X-VCFEM单元在颗粒增强复合材料裂纹模拟中的应用研究

基于Ghost提出的Voronoi单元有限元法,构造能反映颗粒增强复合材料界面脱层和基体裂纹扩展的单元(X-VCFEM单元),采用积分区域动态划分技术,建立简单模型进行计算模拟.将计算结果与传统有限元软件进行比较,结果表明,X-VCFEM单元在研究颗粒增强复合材料界面裂纹时是有效的,同时也说明该方法具有精度高、速度快的特点.     

纤维增强复合材料界面疲劳裂纹扩展的模拟研究

脱粘是纤维增强复合材料界面裂纹扩展的主要表现形式。基于剪切筒模型和常用的实验加载方式,研究了纤维增强复合材料中纤维与基体界面在拉-拉循环荷载作用下的裂纹扩展。借助描述疲劳裂纹扩展的Paris公式,得到了疲劳裂纹扩展速率、扩展长度以及界面上摩擦系数与加载次数的关系。在分析中,考虑了疲劳加载引起的脱粘界面的损伤及损伤分布的不均匀性,同时还考虑了材料的泊松效应。     

基于界面单元的复合材料层间损伤分析方法

为了研究复合材料层间损伤, 建立了一种新型零厚度界面单元模型, 可以准确地预测复合材料 Ⅰ 型层间裂纹扩展。模型包括本构关系建立、损伤准则和损伤演化引入, 并在大型商用有限元软件ABAQUS用户单元子程序VUEL中实现, 采用显示积分方法求解, 不存在收敛性问题, 同时允许使用较粗的有限元网格。最后将该模型应用于国产碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CCF300/5428)双悬臂梁试验(DCB)模拟分析中, 结果表明, 此界面单元模型能够准确模拟复合材料层板 Ⅰ 型裂纹扩展, 为复合材料层间损伤分析提供了一种有效的方法。     

陶瓷基复合材料界面结合强影响断裂过程的有限元研究

提出了纤维增强复合材料断裂有限元模型,该模型既用弹簧单元考虑了基体与纤维之间的分离,又用接触单元考虑了基体与纤维之间的摩擦,较真实地模拟了纤维增强复合材料的断裂过程。通过有限元计算,预测了基体与纤维之间的界面结合强度对整个复合材料断裂模式的影响。还对强弱两种不同基体弹性模量的材料进行进一步的探讨。对比其他文献 , 本文中预测结果与真实情况较为吻合。结果表明,对于纤维增强复合材料,不论是强基体还是弱基体,适中的界面结合强度有助于提高其韧性及整体抗拉强度。       

钢球颗粒增强锌铝基复合材料界面微观应力场分析

有限元计算细观力学在复合材料应力传递机制的研究中得到了广泛应用。研究不同情况下复合材料内的应力场分布规律,对认识材料的损伤机制,指导复合材料设计,具有重要的理论与实际意义。本文主要通过有限元对锌铝基复合材料界面微观应力场进行研究,建立单向拉伸（或压缩）情况下的分析模型,计算界面处在拉应力与压应力两种情况下的基体和填充体的应力分布,分析复合材料破坏的根本原因。拉伸应力作用下复合材料经常于界面处产生脱粘,脱粘位置一般发生在极区。压缩时裂纹的产生与扩展机理同拉伸不一样,它不是主拉伸应力的作用,其裂纹的产生与扩展,可能是基体在塑性流变过程中大量的位错在增强相处受阻塞积的结果。     

两级载荷作用下复合材料界面的脱粘

研究了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下,纤维增强复合材料界面的脱粘。首先基于剪切筒模型,建立了求解纤维与基体应力的控制微分方程,并求得了相关解答。然后借助断裂力学中描述疲劳裂纹扩展的公式和能量耗散率理论,给出了界面脱粘长度、加载次数以及脱粘应力之间的关系式。最后通过实例模拟了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的界面裂纹扩展,分析了界面疲劳裂纹扩展速率、脱粘长度在不同加载方式下的变化规律,以及材料泊松比的变化对界面脱粘的影响。从而为进一步研究工程结构的疲劳破坏和材料的最优设计提供一定的理论依据。      

