行波堆TP-1堆芯热工水力单通道与子通道分析方法研究

以泰拉能源公司提出的钠冷行波堆TP-1为研究对象,通过钠冷行波堆瞬态安全分析程序TAST得到堆芯各组件内冷却剂、包壳和燃料棒的平均温度分布。用子通道分析程序SACOS-Na对TAST计算得到的最热组件进行详细分析计算,得到该组件内冷却剂的温度、压力和流速分布,并得到燃料棒和包壳的温度场。结果表明：单通道与子通道的结合使用能有效提高计算效率,提高反应堆设计的安全性。     

铅铋冷却快堆含绕丝燃料组件子通道程序开发与验证

由于铅铋冷却剂流动传热现象的复杂性,准确计算铅铋冷却含绕丝燃料组件的冷却剂和包壳温度是液态金属冷却快堆燃料组件热工分析的重点。本文基于集总参数法对守恒方程进行求解,开发了适用于铅铋冷却快堆的子通道分析程序,对液态铅铋在棒束燃料组件中的摩擦阻力模型、湍流交混模型和对流换热模型进行了适用性分析,并对7棒束大涡模拟和19棒束含绕丝传热实验进行了对比验证。结果表明：包壳和冷却剂温度的最大相对误差低于5%。程序能较好完成铅铋冷却含绕丝燃料组件的热工水力计算,可为铅铋冷却快堆设计提供支持。     

快堆组件稠密棒束数值模拟

为详细研究快堆组件稠密棒束中的冷却剂流动方式,本工作采用Fluent程序对169棒束快堆燃料组件进行了三维数值模拟,并与已公开发表的文献结果进行了对比。由计算结果可知：计算得到的摩擦系数结果在Re为35885～61354时与试验结果符合较好;从中心到外围,横向流和轴向流在不同的方向和位置呈现出不同的流动特性。根据模拟结果可更准确地预测棒束通道内的流动情况,可为今后稠密棒束组件水力学设计和子通道内流量测量试验提供参考。     

基于CFD方法的行波堆19燃料棒束流固耦合传热特性研究

采用流固耦合传热方法对行波堆19燃料棒束流动及传热特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:出口区域燃料棒呈现出非对称和偏心温度分布特性;下游区域流体截面温度分布差别较大;包壳表面热流密度分布差别明显,螺旋绕肋结构具有局部强化换热的能力;出口区域发现了局部倒传热现象。该组件结构有待将来进一步借助流固耦合传热分析方法进行优化改进。     

超临界水冷混合堆快谱区组件物理——热工分析

提出了超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件设计方案.应用MCNP程序为该组件建立计算模型,并进行了相应的物理计算;同时运用子通道分析程序STAFAS对多层燃料组件子通道进行了初步的稳态热工分析.计算结果表明:超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件燃料转换比超过1.0,并且获得负的冷却剂空泡反应性系数;燃料包壳表面最高温度约为595℃,低于设计准则规定的上限值,同时组件各子通道出口冷却剂温度均匀性较好.通过对燃料棒径敏感性分析可知,较大棒径组件燃料转换比较大,但也会导致热通道包壳表面温度峰值升高.     

钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程的数值模拟研究

应用Fluent程序,对处于氩气中的钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程进行了三维数值模拟。计算获得了乏燃料组件内部冷却剂通道和外部区域的热工水力学现象及变化规律。结果表明:利用标记区域分割方法,将燃料棒间隙网格划分为绕丝网格和绕丝周边流体域网格,能在棒束区生成高质量结构化网格;在氩气自然循环冷却瞬态过程中,棒束区内子通道氩气流量增加速度落后于边子通道,内子通道升温更快;乏燃料组件棒束区温度在轴向呈现中心高、边缘低的分布特征;为避免包壳温度超过设计值,乏燃料组件处于氩气中的时间不宜超过6min。     

