Constitutive modeling of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics

A batch of constitutive models for steel reinforcing bar, prestressing tendon, concrete and fiber-reinforced plastic are proposed for the nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures, prestressed concrete structures, reinforced concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics. These material models have been tested against series of experimental data and good agreements have been obtained, which justifies the validity and the usefulness of the proposed nonlinear constitutive models.     

Velocity Constants for Ultrasonic Stress Measurement in Prestressing Tendons

There is currently widespread use of high-strength steel tendons for prestressing and post-tensioning of concrete structures and as suspension cables for long-span bridges. Tendons normally consist of one or more seven-wire, helically wound steel strands or solid rods. There are more than 130,000 prestressed bridges in the United States that contain these tendons, and approximately 3,000 new bridges are constructed each year. The prestressing tendons are critical structural elements because the forces in the tendons counteract tensile stresses in the concrete that result from loads acting on a bridge. The tendons are frequently inaccessible for visual inspections and there is currently no accepted nondestructive evaluation technique to assess the condition of these tendons. The goal of this research is to examine ultrasonic stress measurement techniques for the condition assessment of prestressing tendons. This information could be used to compare the actual force in the tendon with its design values to determine if the tendon is performing below expectations. The focus of this paper is the characterization of the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress level in prestressing tendons. Measurements were made to determine constants that relate the change in ultrasonic velocity to the change in stress. The effects of dispersion in prestressing tendons, which act as circular waveguides for ultrasonic waves, are evaluated.     

Velocity Constants for Ultrasonic Stress Measurement in Prestressing Tendons

Abstract

There is currently widespread use of high-strength steel tendons for prestressing and post-tensioning of concrete structures and as suspension cables for long-span bridges. Tendons normally consist of one or more seven-wire, helically wound steel strands or solid rods. There are more than 130,000 prestressed bridges in the United States that contain these tendons, and approximately 3,000 new bridges are constructed each year. The prestressing tendons are critical structural elements because the forces in the tendons counteract tensile stresses in the concrete that result from loads acting on a bridge. The tendons are frequently inaccessible for visual inspections and there is currently no accepted nondestructive evaluation technique to assess the condition of these tendons. The goal of this research is to examine ultrasonic stress measurement techniques for the condition assessment of prestressing tendons. This information could be used to compare the actual force in the tendon with its design values to determine if the tendon is performing below expectations. The focus of this paper is the characterization of the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and stress level in prestressing tendons. Measurements were made to determine constants that relate the change in ultrasonic velocity to the change in stress. The effects of dispersion in prestressing tendons, which act as circular waveguides for ultrasonic waves, are evaluated.     

预应力简支工字钢梁自振频率变化规律研究

为研究预应力简支工字钢梁固有频率在不同工况下的变化规律及其变化的原因。采用分级施加预应力的方式进行2组体外预应力简支工字钢梁的动力试验,以预应力简支工字钢梁的试验研究结果为基础,建立简支工字钢梁和预应力简支工字钢梁有限元分析模型。试验结果与有限元对比分析表明:预应力筋张拉力、偏心距和预应力筋线型布置对预应力简支工字钢梁固有频率有影响,偏心距和预应力筋的线型布置对预应力钢梁固有频率影响较大,预应力筋张拉力影响较小。     

体外预应力纤维增强树脂基复合材料筋混凝土结构研究进展

本文从纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋、关键技术和构件三个主要方面综述了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的研究成果。首先,介绍了预应力FRP筋拉伸性能和长期性能,给出了面向设计的FRP筋蠕变断裂应力值、松弛率及疲劳最大应力和应力幅限值。阐述了预应力FRP筋三种主要锚固技术的优缺点和减小锚固端应力集中的方法,重点介绍了近年来新开发的复合材料夹片锚具,其锚固效率系数高于90%;同时,基于转向FRP筋力学性能试验结果,建议转向半径不宜小于FRP筋半径的200倍,转向角度不宜大于5°。梳理了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土构件的试验研究结果(单调加载、长期持荷和循环加载),介绍了国内外规范中的设计方法,并基于既有文献中42根梁的试验结果评价了规范中计算方法的精度,验证了我国规范GB 50608—2020中体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构设计计算方法的准确性。本综述将对体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的推广应用起积极推动作用。      

