Nonlinear seismic response of Milad Tower using finite element model

Milad Tower is a 436‐m‐tall telecommunications tower ranked as the fourth tallest structure of its kind in the world. The study of its seismic behaviour is of great importance as it is located in a highly seismic‐prone region. Because of the existence of the world's largest revolving restaurant in the head structure, and also because of the highly sensitive communication devices such as TV and telecommunications antennas installed on the tower, nonlinear deformation under future earthquakes should be studied. In this paper, a detailed finite element model is developed and nonlinear dynamic analysis was carried out under the design earthquakes. The foundation, concrete shaft, head structure and 120‐m antenna structure were modelled. Three components of the earthquakes are considered, and the selected earthquakes were normalized based on three design levels: design basis level, maximum design level and maximum credible level. The results of the analysis showed that all parts of the tower behave in the plastic zone except the elements of the head structure. It is also observed that in some cases, the earthquakes with lower peak accelerations and higher energy contents may have more severe effect on the tower than that with higher peak accelerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速铁路运行对钢塔桅结构的振动检测分析

通过对某高速铁路旁的钢塔桅结构检测鉴定分析,简要阐述了高速列车边不同高度钢结构塔桅的现场检测,依据实测得到的动力特性参数,对其进行了结构验算分析评定。可为同类工程结构检测鉴定提供参考。     

考虑脉动风影响的风电塔风致动力响应数值分析与现场监测比较

本文基于"风轮-机舱-塔体"三维仿真模型,进行风电塔在暴风荷载作用下的风致动力响应分析,并基于规范中的风荷载计算方法与动力分析方法对风电塔的应力、位移和内力进行计算分析,同时研究风电塔风轮受不利风向影响时的力学特性变化规律,并对风电塔在常规风荷载作用下的应力和位移进行现场监测比较研究。结果表明,基于规范计算的风电塔的应力、位移及内力要比动力分析的计算值偏小;脉动风时程激励下,风电塔的最大应力值低于结构的最小许用应力值,但结构顶部的水平位移超过结构的位移限值,在风电塔设计中应予以注意。风电塔受不利方向的暴风影响会产生很大的内力,塔底最大剪力和弯矩增大了91%和106%,在风电塔设计过程中应该重点考虑;基于常规风荷载作用下的应力和位移的数值仿真结果与监测结果吻合较好。     

Field measurement and aeroelastic wind tunnel test of wind‐induced vibrations of lattice tower

Lattice towers are among the most vulnerable structures during typhoons. In this study, the wind engineering research field base near Shanghai Pudong International Airport was used to measure the mean wind speeds and directions at a height of 10 m, as well as the accelerations atop a 40‐m high lattice tower during Typhoons Neoguri and Nakri to investigate the characteristics of the near‐ground wind and the responses of the lattice tower. Moreover, an aeroelastic model of the lattice tower was generated by the discrete stiffness method. Using the wind tunnel test of the aeroelastic model, the root mean square accelerations of the tower were studied with different wind speeds and directions. The responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction were found always higher than those in the along‐wind direction, which meant the vortex shedding of each single cylinder had an impact on the responses of the tower in the across‐wind direction. The test results were compared with those of field measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the aeroelastic model, and the two were generally in a good agreement. Thus, the aeroelastic model could precisely simulate the dynamic characteristics of a prototypical lattice tower using the discrete stiffness method.     

Improving the wind‐induced human comfort of the Beijing Olympic Tower by a double‐stage pendulum tuned mass damper

With five sub towers and a maximum height of 246.8 m, the Beijing Olympic Tower (BOT) is a landmark of Beijing. The complex structural properties and slenderness of the BOT render it prone to wind loading. As far as the wind‐induced performance of this structure is concerned, this paper thus aims at a tuned mass damper‐based mitigation system for controlling the wind‐induced acceleration response of the BOT. To this end, the three‐dimensional wind loading of various wind directions are simulated based on the fluctuating wind force obtained by the wind tunnel test, by which the wind‐induced vibration is evaluated in the time domain by using the finite element model. A double‐stage pendulum tuned mass damper (DPTMD), which is capable of controlling the long period dynamic response and requires only a limited space of installation, is optimally designed at the upper part of the tower. Finally, the wind‐induced response of the structure with and without DPTMD is compared with respect to various wind directions and in both the time and frequency domains. The comparative results show that the wind‐induced accelerations atop the tower with the wind directions of 45, 135, 225, and 315° are larger than those with the other directions. The DPTMD significantly reduces the wind‐induced response by the maximum acceleration reduction ratio of 30.05%. Moreover, it is revealed that the control effect varies noticeably for the five sub towers, depending on the connection rigidity between Tower1 and each sub tower.     

