食品供应链与食品安全的关系

食品供应链是指从初级生产直至消费的各环节和操作的顺序,涉及到食品及其辅料的生产、加工、分销、贮存和消费。食品安全是指食品在规定的使用方式和用量的条件下长期食用对食用者不产生可观测到的不良反应。本文从食品链的角度出发,简述了食品安全与食品供应生产链,分析了食品链中各环节出现的质量安全问题及食品的安全控制与监测,为建立安全可靠的食品保障体系提供一些意见和建议。     

食品供应链安全(一) 食品供应链与食品安全的关系

食品供应链是指从初级生产直至消费的各环节和操作的顺序,涉及到食品及其辅料的生产、加工、分销、贮存和消费。食品安全是指食品在规定的使用方式和用量的条件下长期食用对食用者不产生可观测到的不良反应。本文从食品链的角度出发,简述了食品安全与食品供应生产链,分析了食品链中各环节出现的质量安全问题及食品的安全控制与监测,为建立安全可靠的食品保障体系提供一些意见和建议。     

The Role of Auditing,Food Safety,and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review

Food safety and quality audits are used widely in the food industry for various reasons (to evaluate management systems, obtain certifications to certain food safety and quality standards, assess the condition of premises and products, confirm legal compliance, and so on). Nowadays, the increased interest of consumers on food safety and quality matters, triggered mainly by recent food scandals, has enabled the public and private food sectors to develop a variety of food safety and quality standards. These standards have both advantages and disadvantages and their effectiveness depends on several factors such as the competency and skills of auditors and the standard used in each case. Although the industry continuously invests in developing and improving these systems, the number of foodborne outbreaks per year appears to be quite stable in both Europe and the United States. This may be an indication that additional measures and techniques or a different approach would be required to further improve the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems. This article examines the role of audits and food safety and quality assessment systems in the food industry, presenting the results of several studies and briefly describing the main food safety and quality standards currently used in Europe (with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom and Greece), the U.S., Australia–New Zealand, and Asia.     

我国食品供应链的安全管理策略研究

针对事关社会稳定和公众健康的食品安全问题,结合食品供应链的内涵和特性介绍了食品供应链,分析了我国食品供应链存在监管不到位、源头安全隐患大、食品生产企业内控不严、流通环节安全控制薄弱和侧重事后处理等问题,并针对性地提出了创新政府监管策略、强化事前和事中控制、引入生产者责任延伸、加大食品检测力度、构筑全程安全保障体系和加强食品安全应急预警等建议。     

Terrorism and the Nation's Food Supply Perspectives of the Food Industry: Where We Are, What We Have, and What We Need

ABSTRACT: Since the events of September 11, 2001, the potential for the food supply to be a target of terrorism can no longer be viewed in hypothetical terms. Food security now must be considered a priority issue. The food industry is adjusting its security and safety systems to add focus to the intentional, widespread contamination of the food supply. Food security and food safety share the common goal of "prevention to protect" regardless of whether the threat/risk is intentional or accidental. However, the disciplines and expertise required for security and safety are not one and the same—nor are the methods, procedures, or thought processes. The goal of the National Food Processors Association is to assist the industry in organizing and conducting appropriately tailored food security assessments. Information "primers" on security in general and food security in particular will be presented to assist in the clarification and understanding of these concepts. Actions taken to date as well as future activities to deal with food security will also be presented. In all of these activities, there must be a clear recognition that government, academia, public health, industry, media, and consumers need to continue to work together to enhance food security.     

新西兰食品监测计划介绍与分析

新西兰作为初级农产品和食品出口大国,向来十分重视食品安全。为确保国内生产和消费,以及出口食品安全,新西兰制定和实施食品监测计划,涵盖生产、收获、销售环节的各种食品。根据食品种类的不同,制定不同的计划以监测不同的风险。主要有食品残留物调查计划、国家化学残留监测计划、国家化学污染物监测计划、国家微生物数据库、水产品监测计划。同时,新西兰将监管重点放在食品的主要风险上,以优化食品监测计划。本文详细介绍5个监测计划的法律法规标准依据、监测目的、监测范围,分析往年监测结果。从新西兰食品监测计划的实施情况,总结新西兰对重点产品的监管特点,为我国食品安全风险监测工作提供参考。     

澳大利亚食品安全治理的中央与地方政府互动研究及对我国的启示

本文以澳大利亚食品安全治理的中央与地方政府互动为研究对象，在历史层面探究中央与地方互动发展动因的基础上，剖析了当前中央与地方政府互动方式、特点。研究表明，在澳大利亚食品安全治理的中央与地方互动方式不断完善的背景下，国家食品安全召回事件发生次数比值（召回事件次数/贸易金额）显著降低，利益相关者对政府工作总体情况满意度较高且大部分工作满意度提升。结合我国国情，基于与澳大利亚中央与地方政府互动情况的简要比较分析，建议在我国食品安全治理领域可从政策法规制定过程中加强上下级意见征询、监管过程更加注重上下级沟通、下级食品安全信息公开主动寻求上级指导等方面的中央与地方互动来持续改善我国食品安全的治理。     

The Evolution and Cultural Framing of Food Safety Management Systems—Where From and Where Next?