偏心受拉作用下预应力CFRP筋-型钢混凝土构件抗裂试验

为解决我国型钢混凝土桁架转换层拉杆及低层角柱在正常使用阶段易出现大面积拉裂缝的问题,以轻质高强、防腐的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)筋为预应力筋,提出可有效控制裂缝的预应力CFRP筋-型钢混凝土结构体系,并对其偏心受拉作用下的抗裂性能进行系统研究。以预应力水平、偏心距、纵筋直径及型钢翼缘厚度为主要参数制作11个构件,通过自行研发的拉-压转换桁架实现偏拉加载。结果表明:引入CFRP筋后CFRP筋-型钢混凝土构件抗裂度大幅提升,相较于普通偏拉构件,预应力大偏拉构件开裂荷载提高了64.8%~102.3%,预应力小偏拉构件提高了61.7%~117%,其抗裂性能与预应力水平、纵筋直径和型钢翼缘厚度正相关,与偏心距负相关。参照组合结构设计规范,提出构件开裂阶段中和轴的三种位置分布,并推导出开裂荷载公式,与试验值比较吻合度较高,可为其他复合材料筋在预应力偏拉体系的应用提供参考。      

External CFRP tendon members: Secondary reactions and moment redistribution

The response of prestress secondary reactions in the post-elastic range has been a topic of much controversy. Due to the brittleness of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) composites, external FRP tendon members may have different moment redistribution characteristics compared to conventional concrete members. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the secondary reactions and moment redistribution in prestressed concrete continuous members with external CFRP tendons. The investigation parameters include the initial prestress level and the pattern of loading. The secondary reactions are computed using a newly developed method based on the linear transformation concept combined with a nonlinear finite element analysis. The results indicate that the secondary reactions increase quicker after concrete cracking and nonprestressed steel yielding. As a consequence, the secondary moment should be included in the design moment. The moment redistribution behavior for symmetrical loading is shown to be quite different from that for unsymmetrical loading. The study also shows that the effect of initial prestress on the moment redistribution is rather important.     

预应力型钢混凝土梁-钢管混凝土叠合柱框架中节点受剪性能分析

基于ABAQUS平台,建立了预应力型钢混凝土梁-钢管混凝土叠合柱框架中节点精细化数值有限元模型,计算得到了柱顶水平荷载-位移滞回和单调加载曲线。在对比计算单调加载和实测滞回曲线基础上,研究了节点在柱顶水平荷载下的破坏全过程,细致考察了框架中节点的混凝土、型钢骨架、钢筋骨架以及预应力筋的应力状态,探讨了此类框架节点的破坏机理;基于参数分析结果,研究了轴压比、预应力度、核心区钢管配钢率和配箍率对节点柱顶水平荷载-位移曲线和核心区剪力-剪切变形的影响,提出了节点核心区受剪承载力计算公式。研究结果表明,当节点试件水平荷载达到峰值点时,核心区钢管、箍筋及预应力筋均达到屈服,核心区混凝土被压碎,此时可作为节点核心区抗剪承载力计算的标志;提出的节点核心区的抗剪承载力计算公式,可供工程设计参考。     

预应力钢绞线网加固混凝土圆柱的轴压性能

开发了一种预应力钢绞线(钢丝绳)网加固混凝土柱新技术, 对24根预应力加固混凝土圆柱和2根未加固对比柱进行了试验, 研究在单调轴向荷载作用下, 钢绞线间距、预应力水平对混凝土柱加固效果的影响。试验结果表明:较对比柱, 预应力加固柱的轴向峰值应力和应变最大提高幅度为83%和95%, 加固效果随预应力水平的提高而提高;随钢绞线间距的减小, 加固效果大幅度提高;钢绞线间距对加固效果的影响大于预应力水平的影响。建立了预应力钢绞线加固混凝土柱峰值应力和应变计算式, 提出了两种应力-应变全曲线关系模型, 计算结果与试验吻合良好, 可为相关研究提供理论支持。预应力钢绞线网加固混凝土柱技术是一种主动、高效、无损加固新技术, 具有推广和应用价值。     

不锈钢和CFRP混合配筋预应力混凝土梁的延性和变形性能

由于FRP(fiber-reinforcedpolymer/Plastics)材料直到拉断还表现出线弹性的力学性能,使得采用FRP配筋的混凝土结构延性较差,且已成为这类结构应用中人们所关注的一个主要问题。研究了不锈钢和CFRP(Carbonfiber-reinforcedpolymer/Plastics)混合配筋部分粘结、部分预应力混凝土梁的延性和变形特性。分析时假定这类梁的截面在加载过程中具有3折线的弯矩-曲率关系,而在卸载过程中截面的弯矩-曲率关系假定为线性,据此提出了这类梁受力全过程的非线性分析方法,并以试验结果验证了其适用性。基于能量耗散的观点引入了反映这类梁延性特性的延性指标,并利用所提分析方法对这类梁的延性进行了参数分析。分析结果表明:增加混凝土极限压应变和预应力束的无粘结部分长度可以有效地增加这类梁的变形性能,但对延性的增加却很有限,而且这两个参数对梁延性和变形性能的影响程度还强烈依赖于梁的破坏形态。     

