Detection of genetically modified organisms in processed meat products on the Serbian food market

The addition of soybean proteins to processed meat products has significantly increased in recent years due to the interesting functional and nutritional properties of these vegetable proteins. Since the Roundup Ready (RR) soybean is the only transgenic soybean line approved for market in EU this work was aimed at monitoring its presence in meat products on the Serbian food market. The extracted DNA was analyzed using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs aimed at the lectin gene and 35S promoter. Samples positive for the presence of GM soybean were subjected to a real-time quantification of the percentage of RR soya. The results indicated that out of fifty processed meat products examined, twelve gave positive results with 35S promoter and all contained RR soya below 0.1%.     

Nested PCR detection of genetically modified soybean in soybean flour, infant formula and soymilk

Due to the Brazilian market introduction of the genetically modified (GM) crop Roundup Ready™ (RR) soybean, the ability to detect GM crops has become a legal necessity. In order to detect the presence of RR soybean, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method was evaluated for the detection of RR in soybean mixtures and commercially available soy flour, infant formula and soymilk powder. To detect the presence of RR soybean, a nested PCR resulted in an amplicon of 169 bp, present for all soybean mixed samples containing 0.01-10% GM soybean and absent for 0% GM soybean. None of the analysed infant formulas showed a positive signal after the nested PCR; four out of six soy flour samples and 15 out of 25 soymilk powder samples were positive for the presence of RR soybean. Results show that the nested PCR method used is adequate to determine the presence of GM soybean in the presented products.     

2012~2015年深圳市售转基因大豆及其产品的监测结果分析

目的 了解2012~2015年深圳市售转基因大豆及其制品的市场占有率、标识情况及发展态势。方法 在深圳各大连锁超市随机抽取大豆及其制品, 采用试剂盒法提取样品DNA, 采用实时荧光PCR的方法扩增大豆内源基因Lectin, 并扩增外源基因CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子对样品进行定性筛查, 分析不同类别、不同年份样品的阳性率差异及变化趋势。结果 4年监测大豆及豆制品共283份, 检出阳性样品19份,总体阳性率为6.71%; 大豆样品的转基因阳性率为0; 不同年份的豆制品转基因阳性率之间存在显著性差异且有逐年上升的趋势; 所有检出的阳性样品均未按照规定标识。结论 目前深圳市场转基因大豆及其制品(大豆油除外)的市场占有率还很低, 但豆制品转基因阳性率有逐年上升的趋势。政府应该加强转基因产品的标识管理, 并加强转基因农产品的监管。     

Recombinant DNA in meat additives: Specific detection of Roundup Ready™ soybean by nested PCR

Soybean proteins are widely used by the meat industry as technological coadjutor when producing processed products such as emulsified and ground meat products. Since regulations for the use and labeling of GMOs and derived ingredients are in force in Brazil, a PCR‐based method capable of detecting Roundup Ready^? (RR) soybean was employed for meat additives. Thirty‐two samples of meat additives containing soy proteins were tested for the presence of soybean amplifiable DNA and RR soybean DNA. Twenty‐five samples gave a positive signal for the lectin gene, confirming the presence of soybean amplifiable DNA and 15 samples returned a positive signal for specific RR detection confirming the presence of genetically modified soy. These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of RR soybean in meat additives. This method may be useful for meat industries interested in controlling the presence of RR soybean in additives used for meat products manufacture. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Species identification in meat products using real-time PCR

One of the most convenient methods for the identification of animal species in processed meat products is the examination of DNA sequences. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques are particularly suitable because even small fragments of DNA formed during heat processing of the meat can be amplified and identified. A real-time PCR method has been developed and evaluated for the identification of processed meat products. In test mixtures containing beef, pork, horse, mutton, chicken and turkey, it was possible to identify these species down to a level of 0.05%. By adjusting the number of cycles, it was possible to detect levels as low as 0.01% of these species. Cross-reactivity between these species was not found, except for pure horsemeat (250 ng DNA) in the assay for turkey meat. Cross-reactivity of deer, roe, ostrich, kangaroo, goat, domestic duck, mallard, goose, pigeon, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant was also investigated and it was found that amounts as high as 250 ng DNA of these species in the reaction vial did not result in (false) positive signals except for amounts higher than 125 ng deer DNA and higher than 50 ng pigeon DNA in the determination of chicken and beef, respectively. More than 150 meat samples were examined using DNA hybridization and real-time PCR. A comparison of the results showed a better performance of the real-time procedure compared to DNA hybridization.     

Species identification in meat products using real-time PCR.

One of the most convenient methods for the identification of animal species in processed meat products is the examination of DNA sequences. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques are particularly suitable because even small fragments of DNA formed during heat processing of the meat can be amplified and identified. A real-time PCR method has been developed and evaluated for the identification of processed meat products. In test mixtures containing beef, pork, horse, mutton, chicken and turkey, it was possible to identify these species down to a level of 0.05%. By adjusting the number of cycles, it was possible to detect levels as low as 0.01% of these species. Cross-reactivity between these species was not found, except for pure horsemeat (250 ng DNA) in the assay for turkey meat. Cross-reactivity of deer, roe, ostrich, kangaroo, goat, domestic duck, mallard, goose, pigeon, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant was also investigated and it was found that amounts as high as 250 ng DNA of these species in the reaction vial did not result in (false) positive signals except for amounts higher than 125 ng deer DNA and higher than 50 ng pigeon DNA in the determination of chicken and beef, respectively. More than 150 meat samples were examined using DNA hybridization and real-time PCR. A comparison of the results showed a better performance of the real-time procedure compared to DNA hybridization.     

Species identification in meat products using real-time PCR

One of the most convenient methods for the identification of animal species in processed meat products is the examination of DNA sequences. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques are particularly suitable because even small fragments of DNA formed during heat processing of the meat can be amplified and identified. A real-time PCR method has been developed and evaluated for the identification of processed meat products. In test mixtures containing beef, pork, horse, mutton, chicken and turkey, it was possible to identify these species down to a level of 0.05%. By adjusting the number of cycles, it was possible to detect levels as low as 0.01% of these species. Cross-reactivity between these species was not found, except for pure horsemeat (250 ng DNA) in the assay for turkey meat. Cross-reactivity of deer, roe, ostrich, kangaroo, goat, domestic duck, mallard, goose, pigeon, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant was also investigated and it was found that amounts as high as 250 ng DNA of these species in the reaction vial did not result in (false) positive signals except for amounts higher than 125 ng deer DNA and higher than 50 ng pigeon DNA in the determination of chicken and beef, respectively. More than 150 meat samples were examined using DNA hybridization and real-time PCR. A comparison of the results showed a better performance of the real-time procedure compared to DNA hybridization.     

实时荧光PCR定量检测肉制品中猪源性成分

为了准确可靠地对肉制品中猪源性成分进行定量检测,通过生物信息学方法筛选到猪细胞核单拷贝基因(carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2-like,CACA).以CACA基因为扩增靶标,设计了特异性引物、TaqMan探针,建立了基于实时荧光定量PCR...     

肉制品中牛源性成分多重实时荧光PCR检测 方法的建立及初步应用

目的建立肉制品中牛源性成分的荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据牛特异性线粒体DNA片段,设计合成两对引物,以生、熟牛肉及超市牛肉加工品为材料,建立肉制品中牛源性成分的多重实时荧光PCR检测方法,并用该法与国标法同时对市售的25份肉制品同时进行检测,通过对其他种类的肉源DNA进行扩增验证方法的特异性;对含有不同比例牛肉成分的DNA样本进行检测确定检出限。结果该方法可成功检测出肉制品中的牛源性成分。在25份肉制品检测中,与国标法检测结果一致。该法的特异性为100%,灵敏度检测线为1%。结论本研究成功建立牛源性肉制品的检测方法,该方法快速简便,且具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,可用于市售肉制品中牛源性成分的鉴定。     

Meat species identification and Halal authentication using PCR analysis of raw and cooked traditional Turkish foods

The method performance characteristics of commercially available PCR kits for animal species identification were established. Comminuted meat products containing different levels of pork were prepared from authentic beef, chicken, and turkey. These meat products were analysed in the raw state and after cooking for 20 min at 200 °C. For both raw and cooked meats, the PCR kit could correctly identify the animal species and could reliably detect the addition of pork at a level below 0.1%. A survey of 42 Turkish processed meat products such as soudjouk, salami, sausage, meatball, cured spiced beef and doner kebap was conducted. Thirty-six samples were negative for the presence of pork (< 0.1%) and four were found to be correctly labelled as containing pork. However, one sausage sample was labelled as containing 5% beef, but beef DNA was not detected and a meatball sample labelled as 100% beef was found to contain chicken. Another turkey meatball sample was predominantly chicken.     

荧光PCR和数字PCR法检测转基因DAS-44406-6品系大豆

目的：建立实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测转基因DAS-44406-6品系大豆的定性检测方法和使用数字PCR检测转基因DAS-44406-6品系大豆的定量检测方法。方法：针对转基因DAS-44406-6大豆品系,进行5’-RACE,测定该品系转基因大豆外源片段与大豆染色体重组的边界序列,并根据该边界序列设计引物和探针。使用23 种非DAS-44406-6品系转基因植物作为阴性对照测试实时荧光PCR引物和探针的特异性,以DAS-44406-6品系样品制备6 个含量梯度的样品进行检测低限实验。使用数字PCR技术进行定量检测,并确定定量检测的低限。结果：建立的转基因DAS-44406-6大豆品系的实时荧光PCR特异性检测方法品系鉴定特异性较强,实时荧光PCR检测方法的检测低限在模板DNA浓度为100 ng/反应时,为0.01%的转基因大豆含量,约为16.6 个拷贝的DAS-44406-6基因组DNA;数字PCR检测方法的检测低限在模板DNA浓度为0.5 ng/反应、转基因大豆含量为1%时,相对标准偏差为0.7%。因此,建立的转基因DAS-44406-6大豆品系实时荧光PCR和数字PCR特异性检测方法符合转基因检测的要求。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of bovine DNA in meat and bone meal samples

We describe a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of bovine DNA extracted from meat and bone meal (MBM) samples. PCR primers were used to amplify a 271-bp region of the mitochondrial ATPase 8-ATPase 6 gene, and a fluorogenic probe (BOV1) labeled with a 5' FAM reporter and a 3' TAMRA quencher was designed to specifically detect bovine PCR product. The specificity of the BOV1 probe for the detection of the bovine PCR product was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization analysis of the probe with PCR products generated from ovine, porcine, and bovine genomic DNA extracted from blood and with PCR products generated from genomic DNA extracted from single-species laboratory scale rendered MBM samples. The specificity of the BOV1 probe was also evaluated in real-time PCR reactions including these genomic targets. Both methods demonstrated that the BOV1 probe was specific for the detection of bovine PCR product. The BOV1 probe had a detection limit of 0.0001% bovine material by Southern blot DNA probe hybridization analysis and a detection limit of 0.001% bovine material in the real-time PCR assay. Application of the real-time PCR assay to six industrial samples that had previously tested positive for the presence of bovine material with a conventional PCR assay yielded positive results with the real-time PCR assay for four samples.     