快堆燃料组件热工流体力学计算研究

对于钠冷快堆,在燃料和包壳最高温度等设计限值下,为获得较高的堆芯出口温度,需深入分析燃料组件内的热工流体力学问题,准确预测组件内的冷却剂温度分布。本文在CRT模型和F.C.Engel等人工作的基础上,提出了ICRT压降关系式,用以计算冷却剂在湍流区、过渡流区和层流区的棒束压降;引入CRT模型和WEST对流传热模型,改进了SUPERENERGY子通道分析程序,并将改进程序与原程序计算结果进行了对比,结果表明：最热子通道出口温度略有降低,液膜温压略有增加;并用计算流体力学软件CFX对中国实验快堆单盒燃料组件活性段进行了三维数值模拟,将计算结果用CRT模型、ICRT压降关系式及改进后的SUPERENERGY子通道分析程序进行了验证,相互符合较好。     

快堆燃料组件的子通道分析

开发了ＴＨＡＳ－ＰＣ２子通道分析微机程序，用于计算稳态和瞬态工况下快堆燃料组件的流量、温度和压力等参量分布。对ＥＦＲ燃料组件的稳态和瞬态计算结果如下：堆芯出口平均温度和温长分别为５５７℃和１５７℃，最高包壳表面温度为６０１℃，它发生在中心燃料棒上，最大冷却剂温度为５９３℃；主泵断电二次停堆事故作为瞬态计算，算得的最高冷却剂温度和最高包壳表面温度分别为６３０℃和６３７℃（当ｔ＝２ｓ时），它们都远低于     

大晶粒UO2燃料芯块堆内试验组件的研制

为了开发高性能的压水堆燃料,研制了大晶粒燃料芯块。试验燃料芯块具有高的235U富集度、小直径和大晶粒尺寸的特点。通过堆内辐照试验可以对不同制造工艺的燃料芯块进行评价和筛选,以便确定燃料制造工艺。为了在中国原子能科学研究院池式研究堆中随堆考验,设计了一种试验组件,包含四根双包壳的燃料棒。双包壳燃料棒是在外包壳内装入两根单包壳燃料棒。试验组件直接由反应堆一次循环水冷却,不设专门的冷却回路。试验组件上安装了多种堆芯测量传感器,包括燃料中心温度热电偶、自给能中子探测器和冷却剂出、入口温度热电偶,可以在线监测燃料试验参数。描述了大晶粒UO2燃料芯块的研制、试验燃料组件的研制和检验。     

超临界水冷动力堆燃料组件的子通道研究分析

与目前的轻水堆相比较，由于超临界水冷动力反应堆(SCPR)的热效率高、反应堆系统简单，预计将降低发电成本高热效率通过超临界压力水冷却来获得、如果冷却剂流体在燃料组件中的分布是非均匀的．由于冷却剂温度提高、冷却剂密度的变化而出现大的流量偏移和传热系数降低的复合效应，燃料包壳的表面温度会局部升高：因此，SCPR燃料组件设计采用基于沸水堆的SILFEED的子通道分析程序SCPR燃料组件具有许多正方形水棒、燃料棒被布置在这些水捧周围。燃料棒的间距和直径分别为11．2nun和10．2mm。由于冷却剂流体在燃料组件内的分布主要取决于燃料棒和水棒之间的间隙宽度、对适当的间隙宽度进行了研究。子通道分析表明，在间隙宽度为1．0mm时，冷却剂流量分布是均匀的，最高的燃料包壳表面温度低于600℃、在设计中提高了燃料包壳的温度裕度。     

Feasibility study of the application of exotic pin for tight-lattice fuel assembly

A tight-lattice fuel assembly having less space for the coolant is more feasibly applied in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR). The thermal hydraulic constraint due to smaller coolant space can be compensated by the high heat capacity of the liquid metal coolant. A tight pin configuration provides high fuel volume fraction which eventually gives better neutronic performance for longer core lifetime. A cylindrical pin array provides less flexible arrangement for tight-lattice assembly, which results in very narrow coolant gaps connecting its neighboring subchannels. Therefore, the so-called exotic pin shape is introduced, which enable to distribute the coolant flow more uniformly, to be applied in tight-lattice bundles with sodium coolant. As Nusselt number and wall friction correlation are absent for this type of geometry, CFD calculations are performed by employing k-ε turbulent model.     