基于完全气弹模型风洞试验输电塔风荷载识别

按照基本缩尺律,设计、制作了输电塔完全气弹模型,并通过大气边界层风洞试验,测试了多种风速、风向条件下输电塔的位移与加速度响应。通过加速度响应功率谱识别出结构的固有频率,并采用Hilbert-Huang变换结合随机减量法识别出包含结构阻尼和气动阻尼的结构总阻尼。利用虚拟激励法建立了由测点位移响应来识别结构顺风向、横风向风荷载的方法。由识别出的风荷载谱曲线,利用非线性最小二乘法拟合得到输电塔顺风向、横风向风荷载经验公式。研究结果表明：风洞试验设计、制作的输电塔气弹模型,测试得到的模型第1阶自振频率与有限元计算结果吻合较好;横风向荷载谱形态与顺风向的相比有较大的区别,其能量分布在一个更宽的频带上,其峰值频率是顺风向的3～4倍。     

强台风作用下深圳卓越世纪中心的实测研究

超高层建筑的结构动力特性是影响结构风效应评估精度的重要因素,实测是获取实际结构动力特性参数的唯一方法并已有很多研究,但实测研究中出现较大振幅的情况仍极为少见。文章采用自主研发的无线加速度传感器,对高度280m的深圳卓越世纪中心北塔(ZCC)进行连续长期监测,得到10年来多次台风作用下ZCC结构顶部加速度响应时程信号。采用不同参数识别方法分别对ZCC在5次具有代表性的台风作用下的结构顶部加速度响应时程数据进行详细分析,并将台风“山竹”的实测结果和风洞试验的结果进行对比。结果显示：不同方法识别得到的结构模态频率一致性较好,模态阻尼比则存在一定差别;结构模态频率有随振幅增大而减少的趋势,顺风向的结构模态阻尼比随加速度的增大有增大的趋势,横风向的结构阻尼比则呈现较大的离散性,和加速度振幅的相关性不明显;现场实测得到的ZCC在台风“山竹”作用下的结构顶部峰值加速度和风洞试验结果具有较好的一致性,且在连续10年中测到的最大峰值加速度为23.91cm/s²,表明该建筑能够满足舒适度要求。     

Continuous monitoring of the Øresund Bridge: system and data analysis

The Øresund Bridge opened in July 2000. It is the most striking part of the fixed link across the Øresund connecting Copenhagen (Denmark) and Malmø (Sweden), which further includes a tunnel and an artificial island. The bridge is equipped with a PC-based continuous monitoring system, capable of measuring both static and dynamic quantities such as temperatures, wind characteristics, air humidity, strains and accelerations. The challenges for the design of the monitoring system were the long distances between the monitoring points and the variety of sensors. This paper describes the bridge and the monitoring system components. Some typical measurement data are presented. Finally, the modal parameters of the bridge are extracted from the deck, cable and tower vibrations. This shows that the system does not only give information about sudden events that exceed a certain threshold, but can also be used as a health monitoring system by tracking the evolution of the modal parameters.     

中空夹层钢管混凝土风力机塔架风振性能研究

传统风力发电机组塔架大多为锥形单管钢薄壁细长结构,此类结构在叶片转动及风荷载作用下易发生大的变形和振动。为克服传统风电塔自身发展的局限性并发挥中空夹层钢管混凝土(CFDST)结构优良的力学性能,基于某锥形钢塔筒,通过承载力等效提出CFDST塔筒结构形式,利用ABAQUS软件建立其风振性能有限元模型,对比了两种塔筒的振动模态。从时域和频域对二者在不同荷载工况下的动力响应特征进行对比分析,并对塔筒与叶片是否共振及瞬态冲击荷载下的振动进行了研究。结果表明:CFDST塔筒在保证原有钢塔筒抗弯承载力和刚度的同时,底部截面尺寸减小了25.6%,且不会与叶轮转动产生的谐波激励发生共振; 阻尼对风机塔筒位移、速度、加速度及应力响应幅值影响显著; 与钢塔筒相比,CFDST塔筒在正常运行荷载工况下峰值位移、加速度幅值和最大等效应力分别降低21.1%、30.2%和41.6%,而在暴风荷载工况下,分别减小14.4%、32.2%和36.3%; 研究成果可为相关塔筒的设计优化提供参考。     

