Stirling Generators: Challenges and Opportunities

The current state of the market of Stirling generators shows that high-technology engines that have been tuned in the process of cooperation or competition between powerful corporations are winning. The main advantages of Stirling engines are the ability to use various heat sources and combustion chambers meeting environmental requirements, a low level of noise and vibration; favorable characteristics for both vehicles and stationary electric generators, and good consistency with a linear electric machine. High cost and weight—size parameters, as well as limited aggregate capacity and useful life, are constraints on the development of Stirling generators. It is a feature of a Stirling engine that the pressure-circuit, generator, and combustion-chamber parameters need to be regulated. The control system should be intelligent to provide starting conditions. Power control of a free-piston Stirling engine is usually accomplished by changing the piston stroke, which is realized a linear generator electronic control unit. At the moment, due to the development of alternative energy and distributed power supply, a potential niche for the use of Stirling generators is growing.     

电力系统广义同步稳定性的物理机理与研究途径

进入二十一世纪后,世界范围内对全球变暖的担忧迫使能源向低碳化和无碳化方向转型,可再生能源的开发利用发展迅猛,使得电网电源日益朝着非同步机化方向发展,导致电网电源之间的同步稳定性呈现出新的形态—— 广义同步稳定性。广义同步稳定性包含了同步机电源之间的同步稳定性、同步机电源与非同步机电源之间的同步稳定性以及非同步机电源之间的同步稳定性。为此,探讨广义同步稳定性意义上的失步机理及其研究途径。首先介绍了非同步机电源保持广义同步稳定性的基本手段。然后分析了广义同步稳定性意义上的3种失步类型,包括锁相环的锁相失败失步和功率同步环失步、非同步机电源由控制系统时延引起的失步以及同步机之间的功角失步。最后讨论了广义同步稳定性的分析方法,包括单独考虑一种失步类型时的分析方法和综合考虑所有失步类型时的分析方法;提出了从小系统到大系统步步推进的失步机理分析技术路线,指出了机电暂态模型不适用于分析广义同步稳定性的原因,阐明了基于全电磁暂态仿真分析电力系统广义同步稳定性是未来发展的趋势。     

海上风电场黑启动系统的风柴协同控制策略

在风电平价上网政策的推动下中国海上风电场建设加速,未来大规模的海上风电场将会成为沿海地区局域电网的重要供电电源。当沿海局域电网发生大停电时,海上风电场若具备作为黑启动电源的能力将显著加快电网恢复过程。为启动沿岸无黑启动能力的火电机组,文中提出了利用海上风电场配置的小容量辅助柴油发电机作为支撑电源启动海上风电机组,后经主变压器和高压海底电缆向陆上火电机组供电的黑启动方案。为改善黑启动系统的频率调节能力以及在投入高压海底电缆时维持系统电压稳定,分别提出一种风柴协同调频控制和一种考虑柴油发电机功率极限的动态无功补偿控制,后者利用了风机网侧变流器(WGSC)作为静止无功发生器(SVG)运行。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC上依据实例搭建了海上风电场黑启动模型,验证了所提方案及策略的可行性和有效性。     

Characteristics of a brushless and exciterless three-phase synchronous generator with DC exciting system

From the viewpoint of maintenances and constructions, it is desirable that brushless and exciterless type three-phase synchronous generators be made. To meet this requirement, one of the authors devised a brushless and exciterless synchronous generator in which exciting currents flow simultaneously with load currents in armature windings. Thus, generators can be used both as the generators themselves and as the exciters. A generator system has already been reported by one of the authors. In it, the dc stator exciting current flows between the middle points per phase of the double-star armature winding through the rectifiers. However, the winding connection between the armature winding and the rectifiers are complicated. Three sets of rectifiers are needed by the stator excitation. The authors present a generator system by which the electric connection of between the stator armature winding and the rectifier can be simplified, and the number of the rectifiers can be reduced. In this system, the stator is provided with a double-star armature winding having two neutral points. In this paper, first, a circuit constitution and the principle for the brushless and exciterless three-phase synchronous generator are described, and second, the characteristics are elucidated by means of characteristic analysis. Further, the results of the experiments for the generator conducted on the test machine of 2.0 kW are shown.     

Prospects for the application of superconductivity technology to power systems

By relying only on the conventional technology, it may be difficult to meet the recent requirements of electric power systems such as further improvement of the quality of electric power supply, environmental compatibility, and so on. Some of the limitations of conventional technology can be eliminated by the application of superconductivity technology. Roughly speaking, superconductivity-applied components which have relatively high feasibility are the superconducting generator, small-capacity SMES. and liquid nitrogen-cooled superconducting cable. To use them practically, reliability, maintainability, controllability and economy must be improved to the level of conventional components.     

