Planning and designing for the multiple use role of habitats in urban/suburban landscapes in the Great Basin

Most researchers agree that preserving, creating, and restoring urban wildlife habitats has to be an interdisciplinary undertaking if it is to succeed. Ecologists and wildlife biologists must be key participants. The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play.Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated.There is a growing body of research data that suggests that wildlife are being adversely impacted by multiple uses of urban habitats. The challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met.The paper presents three general areas in which landscape architects have traditionally contributed to an interdisciplinary approach to urban wildlife habitat planning: contextual perspective, problem solving process, and design/technical execution.Reflecting back on his past 10 years of experience as a landscape architect planning urban wildlife habitats, the author presents several case study projects in which: (A) accommodation of multiple use objectives, including wildlife habitat, was required; (B) interdisciplinary teams participated in the planning and design process; (C) key principles from the fields of landscape ecology, conservation biology and wildlife biology were applied to facility and activity location, habitat configuration, and management.Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces. The paper concludes with a brief summary of keys to success common to each project.     

The computerization of environmental design

Across North America, the need for planning and design to address emerging environmental and development problems is evident to all observers. Landscape architects, planners and architects often have the skills to act on the complex information affecting the development and protection of urban, suburban and rural environments. Creatively these professions generate recommendations for change which can improve the world that our children will inherit.     

德国柏林波茨坦广场的城市设计

波茨坦广场的规划建设很好地反映了现代城市设计实施的全过程。本文简述了波茨坦广场由总体城市设计到区块城市设计，再到最后的建筑设计的步骤，在不同阶段中规划师、建筑师的分工、合作，以及与普通群众的交流沟通．并把上海浦东陆家嘴地区与波茨坦广场的城市设计做了简要的横向比较旨在更深入地了解波茨坦广场设计的启示和城市规划师、建筑师的责任。     

Integrating wetlands into planned landscapes

The commonly held perspective of wetland habitats in planned landscapes has shifted from areas requiring drainage and fill to valuable habitat providing benefits to society. This shift in perspective has given rise to federal, state and local wetland protection efforts, but planners, landscape architects and engineers have yet to integrate wetland habitats into communities and planned landscapes. In fact, many of the practices employed by land planners to address wetland protection are all too often creating ecological traps that do more harm than good. Complicating the integration of wetland habitats into communities is the public preference for certain types of natural landscapes. In response to this stated aesthetic preference, landscape management practices intended to improve the appearance of wetland habitats actually destroy valuable breeding sites, and food and cover for numerous birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. With careful planning, design, implementation, and public education, wetland habitats can be fully integrated into planned landscapes without destroying valuable benefits provided by wetland ecosystems.     

A risk assessment of landscape hazards for building sites in the Front Range mountains of Colorado

The extent to which urban open space corridors meet recreational, habitat and wildlife needs is highly dependent on the degree to which the interactive effects of these uses are identified and incorporated into planning, design and management decisions. For managers who aim to enhance compatibility between people and wildlife, the challenge is to bridge the gap between established practice and a more multi-functional approach. Ultimately the aim should be to put in place an enlightened and sympathetic management regime that supports indigenous biodiversity maintainable at an acceptable cost and is compatible with providing sufficient access to cater for a wide range of recreational activities. Principles relating to site evaluation and corridor management are discussed in the context of a case study in Singapore.     

Assessing the flexibility of public squares the case of Grande Poste square in Algiers

Changes in cities affect public squares. They host temporal, virtual and conflicting uses at different times. For these reasons, they must be multifunctional and adaptable to rapid and unpredictable changes to meet the users´ needs which change over time. These changes have repercussions on the planning and the development of these spaces. In this context, planners introduce flexibility of use in urban planning as a feature of adapting spaces to changes. Current references cite characters and models of flexible places, as well as flexible uses of these places. However, how can planners improve the potential of the flexibility of use in existing public squares? This article proposes an approach to assess the flexibility of use in public squares. It requires the combination of two relevant qualitative methods used to evaluate the flexibility of use in buildings. We used them because there is still no evaluation method for public squares. The application of this method in the central square of the Grand Poste in Algiers aims to show the degree of flexibility of this place and identify aspects that help planners and architects to propose planning recommendations for more flexibility in using this square.     