Effects of solution exposure on the combined axial-shear behaviour of unidirectional CFRP rods

In fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) prestressed concrete applications, an FRP tendon must sustain high axial tensile stresses and, if cracks occur, additional dowel forces. The tendon may also be exposed to solutions and so the combined axial-shear stress performance after long-term environmental exposure is important. Experiments were conducted to investigate the combined axial-shear stress failure envelope for unidirectional carbon FRP tendons which had been exposed to either water, salt water or concrete pore solution at 60 °C for approximately 18 months. The underlying load resisting mechanisms were found to depend on the loading configuration, restraint effects and the initial stress state. When saturated, CFRP tendons are likely to exhibit a reduced shear stiffness. However, the ultimate limit state appeared to be fibre-dominated and was therefore less susceptible to reductions due to solution uptake effects.     

A finite element assessment of flexural strength of prestressed concrete beams with fiber reinforcement

This paper presents an assessment of the flexural behavior of 15 fully/partially prestressed high strength concrete beams containing steel fibers investigated using three-dimensional nonlinear finite elemental analysis. The experimental results consisted of eight fully and seven partially prestressed beams, which were designed to be flexure dominant in the absence of fibers. The main parameters varied in the tests were: the levels of prestressing force (i.e, in partially prestressed beams 50% of the prestress was reduced with the introduction of two high strength deformed bars instead), fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%), fiber location (full depth and partial depth over full length and half the depth over the shear span only). A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS 5.5 [Theory Reference Manual. In: Kohnke P, editor. Elements Reference Manual. 8th ed. September 1998] general purpose finite element software to study the flexural behavior of both fully and partially prestressed fiber reinforced concrete beams. Influence of fibers on the concrete failure surface and stress–strain response of high strength concrete and the nonlinear stress–strain curves of prestressing wire and deformed bar were considered in the present analysis. In the finite element model, tension stiffening and bond slip between concrete and reinforcement (fibers, prestressing wire, and conventional reinforcing steel bar) have also been considered explicitly. The fraction of the entire volume of the fiber present along the longitudinal axis of the prestressed beams alone has been modeled explicitly as it is expected that these fibers would contribute to the mobilization of forces required to sustain the applied loads across the crack interfaces through their bridging action. A comparison of results from both tests and analysis on all 15 specimens confirm that, inclusion of fibers over a partial depth in the tensile side of the prestressed flexural structural members was economical and led to considerable cost saving without sacrificing on the desired performance. However, beams having fibers over half the depth in only the shear span, did not show any increase in the ultimate load or deformational characteristics when compared to plain concrete beams.     

预应力FRP加固工程结构技术研究进展

围绕国内外预应力FRP加固技术的研究现状以及最新进展,从预应力FRP加固混凝土结构、预应力FRP加固钢结构、预应力FRP加固中关键技术的研究等方面进行了综述。试验研究表明：预应力FRP加固混凝土能显著提高构件的开裂荷载、屈服荷载和极限荷载,改善受弯构件在长期荷载的力学性能,提高构件的疲劳寿命;预应力CFRP加固钢梁后,其屈服荷载和极限荷载相对于对比梁都有明显的提高,其提高的程度随着预应力CFRP的用量和预应力水平的提高而增大;预应力CFRP加固对钢梁的刚度提高作用也比较明显,对低强度的钢材,提高效果更明显;采用预应力FRP加固工程结构的关键问题在于预应力的施加体系、预应力控制值、预应力损失和端部的锚固。     

有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力研究

纤维增强塑料筋(简称FRP 筋)是一种高强线弹性材料,非常适合用做侵蚀环境下的预应力筋,采用有粘结和无粘结相结合是提高预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁延性的一种新方法。对有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力进行了理论分析和试验研究,基于平衡配筋率定义了有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的破坏形态,推导了平衡配筋率和相应抗弯承载力的计算公式。为了验证公式的正确性,进行了9 根预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的试验研究,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,在相同配筋的条件下,体内有粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力最高,体内无粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力其次,而无转向块的体外无粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力最低。采用体内有粘结和无粘结预应力相结合,可以改善预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的延性。     

