TREATMENT OF WASTE PICKLING LIQUORS: PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

An economic analysis was carried out for three different recycle/recovery options for waste pickling liquors from hydrochloric acid pickling baths in an existing small-mid scale plant presently neutralizing and discarding waste pickling liquors. The analysis was based on process synthesis and design, which were completed by using real plant data along with some experimental work. Three basic schemes were studied: the addition of metallic iron to convert unused hydrochloric acid to ferrous chloride recovery by evaporation and recycling of a large proportion of the unused acid, and removal of ferrous chloride by crystallization to enable the recycling of the unused acid. All three schemes were evaluated at the same concentration of ferrous chloride by-product, which can be directly sold or converted later to ferric chloride, which has a higher market value. Extrapolation of existing solubility data was verified experimentally, cost estimation was done for purchased equipment and utility requirement, and feasibility analyses of the process schemes were completed. Depending on the market demand for the by-product and the criteria chosen, metallic iron addition or evaporation found to be recommendable, while the relatively more expensive crystallization process was also found to bring improvement over the no-treatment alternative.     

KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE OXYPRECIPITATION OF WASTE HYDROCHLORIC PICKLING LIQUORS

The aim of the research project presented in this paper is to devise a process to treat waste liquors from the pickling of iron or steel with hydrochloric acid in rolling mills, recovering the high iron content in the form of oxides or oxyhydroxides which can later be used in other industrial processes. In addition to reducing water pollution, such a process attaches a new value to this ferrous waste.

Chlorinated liquors are oxyprecipitated, leading to the formation of different combinations of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, with the total removal of Fe⁺² and the production of ammonium chloride solutions easily broken down into hydrochloric acid and ammonia. The precipitates have different industrial outlets, making the oxyprecipitation process an attractive solution for the treatment of waste pickling liquors.     

废水处理中的硝化—反硝化工艺分析

对化肥生产废水现今广泛采用的硝化——反硝化工艺从反应动力学角度作出全面分析,并就结合内蒙古化肥厂废水处理中出现过的问题提出反应动力学的环境因素及工艺控制要点。     

渗析法处理酸洗废液的膜面积

本文介绍了渗析地处理钢铁酸洗废液的原理，建立了计算渗析膜面积的公式，提出了渗析适宜条件是流入倍数为１．０５－１．２５，回收率为８０％－９０％。     

自蔓延高温合成（SHS）过程的点火模型与分析

基于热力学原理，提出了一个分析自蔓延反应中点火过程的模型，并推出了一个简单，直观的点火公式。认为燃烧合成的自动蔓延过程是样品中一层一层的逐层点火过程，因此，点公式也可以用来解释自蔓高温合成过程本身。对ＮｉＡｌ和ＴｉＢ２等的点火过程实际研究表明，理论模型有一定的指导意义。     

ICI—AMV工艺与KBR工艺比较分析

介绍了ICI—AMV工艺与KBR工艺各自的特点,对两种工艺采取的节能措施进行比较分析。     

加氢裂化尾油做裂解原料的经济效益分析

利用PIMS模型对不同裂解原料结构、不同价格条件下的乙烯收率和装置经济效益进行分析。测算结果表明,在特定价格条件下使用加氢裂化尾油做裂解原料,乙烯收率下降,但经济效益提高,加氢裂化尾油裂解后,高附加值产物比例高是造成这种现象的主要因素。在实际工作中,应利用PIMS模型针对裂解原料价格变化情况,动态做好测算分析工作,并及时调整生产经营方案,将提高经济效益放在首位,并综合考虑经济效益和乙烯收率等技术经济指标之间的影响关系。     

尿素水解水和合成工艺冷凝液的回收利用

介绍合成工艺冷凝液和尿素水解水经过处理后代替软化水应用在脱盐系统,效果较好,提高了浮床的制水批量,减少废水排放,节约大量新鲜水,但存在絮状物质使阳离子树脂床运行压差增大的问题。     

ALKYD PAINT WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND DISTILLATION

In the present study the characterization and distillation of alkyd paint waste have been carried out in order to establish the technical viability of organic solvents recovery and to decide upon the best environmental management for the waste stream from a paint spray-booth application in an automotive component factory. The paint is a black primer based on an alkyd resin with toluene and xylene as solvents, black carbon as pigment, fillers, and other minor components.

The paint, paint wastes, and distillation wastes have been characterized by determination of the physicochemical properties of the solid (solvents content and flash point) and determination of ecotoxicity (EC₅₀), total organic carbon (TOC), and metals concentration of the leachates. The highly volatile matter (HVM) content, determined by the weight loss at 200°C, has been used as a parameter to relate with the hazardous wastes regulations based on the characterization parameters EC₅₀, TOC, and flash point.