Boiling and dryout behind local blockages in sodium cooled rod bundles

Much attention has been given in LMFBR safety analysis to cooling disturbances caused by local blockages within a fuel subassembly. Such blockages are generally considered to be more probable in gridded fuel pin clusters which present the possibility for solid particles in the coolant to be trapped at grids to form a radially extending flow obstruction. The temperature distribution produced in the region of impaired cooling has been studied in water and sodium experiments in pin bundles of various sizes. The experimental work at KfK on local cooling disturbances culminated in two local blockage experiments in the KNS sodium loop simulating LMFBR fuel elements with a 49% central and a 21% corner blockage. In the frame of this work pin cooling in the wake of the blockage was investigated in single-phase conditions, in boiling conditions up to dryout and in conditions simulating gas release from failed pins. The general aims of the studies were to demonstrate that the consequences of a local blockage do not lead to rapid propagation of damage within a pin bundle and to obtain data for validation of theoretical models.     

Design research of small long life CANDLE fast reactor

The feasibility of a small long life fast reactor with CANDLE burn-up concept was investigated. It was found that a core with 1.0 m radius and 2.0 m length can bring about CANDLE burn-up with nitride (enriched N-15) natural uranium as fresh fuel. Lead–Bismuth is used as coolant. From equilibrium analysis, we obtained the burn-up velocity, output power distribution, core temperature distribution, etc. The burn-up velocity is less than 1.0 cm/year, which easily permits a long core life design. The averaged core discharged fuel burn-up is about 40%. For better understanding of the effect of the coolant to fuel volume ratio, comparison was made among five cases. In these cases the coolant channel radii were different from one case to another, while fuel pin pitch was fixed. Comparisons were also made with a fixed coolant channel radius and different fuel pin pitches. A simulation of core operation is implemented and the results show that the present design can establish the long time steady CANDLE burn-up successfully without a burn-up control mechanism.     

A method of evaluating local turbulent diffusivity of heat in a gridded fuel subassembly

In evaluating the turbulent diffusivity of heat associated with the coolant flow past a grid spacer within an FBR fuel subassembly, a heat diffusion technique is usually employed. However, measurement of subchannel bulk coolant temperature using thermocouples usually involves difficulty due to a steep and non-linear temperature gradient in the subchannels adjacent to a heater pin.A series solution of the heat conduction equation for the coolant flow in subchannels past a grid spacer and a heated section of a dummy fuel pin was derived under a slug flow approximation where the boundary conditions on dummy fuel pins were satisfied by means of the point-matching technique. The solution may be utilized in analyzing the turbulent diffusivity of heat within subchannel coolant flow as a function of distance from a grid spacer based on the measured temperature distribution on the wall of dummy fuel pins, which may be obtained without affecting the subchannel coolant temperature.In an illustrative example, the turbulent diffusivity of heat was most exaggerated at about 50 mm beyond a grid spacer and was approximately five times larger than the corresponding diffusivity without a grid spacer.     

CFD investigations of helical wire-wrap fuel pin bundle and its comparison with straight wire bundle

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigations of a fast reactor fuel pin bundle wrapped with helical and straight spacer wires have been carried out and the advantages of using helical spacer wire have been assessed. The flow and temperature distributions in the fuel pin bundle are obtained by solving the statistically averaged 3-Dimensional conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy along with high Reynolds number k-ε turbulence model using a customized CFD code CFDEXPERT. It is seen that due to the helical wire-wrap spacer, the coolant sodium not only flows in axial direction in the fuel pin bundle but also in a transverse direction. This transverse flow enhances mixing of coolant among the sub channels and due to this, the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient of the coolant increase. Estimation of friction factor, Nusselt number, sodium temperature uniformity at the outlet of the bundle and clad hot spot factor which are measures of the extent of coolant mixing and non-homogeneity in heat transfer coefficient around fuel pin are paid critical attention. It is seen that the friction factor and Nusselt number are higher (by 25% and 15% respectively) for the helical wire wrap pin bundle compared to straight wire bundle. It is seen that for 217 fuel pin bundle the maximum clad temperature is 750 K for straight wire case and the same for helical wire is 720 K due to the presence of transverse flow. The maximum temperature occurs at the location of the gap between pin and wire. The ΔT between the bulk sodium in the central sub-channel and peripheral sub-channel is 30 K for straight wire and the same for helical wire is 18 K due to the presence of secondary transverse flow which makes the outlet temperature more uniform. The hotspot factor and the hot channel factors predicted by CFD simulation are 10% lower than that used in conventional safety analysis indicating the conservatism in the safety analysis.     