ZrO2增韧Al2O3颗粒增强Fe45复合材料拉伸断裂的有限元-离散元耦合方法仿真ZrO2增韧Al2O3颗粒增强Fe45复合材料拉伸断裂的有限元-离散元耦合方法仿真

采用有限元-离散元耦合方法（FEM-DEM方法）,进行了氧化锆增韧氧化铝颗粒增强Fe45复合材料（ZrO₂-Al₂O₃/Fe45）轴对称代表体元模型的拉伸断裂仿真分析。分析了FEM-DEM模型对单元尺寸的敏感性,结果表明采用,二阶实体单元加双零厚度内聚力单元的FEM-DEM模型降低了计算结果对单元尺寸的敏感性。ZrO₂-Al₂O₃/Fe45复合材料拉伸断裂的模拟结果表明,颗粒形状对裂纹的扩展会产生较大影响,复合材料的开裂首先在垂直于拉力方向的界面处发生,界面裂纹扩展至基体应力集中处之后基体发生开裂,裂纹由开裂的界面和基体裂纹共同组成。      

界面脱粘对正交铺设SiC/CAS复合材料基体开裂的影响

采用细观力学方法研究了正交铺设SiC/CAS复合材料在单轴拉伸载荷作用下界面脱粘对基体开裂的影响。采用断裂力学界面脱粘准则确定了0°铺层纤维/基体界面脱粘长度, 结合能量平衡法得到了主裂纹且纤维/基体界面发生脱粘(即模式3)和次裂纹且纤维/基体界面发生脱粘(即模式5)的临界开裂应力, 讨论了纤维/基体界面剪应力、 界面脱粘能对基体开裂应力的影响。结果表明, 模式3和模式5的基体开裂应力随纤维/基体界面剪应力、 界面脱粘能的增加而增加。将这一结果与Chiang考虑界面脱粘对单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料初始基体开裂影响的试验研究结果进行对比表明, 该变化趋势与单向SiC增强玻璃陶瓷基复合材料的试验研究结果一致。     

纤维增强复合材料考虑损伤的温度胀缩细观力学模型

采用细观力学方法,建立了纤维增强复合材料（FRC）包含基体微裂纹和纤维/基体脱粘的热胀/冷缩理论模型。模型考虑了基体、界面中不同分布取向的微裂纹在升温和降温过程中张开、闭合情况的差异,及其对复合材料平均热胀/冷缩系数（CTE/CTC）的影响,同时还考虑了细观应力分布不均匀的因素。建立了细观有限元模型对理论模型进行验证。研究发现：复合材料损伤后CTE和CTC不一致,且取决于损伤模式：基体微裂纹损伤使得复合材料的横向CTE高于无损材料,而横向CTC低于无损材料,但对纵向CTE/CTC影响不大;纤维界面脱粘能较明显地减小复合材料的纵向CTC,但对横向CTC的影响可忽略。     

一种改进的内聚力损伤模型在复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤模拟中的应用

针对传统内聚力损伤模型(CZM)无法考虑层内裂纹对界面分层影响的缺点,提出了一种改进的适用于复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤模拟的CZM。通过对界面单元内聚力本构模型中的损伤起始准则进行修正,考虑了界面层相邻铺层内基体、纤维的损伤状态及应力分布对层间强度和分层扩展的影响。基于ABAQUS用户子程序VUMAT,结合本文模型及层合板失效判据,建立了模拟复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下的渐进损伤过程的有限元模型,计算了不同铺层角度和材料属性的层合板在低速冲击作用下的损伤状态。通过数值模拟与试验结果的对比,验证了本文方法的精度及合理性。     