风力发电机组塔架的结构形式及其风载、地震作用综述

风力发电机组的塔架属于高耸结构,承受风荷载和地震作用,可采用钢筒、钢格构、钢筋混凝土筒和钢一混凝土组合筒等多种结构形式。本文简要分析了各种结构形式的优缺点及研究现状,认为随着风力发电机组越来越大型化,钢塔筒面临运输和施工吊装困难。而其它形式的塔架,如钢格构、钢筋混凝土筒和钢一混凝土组合筒塔架,具有易运输、易施工的优点,已获得一定应用,并可能进一步推广。目前,对钢塔筒的研究较多,而对其它形式的塔架研究较少;并且由于叶片数据缺乏,风力发电机组承受的风、地震作用的计算不很准确;此外,研究者分析的风力发电机组数量有限,所得结论不一定具有普遍性。     

西安某科研楼顶钢结构塔楼风振控制的研究

以西安长庆石油勘探局科研楼钢结构塔楼工程为背景 ,建立了高楼屋顶上钢结构塔楼的三维空间有限元静力模型和二维串联多自由度的动力模型。讨论了高楼上高塔的振动特性以及安装粘滞性阻尼器对屋顶钢塔风响应的振动控制。研究表明 ,安装粘滞阻尼器可以有效地控制高塔在大风下的动力响应     

Experimental and computational simulation for wind effects on the Zhoushan transmission towers

Long-span transmission tower and conductor line systems become important infrastructures in modern societies. The analysis of wind-induced dynamic responses of transmission towers is an essential task in the design of spatial lattice tower structures. Wind effects on the world's tallest transmission tower are presented in this paper. The tower with a total height of 370 metres, part of the Zhoushan long-span transmission project, enables high voltage conductor lines to span as long as 2750 metres over the typhoon-prone sea strait. A multi-DOF aeroelastic model test with and without conductor lines was carried out to investigate the dynamic performances of Zhoushan tower during typhoon events. Using the response measurement results in the wind tunnel, the inertial force based gust loading factors (GLFs) are applied to represent dynamic wind load effects on the tower for structural design purposes. Time domain computational simulation approach is also employed to predict dynamic responses of the transmission tower and the displacement based gust response factors (GRFs). The fair comparison of GLFs or GRFs are made between the results of the experimental approach and the computational simulation approach, which is an effective alternative way for quickly assessing dynamic wind load effects on high-rise and complex tower structures.     

Nonlinear dynamic response of a guyed tower to a sudden guy rupture

The geometrically nonlinear dynamic response of a three-dimensional model of a guyed tower, when a selected guy suddenly ruptures, sending an impulsive shock to the entire structure is studied. The sudden rupture of a guy is simulated by the instantaneous removal of its end tension, applied as an external force at its mast attachment point. A 500 ft tall tower with three stay levels was analysed. The analysis was performed for a nominal wind speed acting in the plane of the ruptured guy, assumed to be a windward one. The mast was modelled by a three-dimensional space truss and the guys by three-dimensional elastic catenaries.     

Performance Evaluation of TMD under Typhoon Using System Identification and Inverse Wind Load Estimation

Abstract: The typhoon behavior and performance of a tuned mass damper (TMD) are presented based on the system identification and the inverse modal wind load estimation. The TMD was installed on a 39‐story, 184.6‐m steel building located in Incheon, Korea with a monitoring system consisting of an anemometer, accelerometers, and internet‐based data logging system. On September 2, 2010, the building experienced the Kompasu Typhoon, in which the peak wind speed, measured by an anemometer installed on the roof floor, was 49.7 m/s. To analyze the behavior of the building during the typhoon, the dynamic properties of building and TMD are identified from the measured responses. The modal wind load is then inversely estimated from the TMD and building accelerations using a Kalman filter, and the vibration reduction performance of the TMD is evaluated. The analysis results show that the typhoon‐induced vibration was reduced significantly due to the installation of TMD.     