Cities under Siege: Urban Planning and the Threat of Infectious Disease

Many analysts argue that the potential for a natural, accidental, or nefarious infectious disease event to have a dramatic impact on urban areas in the United States and abroad is growing. After reviewing the justification for this position, this article considers what cities should do to prepare for a major disease event. Recognizing that prevention and preparation receive insufficient attention, we recommend that planners seek out and work with both public and private sector groups with roles in disaster planning; design land and transportation planning information systems to aid and support decision makers during crises; encourage greater self-sufficiency in food production and consumption; assist in the design of humane, realistic evacuation strategies and routes; and consider the effects of their day-to-day recommendations on disease risk and response.     

A Case Study in Urban Design

Planners must develop greater skills in three-dimensional design in order to fulfill responsibilities placed on them by urban renewal. Design should be a major instrument for carrying out comprehensive plan objectives. Community understanding of planning issues in terms of design is necessary. The planners must develop refined techniques for working with consultant architects, and with developers and the architects they employ.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving 'landscape' a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co-ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

保障非赢利性城市用地的GI规划理念探讨

伴随着我国城市化水平的快速推进,过去单方面依靠政府投资的做法已远不能满足日益增长的非赢利性城市用地的建设需求。引入GI规划理念,利用市场与规划的联动作用机制,将赢利性城市用地中的土地价值剩余反哺非赢利性城市用地的建设,一方面控制了赢利性城市用地的超额利润,另一方面也保障了非赢利性城市用地规划在市场经济中的可操作性,从而推动了社会公共福利在城市规划中的可持续发展。     

Is Managed Recreational Use Compatible with Effective Habitat and Wildlife Occurrence in Urban Open Space Corridor Systems?

The extent to which urban open space corridors meet recreational, habitat and wildlife needs is highly dependent on the degree to which the interactive effects of these uses are identified and incorporated into planning, design and management decisions. For managers who aim to enhance compatibility between people and wildlife, the challenge is to bridge the gap between established practice and a more multi-functional approach. Ultimately the aim should be to put in place an enlightened and sympathetic management regime that supports indigenous biodiversity maintainable at an acceptable cost and is compatible with providing sufficient access to cater for a wide range of recreational activities. Principles relating to site evaluation and corridor management are discussed in the context of a case study in Singapore.     

城市规划亚层次结构的探索——关于规划师与建筑师契合机制

本文针对传统上规划师与建筑师之间的脱节、分离,针对城市规划与具体建筑设计之间的缺乏有效衔接、过渡现象, 提出城市规划亚层次结构的设想.文中具体分析了这一机制建立的必要和可能,并对新的设计程序模式进行了探讨.     

GIS in the Urban Landscape: reconfiguring neighbourhood planning and design processes

Landscape architects have been using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) primarily for large-scale applications such as regional, environmental, ecological and natural resources planning and management. GIS applications are explored for the smaller-scale urban landscapes of communities and neighbourhoods. It is described how a community-based GIS was used in a participatory neighbourhood planning process to enhance communication between planners, community groups and local residents. This case study, which reflects on the experience of a design team at the University of Illinois at Chicago, found that a community GIS was highly useful for urban landscape and design, particularly when augmented with a variety of other computerized and non-computerized techniques. In this case free-hand sketching by a trained artist and three-dimensional software that could create representations of the designs as they were in process were incorporated. This combination of tools proved effective for increasing community understanding and participation in the designing and revitalization of their neighbourhoods.     