Use of Thorium-Plutonium MOX in the inner pins of CANDU fuel bundles

This research is focused on using Thorium-Plutonium MOX fuel in the inner fuel pins of the CANDU fuel bundles for plutonium incineration and reduction of uranium demand and to reduce coolant void reactivity. The delayed neutron fraction and the power distribution amongst the fuel elements of the fuel bundle have been considered as main safety parameters.The 700 MWe Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR-700) was selected as a case study. The inner eight UO₂ fuel pins of the ACR-700 fuel bundle are replaced by Thorium-Plutonium MOX fuel pins in the proposed design with 3% reactor grade PuO₂. This amount represents 23.4 w/o of the fuel in the bundle. The outer two fuel rings (35 pins) enrichment is reduced from 2.1 w/o U-235 to 2 w/o U-235. The simulation using MCNP6 showed that about 27% reduction of uranium demand can be achieved. The proposed fuel bundle eliminate the use of burnable poisons in the central pin that was used for negative coolant void reactivity and more reduction in the coolant void reactivity was achieved (about 3.5 mk less than the reference fuel bundle). The power distribution throughout the fuel bundle is more flat in the proposed fuel bundle. Use of this fuel bundle reduces the delayed neutron fraction from 540 pcm in the reference case to 480 pcm in the proposed case.     

An analytical method of evaluating the effect of rod displacement on circumferential temperature and heat flux distributions in turbulent flow through unbaffled rod bundles

An analytical method of evaluating the circumferential variations of temperature and heat flux fields inside and around a displaced fuel rod in triangular rod bundles in turbulent flow is presented with illustrative examples. The analysis consists mainly of the derivation of the simultaneous solutions of a set of heat conduction equations for fuel, cladding and coolant under the assumption of fully developed flow and heat transfer conditions. The local coolant velocity distribution, which is necessary for deriving the temperature field in coolant, is determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent mixing of coolant is taken into consideration. The results show how the circumferential variations in the temperature and heat flux fields on the outer surface of the cladding increase the lower the ratio and the larger the fuel rod displacement due to thermal conduction and peripheral coolant flow velocity distribution.     

CALIPSO—A computer code for the calculation of the thermodynamics, fluiddynamics and geometry changes following pin failure

The computer code CALIPSO calculates the thermodynamics and fluid-dynamics of fuel, fission gas and coolant as well as changes in geometry subsequent to pin failure in an anticipated liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) accident. In the documented version, CALIPSO is well suited for the analysis of the out-of pile SIMBATH experiments carried out at Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (KfK) which simulate the above-mentioned accident with thermite technology. In two-dimensional geometry the fuel pin and its associated coolant channel, initially separated by the fuel cladding are treated as a single fluid domain. The conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved separately for each component. The transient evolution of the temperature profile in the cladding is modeled in detail, thus permitting the analysis of various phase transition processes (melting, freezing and clad failure propagation). The coolant channel has a variable cross section and it is surrounded by an outer channel wall for single pin experiment analysis. Axially the coolant channel is connected to a simplified model of the whole sodium loop.     

VVER反应堆燃料组件流动传热特性CFD分析

采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对俄罗斯水-水高能反应堆（VVER）先进燃料组件（AFA）的流动传热特性进行模拟,获得了额定工况下燃料组件冷却剂流场、流动压降和温度分布等。结果表明:与内部含交混翼的格架相比,AFA燃料组件定位格架的压力损失较小;定位格架围板导向翼附近存在滞流现象,导致燃料组件外围区域冷却剂温度偏高;不同的测量管周向棒功率比K_c对燃料组件出口冷却剂温度的测量值有较大影响。该分析结果可为核电厂堆芯温升预警值ΔT_t的设定提供参考。