The aim of this paper is to review the development of food safety management systems (FSMS) from their origins in the 1950s to the present. The food safety challenges in modern food supply systems are explored and it is argued that there is a need for a more holistic thinking approach to food safety management. The narrative review highlights that while the transactional elements of how FSMS are developed, validated, implemented, monitored, and verified remains largely unchanged, how organizational culture frames the operation and efficacy of FSMS is becoming more important. The evolution of a wider academic and industry understanding of both the influence of food safety culture (FS‐culture) and also how such culture frames and enables, or conversely restricts the efficacy of the FSMS is crucial for consumer well‐being. Potential research gaps worthy of further study are identified as well as recommendations given for the application of the research findings within the food industry.     

食品物流存在的食品安全问题与对策

食品物流中的食品安全问题主要包括食品腐败变质、化学污染以及包装破损和食品过期几种情况。而产生这些食品安全问题的原因多种多样,既有物流行业本身效率低下、中间环节过多、技术和食品安全意识欠缺、基础设施投入不足的因素,也有法律制度不完善、相关部门监管不力的原因。因此,必须同时从政府和食品物流经营者两方面寻找相应的对策。政策层面上可以通过完善法律法规、建立行业准入和检测制度,以及鼓励食品物流行业的投入、引导其实现规模化经营、加强相关宣传等措施;经营者层面则需通过加强对食品供应链的管理和监控、加强与食品安全相关技术、安全设施的投入,以及加大对研发的投入等措施,达到保证食品物流中食品安全的目的。     

从食品安全风险特点的角度看我国食品安全社会共治法律制度

从食品安全风险特点的角度出发,探讨风险的管理控制方法是解决食品安全问题的路径之一。通过对食品安全风险的管理控制以达到全社会的食品安全,不仅是建立食品安全社会共治法律制度的出发点,也是该制度追求的最终目标。因而提出食品安全社会共治法律制度应是“人人参与、人人负责、人人共享”的制度构想。遵循食品安全社会共治的原则有助于食品安全社会共治法律制度的实现。     

不同国家和组织食品标签技术法规的比较

食品标签已成为发达国家重要的技术贸易措施之一,各个国家纷纷加强了对食品标签的管理,食品标签问题已对我国食品出口贸易产生重要影响。本文概述了食品法典委员会和我国食品出口主要贸易国家美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、澳大利亚和新西兰、加拿大以及中国的食品标签技术法规,比较不同国家食品标签相关技术法规的差异,着重比较食品标签中过敏原、转基因及营养标签等内容的差异,以期为我国食品出口企业、相关协会提供帮助,也为相关食品标签管理部门制定食品标签标准及相关政策等提供参考。     

食品检验对肉制品安全重要性分析

食品检验是发现和改善肉制品安全问题的重要保证。本文分析了肉制品检验中存在的问题,简述了几种常用的肉制品检验方法,以及目前在肉制品检验中应用的新技术,同时提出了检验中可改进的地方,展望了我国的肉制品检验技术前景。通过分析食品检验的重要性能够更好的保障我国肉制品的安全,促使肉制品行业朝着健康可持续的方向发展,使百姓吃到放心肉制品。     

The challenges for global harmonisation of food safety norms and regulations: issues for India

Safe and adequate food is a human right, safety being a prime quality attribute without which food is unfit for consumption. Food safety regulations are framed to exercise control over all types of food produced, processed and sold so that the customer is assured that the food consumed will not cause any harm. From the Indian perspective, global harmonisation of food regulations is needed to improve food and nutrition security, the food trade and delivery of safe ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods at all places and at all times. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) put forward to transform developing societies incorporate many food safety issues. The success of the MDGs, including that of poverty reduction, will in part depend on an effective reduction of food‐borne diseases, particularly among the vulnerable group, which includes women and children. Food‐ and water‐borne illnesses can be a serious health hazard, being responsible for high incidences of morbidity and mortality across all age groups of people. Global harmonisation of food regulations would assist in facilitating food trade within and outside India through better compliance, ensuring the safety of RTE catered foods, as well as addressing issues related to the environment. At the same time, regulations need to be optimum, as overregulation may have undue negative effects on the food trade. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