短纤维增强橡胶密封复合材料界面疲劳损伤行为

依据广义自洽方法,建立了包含芳纶纤维、界面相、橡胶基体和等效介质的代表性体积单元(RVE)模型。采用自定义材料子程序对内聚力疲劳累积损伤模型进行编译,分别在基体/界面相的界面和纤维/界面相的界面设置内聚力单元,研究界面相性能参数对纤维增强橡胶密封复合材料(SFRC)界面疲劳损伤行为的影响。探讨了界面相厚度和模量的确定方法,获得了不同界面相厚度和模量下SFRC界面脱粘起始位置以及脱粘起始疲劳次数。结果表明,较低的界面相模量能够抑制界面脱粘的产生;随着界面相厚度的增加,界面脱粘的起始疲劳次数增加,SFRC抗疲劳损伤能力得到提高。     

三维四向编织复合材料界面损伤机理数值分析

考虑界面脱粘表面压应力下摩擦力对材料界面力学性能的影响,建立损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,编写用户材料子程序VUMAT,实现其在有限元软件ABAQUS中的嵌入。基于周期性胞元分析思想,在单胞模型中纤维束/基体、纤维束/纤维束分界面引入界面单元,结合损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,建立含界面相三维四向编织复合材料的细观有限元模型。模拟典型载荷下界面损伤的起始和扩展过程,分析界面应力传递和界面破坏机理,研究界面性能对复合材料宏细观力学性能的影响规律,为实现三维四向编织复合材料界面性能优化设计和控制提供参考。      

Microscopic failure mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer composites under transverse tension and compression

The mechanical behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites subjected to tension and compression perpendicular to the fibers is studied using computational micromechanics. The representative volume element of the composite microstructure with random fiber distribution is generated, and the two dominant damage mechanisms experimentally observed – matrix plastic deformation and interfacial debonding – are included in the simulation by the extended Drucker–Prager model and cohesive zone model respectively. Progressive failure procedure for both the matrix and interface is incorporated in the simulation, and ductile criterion is used to predict the damage initiation of the matrix taking into account its sensitivity to triaxial stress state. The simulation results clearly reveal the damage process of the composites and the interactions of different damage mechanisms. It can be concluded that the tension fracture initiates as interfacial debonding and evolves as a result of interactions between interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation, while the compression failure is dominated by matrix plastic damage. And then the effects of interfacial properties on the damage behavior of the composites are assessed. It is found that the interfacial stiffness and fracture energy have relatively smaller influence on the mechanical behavior of composites, while the influence of interfacial strength is significant.     

Study on stress evolution in SiC particles during crack propagation in cast hybrid metal matrix composites using Raman spectroscopy

The evolution of stress in the SiC particles during crack propagation under monotonic loading in a cast hybrid MMC was investigated by micro Raman spectroscopy. The experiment was carried out in situ in the Raman spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that cracks due to monotonic loading propagated by the debonding of the particle/matrix interface and particle fracture. Secondary cracks those formed in front of the main crack tip coalesced with the main crack in subsequent loading and final failure occurred. A high decrease in stress (several hundreds in MPa) was observed with the interfacial debonding at the interface and with the particle fracture on the particle. Moreover, the critical tensile stresses for particle–matrix interface debonding and particle fracture developed in hybrid MMC were also estimated during the crack propagation.     

Acoustic emission based tensile characteristics of sandwich composites

Sandwich composite static and fatigue testing results indicated the predominant failure to be the core damage followed by interfacial debonding, resin cracking and fiber rupture. Under static testing, crack was observed to initiate in the core and ensue planar propagation near the interface with the facesheets; whereas, onset of crack initiation in the facesheets served as a precursor to the catastrophic failure. Multiple failure initiation and propagation sites in the core and intermittent interfacial debonding were consistently observed under fatigue. An acoustic emission based stiffness reduction model is presented that seems to accurately identify the extent of damage in sandwich composites subjected to fatigue loading conditions.     