GIS in the Urban Landscape: Reconfiguring neighbourhood planning and design processes

Landscape architects have been using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) primarily for large-scale applications such as regional, environmental, ecological and natural resources planning and management. GIS applications are explored for the smaller-scale urban landscapes of communities and neighbourhoods. It is described how a community-based GIS was used in a participatory neighbourhood planning process to enhance communication between planners, community groups and local residents. This case study, which reflects on the experience of a design team at the University of Illinois at Chicago, found that a community GIS was highly useful for urban landscape and design, particularly when augmented with a variety of other computerized and non-computerized techniques. In this case free-hand sketching by a trained artist and three-dimensional software that could create representations of the designs as they were in process were incorporated. This combination of tools proved effective for increasing community understanding and participation in the designing and revitalization of their neighbourhoods.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving ‘landscape’ a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co‐ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

关于澳门建筑条例对住宅可建面积及建筑形态制约的分析

澳门人多地少,新建住宅量少,增加建筑面积是社会上对住宅的实际需求。虽然澳门在规划和建筑管理中没有设定具体建筑面积指标,但是建筑条例对住宅可建面积的设定有一系列严格的控制。文章通过阐述澳门住宅建筑面积的形成机制、高度等级、地段种类、街影条例、76°角面限制等,分析控制建筑面积的关键要素;并通过举例分析关键指标之间的关系和对建筑面积、形态的影响,提出修订建筑法规、采取低覆盖率高地积比、适当拓宽街道等合理增加澳门住宅面积的思路和建议,力求为建筑和规划专业人士、城市开发和管理者提供参考信息和思考空间。     

城市栖息地营建导向的城市公园改造 实践——以2019北京世界园艺博览会自然 生态展示区景观工程为例

在全球生物多样性保护面临挑战的今天,城市公园绿地作为城市栖息地的重要载体,其生物多样性保护功能越来越受到关注。以2019北京世界园艺博览会自然生态展示区景观工程的设计与实践经验为例,基于国内外城市栖息地研究成果与实践方法,总结提出了以城市公园绿地为主的城市栖息地的营建路径,并针对该项目开展过程中影响绿地提升生物多样性功能的4个环节进行重点阐述,包括生态本底与景观功能评估、空间布局设计、分区生境优化、施工与养护管理等,以期为同类型项目的设计工作提供参考。     

小有天园之布局结构与景境研究

小有天园选址于西子湖畔之南屏山麓,其园林营建与造园基址和外部环境有着极大的关联性。以小有天园的布局结构为研究切入点,结合文献、界画及已有复原成果,深入理解园林布局和视景营造,并探析基于此空间环境的景境氛围特征,得出以下结论:园林布局依山就势,园林和外部环境之间具有较高的流动性;景观视线组织以借景为目的,极大程度扩展了园林的视觉空间;景致营造利用基址现状,稍做经营,使景观富有层次;景境氛围体现出山林环境的影响。通过对小有天园的营造研究,以期完善自然山水园的营建理论,凸显杭州私家园林营造的地域特色,并为现代园林设计提供借鉴。     

块域设计-城市设计与建筑设计的中介

城市设计可以看作城市规划和建筑设计之间的中介,它能促进规划师与建筑理由的相互协作和交流。为了有利于设计思考建筑问题时能够从城市角度出发,提出并讨论了“块域设计”的新概念。     

Developing a land-cover classification to select indicators of forest ecosystem health in a rapidly urbanizing landscape

As moderate-sized cities become more urbanized, ecosystems are altered by land-use change. Key ecological services, such as clean air and water, drought and flood protection, soil generation and preservation, and detoxification of wastes are disrupted, risking the health and welfare of society. An understanding of ecosystem responses to urbanization is necessary to evaluate and balance short-term needs with long-term sustainability goals. Our main objective was to develop a land management and planning tool using a land-cover classification to select landscape indicators of ecosystem health near Columbus, GA. Spearman's Rho correlations were calculated to compare landscape and field-based indicators. Results suggest there are significant inverse correlations between ‘percent forest land-cover’ and ‘population, housing, and road densities’; ‘tree species richness’ and ‘forest patch density’; ‘percent urban land-cover’ and ‘lichen species richness’; ‘lichen incidence’ and ‘forest perimeter-area fractal dimension’. Overall, there were 152 significant urban/biological correlations obtained from this assessment (Rho ≥ |0.50| and p ≤ 0.10). Such a tool could prove useful to land managers and environmental planners by providing a quick and simple method to assess broad areas of land in a single analysis.