各向异性k-ε湍流模型在Rushton桨搅拌槽三维流场整体数值模拟中的应用

根据搅拌槽内的流动呈各向异性的特点 ,引入适用于强旋转流场的各向异性k -ε湍流模型 ,用改进的内外迭代法对有挡板的Rushton桨搅拌槽进行了整体数值模拟 .利用文献中对搅拌槽内流场测定结果 ,给出了适用于Rushton桨搅拌槽的各向异性湍流黏度系数值 .模拟计算得到了搅拌槽内的流场分布和脉动速度分布 ,并同标准k -ε湍流模型计算结果及文献数据进行比较 .结果表明 ,各向异性k -ε湍流模型能成功反映Reynolds应力、湍流动能等湍流特征量 ,明显优于标准k -ε湍流模型 .     

Dynamic simulation of a 2D bubble column

The present paper demonstrates how 2D, dynamic simulations of a flat bubble column are feasible, applying state-of-the-art dynamic turbulence models, when an appropriate turbulent dispersion term is applied in the conservation equation for the gas volume fraction. The kω turbulence model yielded a better qualitative prediction of the bubble plume than the kε model, due to the low-Reynolds number treatment of the former model. The simple mixing length turbulence model gave the best prediction of the meandering plume, without any dispersion term. The mixing length model is, however, almost identical to a Large-Eddy simulation when run time-dependent on a fine mesh, and should be applied with care due to the use of a constant turbulence length scale and the inherent 3D nature of turbulence. By refining the mesh to the extreme end, it was shown that an apparently grid independent numerical solution was really grid-dependent, even when dynamic turbulence models were applied. The apparently grid independent solution was computed with an increment in the computational mesh that was of the same size as an equilibrium Kolmogorov length scale.     

Turbulent combustion of hydrogen in large volumes

The effect of fan-induced turbulence on the combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures has been studied in a 2.3-m diameter sphere over a hydrogen concentration range of 4 to 42% (by volume). Two fans were used to produce the turbulence, which was measured at various locations by hot-wire anemometry. For low hydrogen concentrations (≤7%), turbulence increases the rate and extent of combustion; for large turbulence intensities the extent of combustion approaches 100%, and combustion times are reduced by factors of 8 to 10 from those observed under quiescent conditions. At high hydrogen concentrations, the effect of turbulence on combustion time is less pronounced than at low hydrogen concentrations. Inclusion of flame-generated turbulence in the theoretical calculations sets an upper bound for the pressure rise, for the purpose of safety assessment.     

水力旋流器内固相颗粒时均流场及脉动特性的研究

利用一种新型的激光多普勒测速仪———粒子动态分析仪（ＰＤＡ），对水力旋流器中固相颗粒的时均流速、绝对湍流度、相对湍流度等流动参数进行了实测研究，给出了更全面的关于水力旋流器内固相颗粒流速分布的信息，并探讨了湍流脉动对水力旋流器分离过程的影响。     

基于微分代数积分矩量法的聚并器超细颗粒聚团研究

研究聚并器内布朗聚团和湍流聚团引起超细颗粒聚团,特别考虑颗粒之间近程力（范德华引力、静电斥力）和颗粒与气体之间的流体力学作用力对颗粒聚团的影响。基于FLUENT软件UDF功能自定义聚团核,考虑颗粒之间近程力和流体力学作用力对聚并率的影响,引入碰撞效率α对聚团核进行修正,得到修正湍流聚并模型并将该模型与理想湍流聚并模型进行比较。应用群体平衡模型（population balance model,PBM）耦合CFD对颗粒聚团过程进行数值模拟,并采用微分代数积分矩量法（DAE-QMOM）求解群体平衡方程。结果表明：理想湍流聚并模型与实验结果误差为8.92%,而修正改进的湍流聚团模型与实验结果误差仅为3.35%,更加符合实际情况;微分代数积分矩量法具有较高的效率,而且误差较小,相比PD积分矩量法有明显的优势,稳定性也比较突出。     

鼓泡塔内气泡羽流周期性摆动的数值模拟

以二维和三维鼓泡塔内气液二相流动的动态特性为研究对象,寻找各自合适的湍流模型和边界条件设置。二维鼓泡塔的进口气速采用2种不同的方法:①实际进口速度法;②均值修正法。湍流模型选用标准k-ε湍流模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型。结果显示二维模拟使用RNG k-ε湍流模型、三维模拟使用标准k-ε湍流模型能够得到周期性的羽流摆动,且二维鼓泡塔的进口气速采用均值修正法能够得到较合理的摆动周期。     