地王大厦动力特性及大风时楼顶位移和加速度实测研究

本文介绍了深圳地王大厦的动力特性和在大风时楼顶位移和加速度的实测结果,并对实测结果进行了讨论.     

脉动风作用下电视塔桅杆结构TMD控制的惯性质量与位置优化

本文以深圳市梧桐山电视塔桅杆结构风振控制项目为背景,分析了风荷载的动力特性,给出了脉动风荷载的模拟方法;采用调谐质量阻尼控制方法和线性吸振、非线性耗能的结构控制策略,对控制装置进行了系统设计,分析了装置的惯性质量效应并提出了装置的优化布置方法;在模拟脉动风荷载作用下采用振型分解和时程分析相结合的方法,对结构进行动力分析和振动控制效果计算,为TMD高耸结构抗风设计提供了依据。     

某钢筋混凝土结构高层钢塔风振控制及其应用

本文以西安长庆石油勘探局科研楼钢结构塔楼工程为背景,讨论了安装粘滞性阻尼器对高塔风响应的振动控制。研究表明,安装粘滞阻尼器可以有效地抑制高塔在大风下的动力响应。     

基于分层壳单元模型超大型冷却塔风致倒塌机制与失效准则

历史上超大型冷却塔风毁事件多次发生,国内外现行规范中缺乏超大型冷却塔风致倒塌机制与失效判别准则。以我国西北地区某在建高228 m的冷却塔为背景,建立分层壳单元模型,考虑塔筒的多尺度壁厚及配筋率变化,通过刚体测压风洞试验获取了冷却塔表面风荷载,结合增量动力分析法分析了典型风速下塔筒位移和内力响应,确定临界倒塌风速为83 m/s;基于节点失效前后von Mises应力变化规律提炼了冷却塔倒塌过程中3种内力重分布机制,结合塔筒喉部位移构建了结构变形失效准则。研究表明：采用分层壳单元模型可以有效模拟超大型冷却塔倒塌全过程,中心破坏区域扩散形成裂隙网,直至完全倒塌破坏;塔筒首个单元失效首先引发滑动面机制,随后以转动铰机制和滑移面机制为主进行内力重分布;当结构变形失效指标(喉部迎风面与背风面的相对水平位移与喉部直径之比)不小于1.5%时,超大型冷却塔失效倒塌。     

Collapse mechanism and failure criteria based on layered shell element model for super-large cooling tower under wind action

历史上超大型冷却塔风毁事件多次发生，国内外现行规范中缺乏超大型冷却塔风致倒塌机制与失效判别准则。以我国西北地区某在建高228 m的冷却塔为背景，建立分层壳单元模型，考虑塔筒的多尺度壁厚及配筋率变化，通过刚体测压风洞试验获取了冷却塔表面风荷载，结合增量动力分析法分析了典型风速下塔筒位移和内力响应，确定临界倒塌风速为83 m/s；基于节点失效前后von Mises应力变化规律提炼了冷却塔倒塌过程中3种内力重分布机制，结合塔筒喉部位移构建了结构变形失效准则。研究表明：采用分层壳单元模型可以有效模拟超大型冷却塔倒塌全过程，中心破坏区域扩散形成裂隙网，直至完全倒塌破坏；塔筒首个单元失效首先引发滑动面机制，随后以转动铰机制和滑移面机制为主进行内力重分布；当结构变形失效指标(喉部迎风面与背风面的相对水平位移与喉部直径之比)不小于1.5%时，超大型冷却塔失效倒塌。     

特高压拉线式悬索塔风洞试验研究

拉线式悬索塔由双立柱支撑结构及拉线悬索系统组成,在概念和设计上均较为简洁。然而由于其高耸特点,因此是风敏感结构。为测试该类结构的风振响应特点,进行了塔线体系气动弹性模型的风洞试验。试验结果表明:在紊流风场中,立柱的顺风向风振响应与横风向属于同一量级;随风速增加,背风侧拉线趋向松弛,背风侧立柱受压减小;而迎风侧拉线则越趋张紧,迎风侧立柱受压增加,因此,需特别关注迎风侧拉线断线及迎风侧立柱受压稳定问题。