Numerical analysis of debond propagation in the single fibre fragmentation test

A numerical analysis, using the Boundary Element Method, of the stress state within the specimen in the single fibre fragmentation test is presented first. Thermal residual stresses and fibre–matrix interfacial friction along the debonding crack faces have been considered in the study. Special attention has been paid to the axial stresses along the fibre and the interfacial tractions and relative displacements in the neighbourhood closest to the debonding crack tips. In order to analyse the debond propagation, the associated Energy Release Rate has been evaluated from the near-tip elastic solution. Numerical results show that both the effects of thermal residual stresses and of fibre–matrix interfacial friction are opposed to the debond propagation. Additionally, the effect of the debond propagation on the load transfer through the interface has been studied, showing that fibre–matrix interfacial friction has a weak influence on the distance needed to re-establish the nominal axial load within the fragment.     

Modeling of interfacial debonding crack in particle reinforced composites using Voronoi cell finite element method

In this paper, Voronoi cell finite element method (VCFEM), introduced by Ghosh and coworkers (1993), is applied to describe the matrix-inclusion interfacial debonding for particulate reinforced composites. In proposed VCFEM, the damage initiation is simulated by partly debonding of the interface under the assumption of the critical normal stress law, and gradual matrix-inclusion separations are simulated with an interface remeshing method that a critical interfacial node at the crack tip is replaced by a node pairs along the debonded matrix-inclusion interface and a more pair of nodes are needed to be added on the crack interface near the crack tip in order to better facilitate the free-traction boundary condition and the jumps of solution. The comparison of the results of proposed VCFEM and commercial finite element packages MARC and ABAQUS. Examples have been given for a single inclusion of gradually interfacial debonding and for a complex structure with 20 inclusions to describe the interfacial damage under plane stress conditions. Good agreements are obtained between the VCFEM and the general finite element method. It appears that this method is a more efficient way to deal with the interfacial damage of composite materials. The financial support by the Special Funds for the National Major Fundamental Research Projects G19990650 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 59871022 are gratefully acknowledged.     

Matrix cracking and interface debonding in fiber-reinforced cement-matrix composites

The processes of matrix cracking and interface debonding were studied using the high sensitivity Moire interferometry technique. The experiments were conducted with continuous steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites subjected to uniaxial tension. The initiation and propagation of cracking and debonding were observed during the tests with the specimens of different fiber-volume ratios. Based on the experiments, the fiber stress, the interface slip, the interface shear stress, and the matrix strain distribution were calculated. It was shown that interfacial frictional shear stresses were not constant either along the whole interface or at different loading levels. The strain localization was observed in the matrix where it was bonded to the fiber. The average contribution of the matrix was greater for the composites with the higher fiber-volume ratio.     

Toughness of interfaces from initial fiber-matrix debonding in a single fiber composite fragmentation test

We present new theoretical and experimental results which demonstrate that the degree of fiber-matrix bonding can be quantified by means of the interface energy for the initiation of debonding, rather than by using a stress-based interfacial parameter. A one-dimensional model for the energy necessary to initiate/nucleate an interfacial crack from its associated transverse fiber break during a single fiber fragmentation test is proposed. The interface energy for the initiation of debonding is shown to be a function of the fiber and matrix geometrical and material characteristics, and of the initial debonding length. The validity of the approach is demonstrated in the case of fragmentation of sized and unsized E-glass fibers embedded in an UV-cured polymeric matrix.     

3D in situ observations of glass fibre/matrix interfacial debonding

X-ray microtomography was used for 3D in situ observations of the evolution of fibre/matrix interfacial debonding. A specimen with a single fibre oriented perpendicular to the tensile direction was tested at a synchrotron facility using a special loading rig which allowed for applying a load transverse to the fibre. Three distinguishable damage stages were observed: (i) interfacial debond initiation at the free surface, (ii) debond propagation from the surface into the specimen and (iii) unstable debonding along the full length of the scanned volume. The high resolution microtomography provides both qualitative and quantitative 3D data of the debonding initiation and propagation. Thus, microtomography is demonstrated as a promising technique which can assist micromechanical model development.