一种新型的高电压设备

介绍了用高压电缆制作的发电机不经变压器直接与高压电网相联的高电压设备。它包括高压水轮发电机、汽轮发电机、风力发电机及电动机，具有很好的经济效益。     

Experiment of the lorentz force law using twin toy motors

This paper proposes a torque measurement method with two toy motors. The aim is to study the basic principles of electric motors and generators, that is, the Lorentz force law, in a laboratory experiment. The two motors are directly coupled and used as a driver and a generator, respectively. The generator functions as an electric brake and as a rotational speed sensor. Since the experimental setup does not need any torque tester, its handling is very easy. It is confirmed from the demonstration tests that the twin characteristics of the motors on motional electromotive force lead to reasonable results of torque estimation. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

用外加电源式定子接地保护提高保护灵敏度的研究

定子绕组单相接地故障是发电机最常见的故障之一，且其他故障大多由定子单相接地引发。传统大型机组基于纵向零序电压三次谐波的100%定子接地保护存在灵敏度较低的缺点。外加电源式定子接地保护灵敏度较高，但随着单机容量越来越大，其灵敏度还是不能满足要求。借助现代的电气控制技术，对其进行改进，在原有的外加电源式定子接地保护中引入反馈量，从而提出了一种新的保护模式，仿真计算表明它可以有很高的灵敏度并具有很高的可靠性，能够满足现代大型机组对接地保护的要求。     

非同步机电源渗透率对同步机之间功角稳定性影响的简化模型分析

研究了非同步机电源接入电网对电网中原有同步机之间功角稳定性的影响。基于经典的单机-无穷大系统模型,设计了一个考虑输电通道中接入非同步机电源的简单测试系统,提出了研究非同步机电源渗透率对同步机之间功角稳定性影响的衡量基准。建立了简单测试系统的数学模型,采用同步功率系数作为衡量小扰动功角稳定性的指标;基于等面积法则分析测试系统的大扰动稳定性,并采用故障临界清除时间作为衡量大扰动功角稳定性的指标。研究结果表明,在设计的测试系统和所提衡量基准下,非同步机电源接入对原系统中同步机之间功角稳定性有改善作用。     

基于振荡能量的低频振荡分析与振荡源定位:（二）振荡源定位方法与算例

系统的总能量与振幅对应,产生能量的元件对振荡衰减的贡献为负,可认为是振荡源。负阻尼发电机以及外施周期性扰动所在元件都会产生能量,文中推导了发电机上外施扰动产生能量的表达式。根据网络中的能量流,找到产生振荡能量的能量源,能量源就是振荡源。在振荡源处采取控制措施可有效抑制振荡。在分析网络中的能量源以及能量流动的基础上,提出了利用电网中的振荡能量流定位振荡源的方法。该方法只需要广域测量信息,可在线应用。仿真结果以及实际电网振荡事故分析的结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Congestion Management Considering Wind Energy Sources Using Evolutionary Algorithm

It is necessary to maintain power system security within a reasonable limit without harming the electric power supply in an emerging electricity market. Power systems are said to be congested when power transmission reaches beyond its limits. Therefore, in a deregulated power system environment, the system operator must look after the power transactions made by market parties. In this article, a novel congestion management method considering wind energy sources is introduced. The proposed congestion management technique is constructed considering the calculation of bus sensitivity factor and generator sensitivity factor. The bus sensitivity factor is used for finding the optimal location of a wind farm. The most sensitive generators are identified to reschedule their output by using the generator sensitivity factor. The artificial bee colony algorithm and particle swarm optimization techniques are applied to compare the generator rescheduling with earlier literature for congestion management. The proposed method has been tested on the 39-bus New-England test system to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach of wind farm integration for congestion management.     

A study of AC link and DC link method for wind power generation connected to electric power system

In this paper, grid‐connection of wind power generators was evaluated from the viewpoint of frequency fluctuation. Wind power generation is a power generation method that depends on natural energy, and there is some concern that it may exert a negative influence on electric power quality. As a result, it is necessary to maintain high electric power quality when wind power generation is connected to the grid. The AC link method, the AC‐DC link method, and the DC link method are alternatives for grid connection of wind power generators. The model system was constructed with the use of a synchronous generator and an induction generator as wind power generator, and verification experiments were performed. Verification experiments using the various grid‐connection methods for each generator were conducted. The steadiest frequency characteristic was obtained in the DC link method. In particular, the stability level was highest in the wind power generation system using the DC link method with a wound‐rotor induction generator. Generally, induction generators are grid‐connected by the AC link method. Therefore, grid‐connection of induction generators by the DC link method appears effective from the viewpoint of frequency fluctuation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(3): 21–30, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21196     

发电机自励磁发生根源及其对特高压输电线运行的影响

发电机带长线路运行时,由于线路分布电容电流的助磁作用,常引起发电机的自励磁。特高压输电线分布电容大,引起自励磁的可能性更大。对发电机自励磁的研究,一般从参数谐振和参数周期性变化的角度进行分析,未涉及自励磁产生的根源。文中认为发电机自励磁的根源是电容性电流的助磁作用产生的正反馈使系统发生自激振荡。对励磁回路断开且xd=x...     