Distillation experiments have been performed in a simple batch mode with mixtures of paint waste, water, and additives in order to obtain high efficiencies in the recovery of volatile organic compounds and to obtain a final solid with nonhazardous behavior and good manageability qualities. A fractional factorial design (2^3-1) of experiments was carried out in order to study the influence of the distillation variables: water/paint waste ratio (2/1-3/1 (g/g)), temperature (110°-145°C), alkaline additives (Na(OH),CaO, Ca(OH)₂), and amount of other additives (wt.% of bentonite, cement, and Ca(OH)₂) on the solvent recovery, [% VOCs]_Recovery, on the residual volatile organic compounds, [% VOCs]_{Distillation Waste}, and on the total organic content (TOC) of the waste leachates. The present work shows the quantitative results of the alkyd paint waste distillation process under optimum conditions.     

有机污染物治理新技术评述

本文对电化学、光化学和光电化学催化法以及声化学法处理有机物废水的特点进行了评述，并结合作者的研究工作对这些方法的研究方向和发展动态进行了讨论．     

对含酚废水深度处理过程中间产物苯醌的测定

针对酚氧化降解过程中生成的微量和解中间产物－对苯醌，能与２，４－二硝基苯肼形成黄绿色化合物的特点，提出了光度分析法，并对其测试条件及影响因素进行了探讨，同时考察了该法在测定条件下的准确度和精密度。     

一种新型水合物法海水淡化系统能耗及经济性分析

提出一种新型水合物法海水淡化流程,并基于该流程对海水淡化系统进行了模拟计算,得到海水淡化的能耗.同时,在计算淡化方法的总资产投资、运行维修成本、摊销总资产投资和摊销运行维修成本等经济参数的基础上,获得其最终的淡化成本.结果表明,淡水产率对能耗和生产成本影响很大,随着产率比的提高,相应的总能耗和总生产成本降低,而增加淡水产率需要改进水合物生成的动力学和热力学条件以及选择适合的工质.采用本文的水合物海水淡化方案计算得到的淡化成本要比Javanmardi等人建立的水合物海水淡化流程图下计算的淡化成本低,但是相对薄膜反渗透法,总生产成本还是显得相对很高.     

间溴苯甲醚生产的技术经济分析

本文介绍了间溴苯甲醚的合成方法，并对间溴苯甲醚的生产做了技术经济分析。间溴苯甲醚的生产和应用前景广阔     

含氨工艺冷凝液和脱碳废水低压汽提回收工艺及应用

为确保总排污水在２０００年达标排放,对汽提装置相继进行两次改造,增设脱碳废水回收系统,将脱碳废水送往Ｃ９２０１汽提回收。实现了工艺冷凝液和脱碳废水中的水和氨的回收,并增加了热量的回收,经济效益显著。     

微晶泡沫玻璃与固体废弃物的循环利用

概述了微晶泡沫玻璃的制备工艺原理及流程,从结构方面讨论了微晶泡沫玻璃的性能及应用,介绍了废玻璃、粉煤灰、尾矿、冶炼渣、硼泥、煤矸石、陶瓷废料等固体废弃物在微晶泡沫玻璃中的应用。     

HCl和FeCL2在阴离子交换膜中扩散速度的测定

本文依据Ｆｉｃｋ扩散定律提出了测定ＨＣｌ和ＦｅＣｌ２在阴离子交换膜中扩散速度的方法。测定结果显示,在１％～１０％ＨＣｌ、０％～２１％ＦｅＣｌ２和水温１４℃～１６℃条件下,Ｄ膜和Ｓ２０３膜ＨＣｌ平均扩散速度分别为８．４６×１０－３ｍ／ｈ和３．２６×１０－３ｍ／ｈ,ＦｅＣｌ２平均扩散速度分别为３．５×１０－４ｍ／ｈ和１．４×１０－４ｍ／ｈ,预示两膜都能实现废酸中ＨＣｌ与ＦｅＣｌ２的有效分离。用Ｓ２０３组装的扩散器分离废酸结果表明,盐酸回收率大于８３％,回收酸中Ｆｅ２＋小于３ｇ／Ｌ。     

移动式,旋流—气浮选污水处理装置

本文介绍了一种新型的双罐污水处理装置的设计思路,该装置的第一密闭罐中有一锥形旋流缸,第二密闭罐是多滤芯沉降过滤罐。该装置的原理是利用污水源的压力,通过一个喷嘴高速喷射产生的负压吸气,液旋流混合浮选,并采用多滤芯方式增过滤面积,达到高效处理污水的目的。     

废纤维的回收利用

简述再生胶和废胶粉生产过程中产生的废纤维的回收和利用的价值。针对国内外废纤维的研究和应用现状，提出了加强今后的研究和应用的９条建议。     

催化裂解和蒸汽裂解制烯烃工艺技术经济分析

根据近年来乙烯裂解发展趋势,以炼厂液化气和LNG凝析液等轻烃资源为主要原料,通过实例对比分析催化裂解和蒸汽裂解制烯烃的技术以及经济性,并提出石油石化公司应根据区域丙烯和丁二烯市场需求以及企业自身的发展定位,因地制宜地选取合理的烯烃裂解工艺。