预应力FRP加固混凝土结构技术研究与应用

介绍了笔者进行的预应力芳纶纤维布和碳纤维筋加固混凝土结构的一些主要研究成果,内容包括:预应力芳纶纤维布永久锚具的开发;预应力芳纶纤维布的应力松弛损失研究;预应力芳纶纤维布加固混凝土梁的受弯、受剪性能研究;温度对芳纶纤维布配套粘结材料的力学性能影响研究;体外预应力碳纤维筋局部加固混凝土梁的力学性能研究;碳纤维筋预应力粗纤维混凝土梁的抗震性能研究;预应力纤维布加固混凝土结构的工程应用等。     

Evaluation of prestressed basalt fiber and hybrid fiber reinforced polymer tendons under marine environment

This paper studies the degradation of the tensile properties of prestressed basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and hybrid FRP tendons in a marine environment. Two levels of prestressing toward typical prestressing applications were applied in the experiment. The variations of tensile strength, elastic modulus and the relevant coefficient of variation (CV) were first investigated. The effect of prestressing on tensile property degradation was discussed. The characteristics of prestressed hybrid FRP tendons in a marine environment simulated by a salt solution were clarified. Moreover, a prediction model of BFRP tendons with different levels of prestressing in a marine environment was proposed. The results show that the BFRP tendons’ superior resistance to salt corrosion and the degradation rate of their tensile strength is nonlinearly proportional to the prestressing ratios, whereas the elastic modulus remains constant regardless the prestressing ratio and aging duration. Although prestressing on BFRP tendons accelerates degradation, it can still lower the variation of the strength of the BFRP tendon. Hybridization can lower the degradation rate of basalt and carbon FRP (B/CFRP) without prestressing, whereas basalt and steel-wire FRP (B/SFRP) exhibit much faster degradation due to the internal corrosive steel wires. The model regression by the Napierian logarithm equation well represents the degradation trend of BFRP tendons under different levels of prestressing.     

无粘结预应力CFRP筋钢纤维轻骨料混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

建立无粘结预应力FRP筋张拉锚固体系,对8根以CFRP筋为非预应力筋的无粘结预应力CFRP筋轻骨料混凝土梁与1根普通混凝土对比试件进行两点对称加载,观察其破坏过程与破坏形态,分析了混凝土种类、预应力度和净跨长度对开裂弯矩、弯矩-跨中挠度曲线、裂缝宽度等受弯性能的影响.从等效轴向刚度思想出发,修正了现有的以钢筋为非预应力...     

预应力CFRP加固钢筋混凝土受弯构件的抗力概率模型研究

预应力CFRP 加固混凝土结构技术因其在材料性能利用方面的优越性能已成为CFRP 加固的热点方向,其中预应力CFRP 加固结构的可靠性是这一方向研究的重要内容。该文分析了影响预应力CFRP 板加固钢筋混凝土受弯构件承载力的主要变量的概率特征,考虑CFRP 板尺寸效应和应力分布的影响,采用Weibull 分布推导了CFRP 板的极限强度概率分布函数,根据预应力CFRP 张拉工艺,分析了预应力损失随机变量,建立了在不同失效模式(破坏形态)下的受弯构件抗力概率模型,并开展了参数敏感性分析,获得各个失效模式下抗力概率模型的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:抗力概率模型是预应力CFRP 加固结构的失效概率计算与可靠度校准的重要内容之一,各参数的影响规律与各失效模式的破坏形式密切相关。     

近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位桥墩地震反应分析

为讨论摇摆-自复位（Rocking Self-Centering,RSC）桥墩在近断层地震动下的地震反应,基于OpenSees数值分析平台建立了RSC桥墩抗震分析模型。同时建立了普通钢筋混凝土（Reinforced Concrete,RC）桥墩,配置竖向无粘结预应力筋（Unbonded Prestressed Reinforced Concrete,PRC）桥墩的抗震分析模型作为对比。对各模型输入近断层地震动记录,进行增量动力分析。以墩顶最大位移角、残余位移角、预应力筋最大应力为考察目标,对比分析了不同墩高（剪跨比分别为2、4和6）、不同桥墩类型（RSC、RC和PRC桥墩）时各桥墩的地震反应。结果表明:随着耗能钢筋配筋率增加,RSC桥墩墩顶最大位移角和预应力筋最大应力均减小;RSC和PRC桥墩均可有效减少桥墩震后残余位移角。耗能钢筋配筋率与PRC桥墩纵筋配筋率接近的RSC桥墩,两者的最大墩顶位移角、残余位移角和预应力筋应力水平均接近。无论是RSC桥墩还是PRC桥墩,当剪跨比大于等于6.0时,易发生预应力筋失效。为避免预应力筋失效引起RSC桥墩产生过大的墩顶残余变形,RSC桥墩中耗能钢筋配筋率不宜低于0.75%。