Basic characteristics of a self-excited induction generator under secondary excitation at constant voltage

A self-excited wound-rotor induction generator excited with a capacitor can be used as an independent source for small-capacity wind power generator. With constant excitation capacitance, the secondary-circuit power of the induction generator is returned to the primary circuit through a converter, an inverter and a transformer; the power is controlled at the inverter so that the generator voltage is always maintained constant in spite of the changes of generator speed and load. The basic characteristics of the generator under the above conditions are analyzed. The fundamental waves of both the main circuit and the feedback circuit are determined. Using these results, the equations for various portions of the generator are derived, the performance characteristics of the generator are then analyzed and compared with experimental results.     

巨型水轮发电机定子绕组设计建议——由发电机主保护定量化设计引出的反思

从多个水轮发电机主保护定量化设计的工程实践中发现某些绕组形式的发电机难以取得令人满意的保护性能。提出通过合理选择定子绕组形式,兼顾电机设计和继电保护的要求,在绕组设计阶段就力求减少继电保护的动作死区。建议首选保护性能优异的整数槽“全波绕组”,同时针对其他绕组形式,探讨相应的综合优化设计规则,在不改变电机电磁性能的前提下,采取相应措施减少定子绕组内部短路时继电保护动作死区的存在比率。     

A novel method for fault diagnosis of hydro generator based on NOFRFs

Fault diagnosis and recognition of hydro generator are important issues which encounter in repair and security posture assessment. It influences the operational planning and security directly. Volterra series as an effective modeling method has been widely used in modeling and fault diagnosis of hydro generator, but the larger number of kernels limits its application in faults diagnosis. Non-linear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs) as a transformation style of Volterra series have a more intuitive visual and simple structure. In this paper, NOFRFs have been proposed to be employed in fault diagnosis of hydro generator, and a novel online identification method is proposed at the same time. Firstly, NOFRFs models of hydro generators are built. Secondly, a new method for online identification is proposed according to the operational characteristics of hydro generators. Finally, simulation verification has been done to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method, and experimental studies are put forward on a hydro generator to analyze the failure mechanism in different states. The results indicate that the proposed method is useful and concise for fault diagnosis and nonlinear analysis of hydro generators.     

FM信号源调制延迟和调制上升时间的测量评价

为了评价FM信号源的外调制特性,提出了FM信号源调制延迟和上升时间的一种测量方法,借助于方波信号源调制处于外调制状态下的FM信号源,以数字存储示波器对FM信号及其外调制信号进行同步波形测量,用数字化解调方法解调出FM信号中的阶跃调制波形,最终获得了FM信号源的调制延迟和上升时间的测量结果.实验结果验证了本文方法的正确性和可行性.本文所述方法可用于FM信号源外调制延迟和上升时间的测量评价.     

双馈风力发电机变速恒频特性试验

利用两路静止变频试验电源、同容量或大于发电机容量的拖动电机和转子变频器构成双馈风力发电机变速恒频特性测试试验系统,研究双馈风力发电机变速恒频特性测试过程的合理试验工艺,为该类电机的型式试验和系统的电气部分调试提供参考.     

Photovoltaic generator modelling to improve numerical robustness of EMT simulation

Numerical simulation is an indispensable tool for studying photovoltaic (PV) systems, to derive component ratings, optimise protections, design controllers as well as to evaluate the impact of embedded generation on distribution system operation. In EMT simulation, the non-linear equations representing the PV generators are separated from the linear equations of the rest of the power system. This technique presents high computational efficiency but introduces a one-step delay, which can cause problems of numerical instability. These problems are particularly evident when the PV generator is represented by multiple single-diode equivalent circuits, such as in the cases of PV generators composed of different types of arrays or subject to partial shading or interfaced by multilevel inverters. To overcome such problems, in this paper a new approach is proposed to include the PV generator model into EMT simulation. A convergence analysis gives proof of the obtained improvements, which are also confirmed by numerical results. The robustness of the proposed technique is tested by simulation of an IEEE benchmark system in the cases of partial shading and of electric faults.     

兼顾系统调频需求的分布式风电分散自治调控策略

越来越多的风力发电将分布在配电系统中,它们无法像常规电源一样由输电网调度中心集中调度和控制,通常需要采用分散自治的调控方式。然而,风电机组完全不顾输电系统的运行需求充分自治,会在某些方式下导致系统运行状态恶化。因此,需要研究风电机组新型调控策略,使充分自治转变成能够兼顾系统某些特殊运行需求的有限自治,配合系统渡过难关。针对此问题,提出了能够兼顾系统调频需求的分布式风电机组分散自治调控策略,该策略根据风电机组运行信息和系统频率将风电机组调控区划分为并网控制区、正常调控区、异常调控区、紧急调控区和脱网控制区五类,并给出了异常调控、紧急调控和故障调控三种新的调控模式。算例表明:风电机组能够较好地根据系统调频需求,在最大可用输出功率范围内调整自身输出功率,一定程度上给予系统积极的支持。