食品安全、食品卫生与食品质量概念辨析

从狭义上讲,食品卫生是指食品干净、未被细菌污染,不使人致病。食品安全是指食品及食品相关产品不存在对人体健康造成现实的或潜在的侵害的一种状态,也指为确保此种状态所采取的各种管理方法和措施。与食品卫生相比,食品安全更加强调食品标签的真实、全面、准确;更强调食品认证与商标管理;更重视食品食用方法的特殊要求;更关注个体的差异性。食品安全与食品卫生在公共管理方面的差异也比较明显。食品质量,是一个“度”的概念,是指食品的优劣程度,既包括优等食品,也包括劣等食品。食品安全指的是所有对人体健康造成急性或慢性损害的危险都不存在,是一个绝对概念。食品卫生与食品安全一样也是一个“质”的概念。笔者以为,应当借正在进行的《食品安全法》的起草,《标准化法》与《食品卫生法》的修改,通过法律的途径厘清三个概念。     

The Impact of Cooling Rate on the Safety of Food Products as Affected by Food Containers

In recent decades, the demand for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food items prepared by the food catering sector has increased together with the value of cook‐serve, cook‐chill, and cook‐freeze food products. The technologies by which foods are cooked, chilled, refrigerated for storage, and reheated before serving are of prime importance to maintain safety. Packaging materials and food containers play an important role in influencing the cooling rate of RTE foods. Food items that are prepared using improper technologies and inappropriate packaging materials may be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Numerous research studies have shown the impact of deficient cooling technologies on the survival and growth of foodborne pathogens, which may subsequently pose a threat to public health. The operating temperatures and cooling rates of the cooling techniques applied must be appropriate to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Food items must be stored outside the temperature danger zone, which is between 5 and 60 °C, in order to inhibit the growth of these pathogens. The cooling techniques used to prepare potentially hazardous foods, such as cooked meat, rice, and pasta, must be properly applied and controlled to ensure food safety. This paper critically reviews the effects of cooling and its relationship to food containers on the safety of RTE foods produced and sold through the food service industry.     

Tackling Fraudsters with Global Strategies to Expose Fraud in the Food Chain

Deliberate adulteration of food products is as old as food processing and production systems. Food adulteration is occurring increasingly often today. With globalization and complex distribution systems, adulteration may have a far‐reaching impact and even adverse consequences on well‐being. The means of the international community to confront and solve food fraud today are scattered and largely ineffective. A collective approach is needed to identify all stakeholders in the food supply chain, certify and qualify them, exclude those failing to meet applicable standards, and track food in a real time. This review provides some background into the drivers of fraudulent practices (economically motivated adulteration, food‐industry perspectives, and consumers’ perceptions of fraud) and discusses a wide range of the currently available technologies for detecting food adulteration followed by multivariate pattern recognition tools. Food chain integrity policies are discussed. Future directions in research, concerned not only with food adulterers but also with food safety and climate change, may be useful for researchers in developing interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary problems.     

我国餐饮业食品安全现状及对策研究

食品安全关系人民群众身体健康和生命安全,关系中华民族未来。党的十九大报告明确提出实施食品安全战略,让人民群众吃得放心。各地区各部门认真贯彻党中央、国务院决策部署,我国食品安全形势不断好转,但食品安全工作仍面临不少困难和挑战。本研究梳理了国内外餐饮业监管的基本情况,分析了我国餐饮业的新特点,总结了我国餐饮业存在的主要问题及原因。在此基础上,从企业主体责任、政府监管及社会共治等方面提出了改善我国餐饮业问题的建议。     

德国的食品质量安全体系

食品质量安全是我国目前研究的热点问题之一，总结借鉴发达国家的食品质量安全体系对构建和完善我国的食品质量安全体系具有重要意义。从管理机构、法律法规、质量认证、包装标识、追溯制度、市场准入、质量安全标准和监测检验八个方面对德国的食品质量安全体系进行了全面系统的介绍。     

基于网络环境下食品安全监控的探讨

食品的安全性与人们日常生活密切相关,食品安全问题已成为社会共同关注的热点问题。借助于网络技术的发展,构建完善的监控体系,实施全方位的食品安全监控,将有助于提升食品产业的社会公信力和提高公众的身体健康水平。