变压器差动保护涌流制动原理分析

空充误动是变压器差动保护的一大难题，现有的涌流制动原理主要是二次谐波和波形对称。文中深入分析了这2种原理之间的内在联系，指出不同的转角方式对保护可靠性产生的影响。传统的Y侧转换方式下，两相涌流之差可能导致二次谐波减小，波形趋于对称，这2种原理均可能误动；D侧转换方式下，三相涌流将互相影响，难以确定谐波制动的比例。     

一种高可靠的自适应励磁涌流制动方法

在简述传统二次谐波制动原理和存在问题的基础上,分析了空投于无故障变压器和有故障变压器时差动电流基波含量和二次谐波含量的变化特性。利用该特性提出一种自适应的励磁涌流制动方法。通过该方法实时判断变压器的运行状态,确定可靠闭锁或及时开放差动,解决现有方法在励磁涌流制动和差动保护正确快速动作之间的矛盾,提高了励磁涌流制动的灵敏性,确保变压器在仅有励磁涌流的情况下可靠制动,在任何有区内故障的情况下又能正确快速动作。     

一起主变差动保护误动实例分析及对策探讨

根据一台变压器空载合闸造成另一台并联运行变压器差动保护动作的故障录波数据,分析了运行变压器差动保护误动的原因。由于空载合闸变压器产生的励磁涌流引起桥侧电流互感器传变特性发生改变,从而使差动电流中的二次谐波含量降低,二次谐波闭锁保护失效,导致变压器差动保护误动。根据现场的实际情况和误动原因,探讨了如何防止励磁涌流引起的主变差动保护误动的对策。     

三相变压器励磁涌流及保护方案

针对近期基于波形对称原理的变压器差动保护频繁误动的现状，从三相变压器励磁涌流的产生机理入手，分析了波形对称原理与2次谐波制动原理的内在联系，结合目前流行的2种相位补偿方式，指出了传统采用相间差动的保护方案误动的根本原因。针对220 kV以上D侧套管内装设电流互感器的变压器，提出了一种采用相电流差动接线的保护方案。该方案在理论上克服了传统方案的全部弊端，并可实现真正的分相制动；缺点在于保护范围有所减小，需要其他保护来配合。     

内桥接线主变压器差动保护误动原因分析

内桥接线变电站的主变压器并列运行时,其中一台变压器支路空载合闸或故障时,内桥开关将通过很大的励磁涌流或短路电流。在此情况下,正常运行的变压器差动保护可能发生由于电流互感器暂态传变特性差异以及产生和应涌流现象而导致保护误动。文中结合一起变压器差动保护连续误动的事故,对内桥接线方式下,电流互感器传变特性差异、和应涌流的产生进行了理论分析和仿真验证,并对励磁涌流的二次谐波闭锁能力进行了分析计算。最后提出了内桥接线方式下改进的变压器差动保护接线方式等解决措施,以防止差动保护误动。     

基于EMTDC的单相变压器励磁涌流分析

为了进一步分析差动保护会否因励磁涌流与内部故障的判别误差而导致误动,利用EMTDC仿真的方法,建立电源-变压器-电流互感器的系统模型,对变压器在不同角度空载合闸时的励磁涌流及经电流互感器传变后的二次涌流进行了综合仿真,并对仿真后的结果分析计算,获得在不同合闸角时的二次谐波含量和涌流间断角的大小。从仿真结果可以看出,一次涌流经电流互感器传变后,涌流特征并未发生变化,从而不会使保护误动作。同时,无论变压器是否存在剩磁,任一合闸角都不会使该变压器差动保护产生误动作。利用仿真分析结果可以对差动保护动作闭锁条件重新校定。     

变压器差动保护二次谐波制动原理分析

基于一次变压器差动保护跳闸事件分析,结合目前220 kV及以上变压器差动保护现状,对变压器励磁涌流的产生机理和性质进行分析和研究,重点针对变压器差动保护二次谐波制动原理,阐述不同的相位校正转换方式对保护可靠性的影响。     

基于模糊识别的励磁涌流二次谐波改进原理

分析了变压器差动保护中传统方案二次谐波原理存在的缺陷，在此基础上，引入模糊识别法对其进行改进。充分挖掘判据的自适应性，不再使用单一划线式的“一刀切”门槛阈值，更好地匹配三相差流间的关系，相互制衡，在综合隶属度判据中采用反时限特征和延时门槛，使改进后的模糊识别二次谐波判据效果更加理想。此判据原理简单，科学合理，易于实现，在动作速度和防误动方面都有很大的进步。     

变压器电流差动保护改进方法

针对一种适用于Y，d或D，y接线变压器的电流差动保护改进方法进行了研究，该方法采用修正的差动电流来补偿励磁电流和剩磁的影响，制动电流与传统比率式差动保护相同。变压器铁心饱和前，采用一、二次侧相电流差作为差动电流;饱和后，则计算磁化电流来修正差动电流。该保护不受谐波和剩磁影响，不需要附加制动或闭锁技术。通过EMTP仿真将该保护与传统谐波制动原理的差动保护进行了比较，结果表明，励磁涌流和过励磁时，该保护能够保证不误动;内部故障时则不会像传统谐波制动原理的差动保护受制动信号影响而延迟动作。动模实验进一步验证了该保护的可行性和优越性。     

和应涌流对差动保护的影响因素分析及防范措施

和应涌流可能引起主设备保护的误动,目前还鲜有针对和应涌流的有效防范措施。分析了和应涌流的产生机理,指出和应涌流本身并不会引起差动保护误动。针对现场运行中较多采用的二次谐波制动原理,研究了该原理在发生和应涌流时,不同电流互感器（TA）传变特性下的适用性,指出由和应涌流引发的TA局部暂态饱和是导致差动保护误动的重要因素之一。最后,提出一种比率制动特性的修正方案以避免由于TA局部暂态饱和引起的差动保护误动。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.