl is involved in producing a slight induction, whereas manebe acts inversely. Yet, manebe changes largely the induction effects of phenobarbital when associated with the latter. In the animal treated simultaneously with manebe and phenobarbital, the increase in the rate of hepatic microsomal P 450 cytochrome as well as the variations in the distribution of fatty acids in phospholipids, are significantly lower than in the animal solely treated with phenobarbital.     

Bioelectrochemical systems for efficient recalcitrant wastes treatment

Recalcitrant wastes including dyes, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals, polyalcohols, furan derivatives and phenolic substances, are of special concern owing to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) including microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), integrate three important wastewater treatment options, namely, biological treatment, electrolytic dissociation and electrochemical oxidation/reduction, and are regarded as a new sustainable and effective strategy for treatment of these wastes. The simultaneous and cooperative roles of these multiple units running in parallel in BESs contribute to the efficiency of recalcitrant waste treatment, while substrate metabolism is considered to be a key step triggering different unit operations. An up‐to‐date review is provided on recent research and development in BESs‐based recalcitrant wastes treatment. MFCs and MECs, as two types of BESs, are summarized in terms of treatment efficiency, recalcitrant substance metabolic pathway and microorganism diversity after a brief introduction to the electrochemical process for recalcitrant waste treatment. The scientific and technical challenges that have yet to be faced in the future are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry