环境中多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类已被证实具有难降解性,“三致”作用且易在生物体内富集的碳氢化合物,它广泛存在于大气、水、动植物和土壤中。本文论述了多环芳烃的性质和来源,研究了它在各介质中的迁移转化,着重阐述了它的监测分析方法的研究进展,包括预处理方法,各种仪器监测以及生物监测的原理及方法,也论述了环境中多环芳烃的降解方法,涉及到物理降解、化学降解以及微生物降解。     

土壤中多环芳烃菲和芘降解的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)普遍存在于大气,水及土壤中,具有强烈毒性.目前对于土壤中的菲和芘等多环芳烃污染物的处理主要有微生物修复、植物修复以及共代谢等方法.     

环境样品中多环芳烃的检测技术研究进展

多环芳烃广泛存在于大气、水、土壤等环境介质中,其危害巨大,准确定量分析多环芳烃是目前环境科学领域的研究热点之一。综述了多环芳烃的前处理方法及分析检测技术,重点针对这些方法自身的特点,结合国内外标准方法进行了分析比较和归纳。总结来说,传统的方法经典,应用范围广;而新改进的方法环境友好且快速,但存在设备复杂或者技术要求高的问题,普及率较低。     

大气单颗粒物中多环芳烃的二次离子质谱研究

采用二次离子质谱（SIMS）对大气单颗粒物（20um以下）中的有机成分进行分析研究,从分析结果可以看出大气颗粒物中含有多环芳烃系列（PAHs）,包括致癌类多环芳烃。     

硫酸盐还原菌对多环芳烃降解的研究进展综述

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中广泛分布的一类有机物。其广泛分布于水、大气土壤中,且有相当毒害。近年来关于多环芳烃厌氧降解的研究已经逐渐成为人们研究的重点,虽然国内外已有研究关于多环芳烃的厌氧降解体系,但对于硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)降解PAHs的深层研究仍需不断发展和优化。比较了多环芳烃厌氧降解的各种体系,介绍了硫酸盐还原菌降解多环芳烃的机理,总结了硫酸盐还原体系的影响因素。     

大气环境环境的植物监测

阐述了利用植物进行大气环境监测的基本原理;介绍了可用于大气环境监测的指示植物;对植物症状指示法、植物生理指示法、细胞遗传学方法、分子生物学方法、植物体内污染物含量测定法、利用地衣、苔藓监测大气污染物等常用的监测方法进行了综述;分析了利用植物进行大气环境监督的优点和不足。     

大气中多环芳烃衍生物的研究进展

多环芳烃衍生物是一类已被证实比多环芳烃具有更强"三致作用"(致癌、致畸和致基因突变)的环境污染物,它广泛存在于环境介质特别是大气颗粒物中。本文就其来源、分布、采样方式、样品前处理、分离分析方法等方面综述了近年来大气颗粒物中多环芳烃衍生物的的研究进展。     

苏州市环境空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染状况及源解析

为了解苏州市大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的污染水平及其可能的来源,在2015年上半年对苏州市4个不同功能区(住宅区、市内交通要道、工业园区、风景区)环境空气PM_(2.5)进行监测分析,结果显示:工业园区的污染最为严重,住宅区最轻;2月污染物不易扩散,故PAHs总浓度最高,5月最低。通过比值法和因子分析对苏州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的来源进行分析,结果显示空气PM_(2.5)细颗粒物中多环芳烃的来源主要来自于机动车排放、高温加热源、柴油尾气排放,三者对PM_(2.5)细颗粒物中多环芳烃的贡献率依次为51.02%、22.83%、13.05%。     

苔藓中多环芳烃的测定研究

采用超声提取及气相色谱质谱联用的方法对苔藓样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测,并对提取前处理中样品的状态、溶剂的种类、溶剂的用量及提取时间进行了优化。     

SERS快速检测水溶液中多环芳烃应用现状分析

以表面增强拉曼光谱分析法对多环芳烃的快速检测为切入点,对多环芳烃传统检测方法及新型快速分析方法进行分析,对传统检测方法及新型检测方法的优缺点进行概述,对2008至2020年SERS检测多环芳烃研究现状进行分析,并对1996至2020年有关拉曼光谱分析多环芳烃研究领域文献产出量进行分析,对应用SERS技术研究PAHs文献...     

苔藓植物监测大气多环芳烃研究进展

苔藓植物是典型的天然被动采样材料,对大气污染物特别敏感,目前被广泛应用于大气各种污染物生物监测领域。文章主要综述了苔藓植物生物监测大气PAHs污染物的应用进展,介绍了苔藓植物的生理特点,富集大气PAHs的机理和实际应用中的影响因素,并对该领域的发展趋势和研究方向进行了展望。     

Biomonitoring of Atmospheric PAHs by Evergreen Plants: Correlations and Applicability

This article deals with looking for the best passive samplers among eleven plants diffused in the Mediterranean basin for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere in substitution to the particulate matter sampling. The most recent research about biological passive samplers showed a quali-quantitative difference in pollutant sampling by different plants. Evergreen trees with long-lived leaves were selected in the urban area of Catania (Italy) and both samples (leaves and particulate matter) were extracted and purified by a two stage method before the analysis was performed by a GC/MS. Leaves and particulate matter were sampled in three different seasons (winter, spring and summer). PAHs concentrations found in the particulate matter and leaves were correlated. Some plants ( Olea europaea and Quercus ilex ) showed high values (r 2 > 0.85) of linear correlation coefficient in all seasons and are characterized by profiles similar to that of the particulate matter. Further, it has been observed that during the warmer seasons the total quantity of PAH adsorbed by the plants is greater but the fitting is better during winter. No difference was found by washing leaves with distilled water: this means that PAHs aren't deposited on the surface but are adsorbed in the lipidic layer of the leaves.     

新疆典型地区土壤/松针中多环芳烃分布特征

考察了新疆典型地区(石河子、北屯和喀纳斯)土壤和松针中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平和分布特征。与国内外典型地区相比,新疆土壤和松针中PAHs的污染水平较低。与受人类活动影响明显的石河子地区相比,人迹罕至的喀纳斯地区土壤和松针中低分子量PAHs的比例较高,而高分子量PAHs的比例较低,不同环数PAHs呈现出明显的“局部分馏”现象。PAHs在土壤/松针中的分布系数与其过冷液体饱和蒸气压具有显著的对数线性关系,表明PAHs在土壤/松针中的分布受其物理化学参数的影响,PAHs在土壤/相似文献   

Gas–Particle Distribution of PAHs in Wood Combustion Emission Determined with Annular Denuders,Filter, and Polyurethane Foam Adsorbent

Equipment consisting of annular denuders, a filter, and a polyurethane foam adsorbent was used for sampling 15 PAHs from the diluted emission from a heat-storing masonry heater. The denuder method was compared to the ISO 11338 method which was used for the sampling from hot and undiluted exhaust gas. The denuder method used with the exhaust dilution gave a realistic gas–particle distribution of PAHs in more atmospheric-like conditions compared to the sampling from undiluted exhaust gas where PAHs were almost totally in the gas phase. The results gained with the denuder method from the diluted exhaust are more relevant, e.g., from exposure and atmospheric processes point of view. The emissions from smoldering combustion conditions (SC) were compared with the emissions from normal combustion conditions (NC). The emission of each PAH was 7 to 14 times higher from SC than from NC, and the gas–particle distribution was shifted towards the particle phase due to increased condensation of PAHs. The PAHs could be divided into three groups based on their phase distributions. In the first group, PAHs existed mostly in the gas phase in both combustion cases; the vapor pressures of PAHs were lower than the saturation vapor pressures. In the second group, the gas phase was saturated and the concentration was almost the same in both combustion cases, whereas the particle phase concentration was higher in SC. In the third group, PAHs were mostly in the particle phase where the concentration was higher in SC.     

贡嘎山海螺沟新降雪中多环芳烃的组成差异及来源解析

贡嘎山海螺沟共收集3个新降雪样,利用GC-MS分析了16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组成差异,并解析了它们的来源。结果表明,海螺沟新降雪样中多环芳烃的含量是0.478 2~0.554 2μg/L,主要以2~4环低分子量的化合物为主,以菲的含量最高,通过结合相同分子量和相似结构多环芳烃的比值来分析结果,说明贡嘎山海螺沟地区新降雪中的多环芳烃主要来自煤的不完全燃烧。通过多环芳烃大气传输距离估算模型计算出采样点与排放点的最远距离是455 km。     

Ignition of Combustible Forest Materials by a Radiant Energy Flux

The paper reports results of experimental ignition of litter layers consisting of needles of cedar, pine, and fir-tree, birch leaves, lichen (Cladonia), and moss (Pleurozium shreberi). It is established that the moss is ignited faster than the other combustible forest materials. It is shown that with equal moisture contents, the ignition times of needle litter from different trees are identical within the experimental error, and for litter of birch leaves, the ignition time is shorter than that for litter of coniferous trees. This difference is found to be due to differences in the interaction of the radiant flux with litter layers of needles and leaves. Minimum values of the ignition heat pulses for needle and leaf litter layers are estimated for various heat-flux densities. These values tend to a minimum for a heat-flux density of 0.5–0.8 MW/m².     

PAHs in Indoor and Outdoor Air from Decentralized Heating Energy Production: Comparison of Active and Passive Sampling

Spatial and temporal variation of vapor- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in six urban and sub-urban locations in Kaunas, Lithuania during heating and non heating seasons. Two different sampling methodologies were used: passive (based on semipermeable membrane device, SPMD) and active (based on collection on filter and sorption). Sixteen priority PAHs as well as methylated PAHs were quantified in the collected samples. The sampled total amount of 16 PAHs investigated in SPMDs ranged from 10–138 ng/day outdoors, from 5–59 ng/day indoors during the winter sampling campaign. In summer these amounts varied from 11–19 ng/day outdoors and from 19–27 ng/day indoors. The total concentrations of vapor and particle-phase PAH in winter in actively taken samples varied from 49–286 ng/m³ outdoors and from 28–83 ng/m³ indoors. Seasonal differences as well as the influence of the fuel burning for domestic heating purposes on the PAH concentration outdoors were well reflected by the data obtained using the SPMD methodology.     

High-Molecular-Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Area and Vicinity of the Deza Chemical Plant,Czech Republic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight exceeding 278 amu were analyzed in air, water, and soils from the area and vicinity of the DEZA Chemical Plant (Vala w ské Mezi q í ) í, Czech Republic). Air and water were sampled using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs); grab sampling was applied for soils. Laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC/APCI-ITMS) were employed for the quick assessment of PAH distribution and for the identification and quantification of some high-molecular-weight PAHs. Compounds with molecular mass up to 450 u were found. LDI-TOF mass spectra and selected LC/APCI-ITMS profiles (m/z 303, m/z 327, and m/z 351) were compared to identify potential source of contamination in this locality. High-molecular-weight PAHs were found in all environmental compartments in the area studied; their levels were quite high close to their source and decreased sharply with increasing distance from it.     

Focused Microwave (FMW) Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Plant Bioindicators,Comparison with Classical Techniques

Extraction efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) from spruce needles (Picea abies) obtained by recently introduced “focused microwave assisted (FMW) extraction” (i) and conventional methods represented by extraction enhanced by sonication (ii) and Soxhlet extraction (iii) were compared. n-Hexane:acetone (azeotropic ratio, 53.5 wt % of acetone) extraction mixture was used in all experiments. The influence of various parameters (extraction time, intensity of irradiation, moisture content) both on the recoveries of PAHs from spruce needles (Picea abies) and the amount of co-isolated matrix components potentially interfering within the determinative step was examined. The mean extraction efficiencies of PAHs obtained by FMW extraction and sonication were found to be lower (82 % and 75 %, respectively) compared the extraction in Soxhlet apparatus (equal 100 %).     

乌鲁木齐市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃与颗粒物比表面积、气象因素相关性的探讨

通过对2011年1月至12月期间乌鲁木齐大气可吸入颗粒物(PM2.5、PM2.5-10)中多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度、颗粒物比表面积的分析,并查询采样期间的气象因素(风速、湿度和温度)。分别将多环芳烃浓度和气象因素、颗粒物表面积做相关性分析。其中可吸入颗粒物PM2.5中除蒽之外,PM2.5质量浓度、各多环芳烃的浓度随其PM2.5比表面积均为正相关;PM2.5-10中,PM2.5质量浓度、各多环芳烃的浓度随其PM2.5-10比表面积也均为正相关。PM2.5和PM2.5-10质量浓度和气象参数之间的相关关系具有很明显的季节性特征。在采暖和非采暖期间,PM2.5和PM2.5-10中的总多环芳烃和温度之间为负相关性;采暖期间,可吸入颗粒物中所含的总PAHS浓度和风速也呈负显著相关,在非采暖期间PM2.5-10的质量浓度和风速呈正相关,而多环芳烃与风速之间都没有显著相关性。采暖期间,颗粒物的浓度及对应的∑PAHS浓度和大气湿度呈显著正相关,而在非采暖期间总多环芳烃浓度和湿度之间没有显著的相关性。