A PCR assay to detect trace amounts of soybean in meat sausages

Soybean proteins are the most widely used source vegetable proteins in the meat industry because of several interesting characteristics. As soybean is included in the group of ingredients potentially allergenic, if not declared, it can be considered a hidden allergen, representing a potential risk to sensitised individuals. The aim of this work was to optimise and apply DNA‐based techniques for soybean detection in meat products, as alternative to the currently used protein‐based methods. The optimised polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol targeting the soybean lectin gene enabled the detection of the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% of hydrated textured protein, which corresponded to 0.01% and 0.06% (w/w) of soybean protein in unprocessed and heat‐processed pork meats, respectively. The established PCR technique, when applied to commercial meat sausages (eighteen samples), confirmed the presence of soybean declared in nine samples and indicated the presence of soybean in four samples with no labelled information about soybean. Additionally, the event‐specific PCR detection of Roundup Ready^® soybean was also performed, enabling the detection of transgenic DNA in three samples.     

肉制品中羊源性成分的定性和定量检测

通过检测肉制品中DNA的来源进行动物源性检测是打击鲜肉及加工肉制品制假掺假的重要技术手段。依据GB/T 25165—2010《明胶中牛、羊、猪源性成分定性检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》合成用于TaqMan 实时荧光聚合酶链式反应的引物和探针,利用鲜肉及加工肉制品进行羊源性成分定性和定量检测方法研究。首先利用12 种不同动物鲜肉组织的DNA检测方法的特异性,然后以羊源DNA梯度稀释液为模板进行灵敏度实验,最后在加工肉制品中检测方法的适用性和定量检测能力。结果表明：此方法具有羊源性成分检测特异性,对其他动物来源的鲜肉DNA均无扩增信号,可以检出羊肉和猪肉混合样品中0.1%的羊肉;方法灵敏度高,可以检出10 pg的羊源DNA;方法适用性广,可以对加工肉制品（羊肉干）进行羊源性成分的定性和定量检测。     

Detection of GM soybean in food products by simultaneous employment of three pairs of PCR primers

Genetically modified soybean was explored in food samples, labeled as “non-GM” and unlabeled, using multiplex PCR and Real-time PCR techniques. In total 110 (2006) and 237 food samples (2007) containing soybean were analyzed. The 7% of the products were shown to consist of material derived from the Roundup Ready soybean in 2006 and 13% of the foods samples in 2007. The most of analyzed samples were correctly labeled, but ten of food products are demonstrated to contain material above the threshold levels for labeling of 0.9%. This is the first report of the validity of labels on imported food samples from different countries and uptake of GM food derived from soybean into the food chain in Serbia.     

Detection of genetically modified organisms obtained from food samples

Genetially modified organisms (GMOs) were explored in food samples obtained from November 2000 to March 2003 in the Tokyo area by using PCR and real-time PCR techniques. The existence of Roundup Ready Soybean (RRS) was surveyed in processed foods derived from soybeans, such as tofu, boiled soybean, kinako, nama-age, abura-age, natto, miso, soymilk and yuba. RRS was detected in 3 of 37 tofu, 2 of 3 nama-age, 2 of 3 yuba and 3 of 3 abura-age samples. The CBH351 in 70 processed corn foods, NewLeaf Plus and NewLeaf Y in 50 processed potato foods, and 55-1 papaya in 16 papayas were surveyed. These GMOs were not detected among the samples. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of RRS and genetically modified (GM) corn were performed in soybean, corn and semi-processed corn products such as corn meal, corn flour and corn grits. RRS was detected in 42 of 178 soybean samples, and the amount of RRS in RRS-positive samples was determined. The content was in the range of 0.1-1.4% in identity-preserved soybeans (non-GMO), and 49.8-78.8% in non-segregated soybeans. On the other hand, GM corns were detected in 8 of 26 samples. The amount of GM corn in GM corn-positive samples was in the range of 0.1-2.0%.     