Effects of turbulence on heat and mass transfer in stagnation flows

The influence of turbulence on local heat and mass transfer is systematically analyzed. Essential prerequisite is the availability of measurement methods, based on convective mass transfer, which allow the visualization of heat and mass transfer distributions. The results show that, even at low turbulence intensities, the flow and transport phenomena are decisively influenced by the specific design of turbulence grids and the orientation of the grid wires with respect to the stagnation line. Thereby, two different flow mechanisms occur which may interact. The anisotropy of grid turbulence leads to the “wire-gap effect” depending on the actual position of the grid wires in relation to the stagnation line. The other mechanism is based on the wavy wake velocity distribution behind screens and grid which, in conjunction with the centrifugal instability of stagnation flows, may lead to longitudinal vortices. The results indicate why turbulence has not been sufficiently considered in the available (semi-) empirical correlations. Information needed for an accurate prediction of heat and mass transfer in turbulence flows is discussed.     

A review of the statistical turbulence theory required extending the population balance closure models to the entire spectrum of turbulence

The models for fluid particle breakage and coalescence due to turbulence are generally limited to the inertial subrange of isotropic turbulence and infinite Reynolds numbers. A rigorous procedure for extending the fluid particle breakage and coalescence closures to the entire spectrum of isotropic turbulence and for a wider range of Reynolds numbers can be established based on statistical turbulence theory. The modeling procedure consists of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) literature model energy spectrum for the dissipation, inertial, and energy containing subranges of isotropic turbulence, and an exact literature integral relation for determining the second‐order longitudinal structure function from the 3‐D energy spectrum. A review of the requisite statistical turbulence theory and the use of the model energy spectrum is provided, because the necessary details are not easily accessible in the chemical engineering literature and misconceptions are found in the publications of the previous modeling attempts. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1795–1820, 2016     

聚合物添加剂对Rayleigh-Bénard湍流对流热输运的影响

基于有限体积法采用雷诺应力湍流模型并结合Cross本构方程模拟研究了高分子对Rayleigh-Bénard对流在软(Ra=5×105～4×107)、硬(Ra>4×107)湍流区热输运的影响。模拟结果显示:添加高分子可加强湍流Rayleigh-Bénard对流热输运,相对于软湍流区在硬湍流区的有效作用范围较大;相应地大尺度环流也随之充满整个腔体,封闭腔体内对角线上两个对称小涡也随着高分子浓度和Ra数的增加而减小。     

Effects of turbulence on particulate heat and mass transfer

This paper reviews a number of experimental studies concerned with the influence of turbulence on heat and mass transfer from a particle in a fluid medium. Heat and mass transfer rates, as affected by free-stream turbulence, undoubtedly reflect changes in the ambient flow structure around a body. Attempts have been made, therefore, to relate the established effects of turbulence on the various parts of the flow field around a particle to the variations in heat and mass transfer rates observed for investigations conducted under different conditions. A review has also been made of the effects of periodic oscillations on heat and mass transfer rates in an attempt to provide greater insight into the more complex effects of turbulence.     

Experimental Study and CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamic Behaviours in an External Loop Airlift Slurry Reactor

The local hydrodynamic behaviours in an external loop airlift slurry reactor, including the gas holdup, bubble rise velocity, bubble size, were measured with a fibre optic probe. The liquid circulation velocity was measured with an ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. Two‐dimensional simulations were carried out in the framework of Two‐Fluid formulation coupled with a k‐? turbulence model. The lateral forces and interphase turbulence were taken into account and good agreement between the experimental and simulation results was obtained. The simulations show that the lateral forces and interphase turbulence have noticeable influence and should be included in the CFD model.     

曳力模型和湍流模型对内环流反应器数值模拟的影响

研究了曳力模型和湍流模型对气升式内环流反应器流体力学参数的影响,进一步证实了DBS-Local曳力模型在气升式内环流反应器中的适用性。结果表明：曳力模型决定了是否可以模拟出下降管中的气体;而曳力模型和湍流模型共同作用,决定了气含率模拟结果的准确性。Schiller-Naumann、Tomiyama、Grace、Ishii-Zuber这4种曳力模型均无法预测出下降管含气这一现象,而DBS-Local曳力模型能够模拟出下降管中的气体。DBS-Local曳力模型与standard k-ε mixture湍流模型组合,对气含率的预测值与实验值较为接近,而与RNG k-ε dispersed湍流模型组合,对轴向液速的预测值与实验值更为接近。     

颗粒与液相间的湍流涡旋裂变传质模型

湍流在宏观上处于远程混沌无序状态, 而在介微观上处于近程有序状态。从分析湍流场中局 域中涡旋的串级结构出发,通过对N-S方程的涡旋输运形式进行求解, 导出一个具有分形意 义的涡旋群运动表达式,并得到涡旋掠过颗粒表面花费的时间, 然后同Higbie的传质渗透模型相联系,以涡旋的分布函数为权求其数学期望,得到搅拌湍流场中的传质系数表达式,结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