Determination of unprocessed genetically modified soybean in foods using simplex and duplex real-time PCR with an internal standard

We developed a method using an internal standard to determine the amount of unprocessed genetically modified organisms (GMO) in foods as GMO weight per weight of total food (w/w_tf) using real-time PCR. Food samples were spiked with an internal standard, a ColE1 plasmid, and DNA was extracted from the samples using a silica membrane-type kit and analysed using real-time PCR. The relationship between the GMO amount and the copy number ratio of the transgene to ColE1 in 0.1–5% w/w_tf GM soybean powders was found to have a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.97. GMO was quantified in food samples spiked with GM soybean (final amount 0.5% w/w_tf GMO). The average GMO amount ranged from 0.35% to 0.63% w/w_tf. The results show that our method should be useful for quantifying unprocessed GMO in foods. We also developed a duplex assay, which is simpler and more accurate than the simplex assay.     

基于便携式荧光定量PCR仪定量检测驴肉中掺假鸭肉

为建立快速方便的驴肉制品分子鉴定方法,本文以驴肉和常见的掺假肉类(鸭肉)为研究对象,筛选特异性引物和TaqMan探针,利用便携式Mini8 Plus实时荧光定量PCR仪进行灵敏度和特异性实验,通过绘制扩增标准曲线及确定驴肉和鸭肉的质量与DNA比值常数,对不同掺入比例(加入定量的鸭肉制成含量分别为20%、40%、60%、80%)的模拟样品和实际驴肉样品进行检测。结果显示,该方法对驴、鸭肉均具有良好的特异性,可以与马、猪、山羊、梅花鹿、牛、鸡、狗肉明显区分;对驴源性DNA成分的检出限为0.01 ng/μL,鸭源性DNA成分的检出限为0.1 ng/μL,对驴肉与鸭肉混合物中鸭肉成分的灵敏度为0.1%(w/w);所建立的标准曲线线性关系良好,驴肉DNA扩增标准曲线:y=-3.584x+27.003,R²=0.9982;鸭肉DNA扩增标准曲线:y=-3.538x+30.907,R²=0.9991;采用已建立的方法对35份驴肉样本进行市场试点调查,发现6份(17.1%)驴肉样本中含有鸭肉成分。以上研究结果说明,该实时荧光定量PCR方法可用于驴肉产品中其他...     

实时荧光聚合酶链式反应检测肉制品中的鸭源性成分

通过鸭的肌动蛋白β-actin保守基因设计可特异检测鸭肉成分的引物和探针,建立实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术检测鸭肉的方法,并通过模拟肉样和市售样品检测方法的准确性和适用性。结果表明：该方法可以特异性检测出麻鸭和草鸭成分,而对猪、牛、羊、鸡等DNA均没有扩增,检测灵敏度可达到1 pg DNA;通过模拟肉样检测确定最低质量分数检测限为0.01%;市售样品的检测结果表明,该方法能很好地应用于市场,满足市场检测需求。     

Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay specific for Clostridium estertheticum and C. estertheticum-like psychrotolerant bacteria

A new real-time PCR assay was developed targeted to the psychrotolerant spoilage bacteria, Clostridum estertheticum, a causative agent of 'blown-pack' spoilage of vacuum packaged meats during chilled storage. Further, a robust validation of the sensitivity and specificity in different meat processing related matrices was carried out. Results show that real-time PCR is a valid method for the detection of C. estertheticum spores as long as consideration is given to the matrix being tested and the sensitivity of detection required. For meat, hide, blood/drip and environmental swabs it was possible to detect low numbers of C. estertheticum spores (approx 3 spores per ml) by direct real-time PCR (without pre-enrichment of the samples). For faeces and soil matrices, a cold temperature enrichment step was required prior to DNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis to increase the ability to detect samples containing C. estertheticum spores; this was particularly important when the samples contained low numbers of spores (less than 3 spores per ml). For matrices with high levels of PCR inhibitors such as soil, it was necessary to dilute the extracted DNA sample 100 fold especially for detection of high levels of contamination (greater than 10(3)per ml) otherwise a pre-enrichment was required.