A dual-scale turbulence model for gas-liquid bubbly flows☆

A dual-scale turbulence model is applied to simulate cocurrent upward gas–liquid bubbly flows and validated with available experimental data. In the model, liquid phase turbulence is split into shear-induced and bubble-induced turbulence. Single-phase standard k-εmodel is used to compute shear-induced turbulence and another transport equation is added to model bubble-induced turbulence. In the latter transport equation, energy loss due to interface drag is the production term, and the characteristic length of bubble-induced turbulence, simply the bubble diameter in this work, is introduced to model the dissipation term. The simulated results agree well with experimental data of the test cases and it is demonstrated that the proposed dual-scale turbulence model outperforms other models. Analysis of the predicted turbulence shows that the main part of turbulent kinetic en-ergy is the bubble-induced one while the shear-induced turbulent viscosity predominates within turbulent vis-cosity, especially at the pipe center. The underlying reason is the apparently different scales for the two kinds of turbulence production mechanisms:the shear-induced turbulence is on the scale of the whole pipe while the bubble-induced turbulence is on the scale of bubble diameter. Therefore, the model reflects the multi-scale phe-nomenon involved in gas–liquid bubbly flows.     

Turbulenz in mehrphasigen Strömungen

Turbulence in the continuous phase of fluid/particle systems . Neglecting a number of important transition systems, the principal multiphase systems in chemical engineering can be subdivided into particle systems, film systems, and jet systems. In studies on turbulent processes in these systems, five different kinds of turbulence are distinguished: (1) Reynolds turbulence; (2) interfacial turbulence; (3) deformational turbulence; (4) lattice turbulence; and (5) swarm turbulence. Although existing knowledge provides a good picture of turbulent processes in multiphase systems, one is still far removed from being able to satisfactorily describe every from of turbulence and its effect on mass- and heat transfer. Moreover, there is still a great lack of reliable data regarding the conditions under which these kinds of turbulence can be expected.     

不同湍流模型对双流体喷射泵流场模拟的研究

采用标准κ～ε湍流模型、RNGκ～ε湍流模型和Realizableκ～ε湍流模型分别对双流体喷射泵内部的气液流动进行了模拟。对不同湍流模型下计算收敛速度,混合流体静压力变化和气体卷吸量大小进行了比较。模拟结果表明:3种κ～ε湍流模型均可很好的反应射流规律;在Realizableκ～ε湍流模型计算下,计算成本最低,流场计算收敛速度最快;在RNGκ～ε湍流模型和Realizableκ～ε湍流模型下混合流体静压力变化和气体卷吸量基本相同,均小于标准κ～ε湍流模型下的计算结果,且喷嘴速度越大,差距越明显。     

螺旋桨搅拌槽中液体的流动结构

在直径１６００ｍｍ的平底柱形有机玻璃槽中，利用热膜风速仪测量了２个搅拌浆－槽体系中流体的时均速度，脉动速度的均方根值，湍流强度，纵向积分尺度，纵向微分尺度和能谱函数。研究了时均速度及湍流微结构在搅拌槽中的分布规律及搅抖转速的影响。     

APPLICATION OF TURBULENCE THEORY TO THE DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN AN AEROFOIL DRYER

The paper presents a turbulence model based on the Kolmogorov-Prandtl hypothesis. The model is applied for determining the heat transfer coefficient of an aerofoil dryer. The differential equations of the turbulent flow are described as well as their numerical solution. Comparions between the theoretical and experimental values show that the turbulence model gives satisfactory results.     

Influence of turbulence on transient premixed flame propagation inside closed vessels

The explosion behaviour of CH₄/air mixtures inside a closed 0.065 m³ spherical and a 1 m³ cylindrical vessel was investigated to determine the effect of turbulence on the structure and propagation rate of transient turbulent flames for different initial turbulence levels generated by 4 ventilators installed inside the equipment. Laser-Doppler and hot wire anemometry were used to measure the turbulent motion. It was found that fairly uniform turbulence could be achieved in the central zones of the vessels and that the RMS-values of flow velocity were proportional to the ventilator speed. The evaluation of burning velocity from the pressure/time records showed that, starting from an initial burning velocity which depends on the initial turbulence level, the flame accelerates as a result of pressure, temperature and turbulence effects. Maximum burning velocity coincides with the inflexion point of the pressure/time curve, and is followed by a rapid deceleration of the flame front. A linear relationship between burning velocity and measured RMS-velocity is recognized in the observed range of RMS-values.