提高嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳菌活力的研究

以嗜酸乳杆菌为主发酵剂,嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为辅助发酵剂制作嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳,采用正交实验,并分析发酵过程中pH、乳酸菌数以及感官品质的变化,确定混合菌种的最佳比例。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌1.8%、嗜热链球菌1.4%、保加利亚乳杆菌0.6%混合发酵,可以提高乳中嗜酸乳杆菌的菌活力并改善其风味。经验证,混合菌种发酵制作的酸奶在风味和保健功能等方面明显优于单一菌种发酵制作的酸乳。     

红曲酸奶中乳酸菌变化情况研究

利用超声波浸提法提取红曲中的有效成分,将红曲水提取液与全脂奶粉混合发酵制成新型红曲酸奶。通过荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术跟踪发酵过程中乳酸菌含量的变化,结果表明：红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌数量显著高于普通酸奶。发酵2 h时,红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌菌体数量分别为普通酸奶的2.63和2.24倍;发酵5 h时,发酵接近终点,红曲酸奶中保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌菌体数量分别为普通酸奶的2.29和2.75倍。红曲酸奶的保藏期可达15 d,乳酸菌数符合国家标准的要求。     

发酵奶中乳酸菌菌种检出及活菌计数调查

目的分析北京市场发酵奶(酸奶)在保质期内的乳酸菌数及乳酸菌菌种的检出率。方法对11个酸奶厂家的20种不同酸奶产品进行乳酸菌活菌计数及所用菌种的检验。结果在保质期间,双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌检出率分别为23.08%和27.27%;保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌分别为72.22%和94.44%。在保质期末,嗜热链球菌的平均活菌数为3.23×106CFU/ml,保加利亚乳杆菌为4.17×105CFU/ml,双歧杆菌为1.12×104CFU/ml,嗜酸乳杆菌为1.32×104CFU/ml。结论酸奶中嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的检出率及活菌数均高于双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌。     

不同乳酸菌对凝固型荔枝酸奶的发酵特性和质构的影响

以纯牛奶和荔枝汁为主要原料,以干酪乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,探讨三种乳酸菌的不同组合发酵对凝固型荔枝酸奶的发酵特性和质构的影响。结果表明:干酪乳杆菌产胞外多糖能力较强,单独发酵时胞外多糖含量达到22.50g/L,而嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌单独发酵时胞外多糖的含量分别为5.73 g/L和0.29 g/L;各种不同乳酸菌组合发酵后酸奶的表观粘度和持水力与胞外多糖的含量呈正相关(R2=0.98);干酪乳杆菌产酸能力弱,单独发酵后p H高于其它添加有嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的组合,导致酸奶的硬度偏低,但干酪乳杆菌联合嗜热链球菌或保加利亚乳杆菌发酵时,发酵酸奶的硬度和乳酸菌活菌数均明显优于单独发酵组。因此,当干酪乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌及保加利亚乳杆菌联合发酵时,能充分发挥三个菌种的各自优势,菌落总数、胞外多糖含量和质构均能达到较好的品质水平。     

乳酸菌固定化初探

目前，生产酸奶时所使用的乳酸菌一般都需经多次活化和多次扩大培养制成生产发酵剂后才能被利用。在实际生产中，嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的获得过程都很费时费工，极不方便。为了提高制作酸奶的方便性与时效性，本文采用包埋法对乳酸菌进行固定化，就是将菌种均匀地包埋在水不溶性载体中，使菌种细胞中的酶处于原始状态，菌种活力强而耐久。本文采用海藻酸钠作包埋剂，把嗜热链球菌及保加利亚乳杆菌分别固定在其中，制成凝胶珠。     

羊奶酸奶优良发酵菌株的筛选

以保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,选育适合羊奶酸奶发酵的优良菌株。通过对4株保加利亚乳杆菌和4株嗜热链球菌在羊乳中发酵特性进行研究。结果表明,4株保加利亚乳杆菌中,L.b-800菌株产酸速度较快,后酸化能力较弱,且乳酸菌活菌数较高;4株嗜热链球菌中,S.t-499菌株产酸速度较快,产粘能力较强,且乳酸菌活菌数较高。优良菌株L.b-800和S.t-499配比为2:1～1:2时,羊奶酸奶发酵酸度适中,粘度适宜,无乳清析出,乳酸菌活菌数高达1×109cfu/mL以上。     

多肽在乳酸细菌鉴定中的应用

通过对保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌单一菌种,以及保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌复合菌种发酵酸奶中多肽物质的测定、分析与比较,找出不同菌种所产多肽的特异性,研究多肽在乳酸细菌鉴定中的应用.     

产胞外多糖乳酸菌混合培养对酸奶品质的影响

不同EPS产量的嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌按一定比例混合发酵后,在一定保藏期内对酸奶酸度、黏度、保水力、乳清析出量有不同的影响,结果表明：产胞外多糖乳酸菌混合培养得到酸奶的黏度越高,酸奶的保水性越强,乳清析出越少。     

酸奶发酵剂双组分信号转导系统研究进展

酸奶发酵剂是由多种乳酸菌复配用于酸奶发酵生产的微生物材料,主要菌种为保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌。双组分信号转导系统(two-component signal transduction system, TCS)是细菌中常见的信号机制,经典TCS由跨膜受体组氨酸蛋白激酶和同源胞质内应答调控蛋白组成,使得细菌能够感知和响应外界环境刺激并且调控自身生理生化过程。与大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和天蓝色链霉菌等模式细菌相比,乳酸菌TCS研究相对滞后,缺乏系统阐明其响应和调控机制。该文总结酸奶发酵剂中保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌TCS近年来研究进展,以期为乳酸菌TCS解析和酸奶工业化生产控制提供帮助。     

酸奶生产液体发酵剂的研究

保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌培养液收集的菌体，分散在ｐＨ４．２的乳酸缓冲液中制成酸奶液体发酵剂，具有菌体存活率较高，活性较强和保藏时间长的优点，属即时菌种，不需复活，用于酸奶生产有较冻干发酵剂发酵周期短的特点。     

Contribution of Streptococcus thermophilus to growth-stimulating effect of yogurt on rats

The origin of the growth-stimulating factor in yogurt was studied in rats fed liquid or freeze-dried diets of milk, yogurt, milks fermented individually by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, milks to which cells of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were added. Diets containing sonicated cells, cell supernatant, and cell fractions also were fed. Milk fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus and milk plus Streptococcus thermophilus cells stimulated growth as effectively as did yogurt. That finding and the absence of stimulation in rats fed Lactobacillus bulgaricus showed that Streptococcus thermophilus is responsible for stimulation of growth by yogurt. Growth was stimulated by an intracellular factor and not by fermentative changes in the milk.     

嗜热链球菌噬菌体对酸奶质量的影响

研究嗜热链球菌噬菌体对酸奶直投式发酵剂(direct vat set,DVS)发酵产酸、嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌比例、酸奶黏度、口感、后酸化、乳清析出等方面的影响。结果表明：嗜热链球菌噬菌体可影响酸奶发酵剂发酵产酸、明显改变酸奶嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌比例,导致产品黏度降低、口感变差、乳清析出及后酸化严重,嗜热链球菌噬菌体对DVS 生产酸奶有着严重的危害。     

Short communication: effect of oxygen on symbiosis between Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) and Streptococcus thermophilus are traditionally used for the manufacture of yogurt. It is said that a symbiotic relationship exists between Strep. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus and this decreases fermentation time. It is well known that L. bulgaricus is stimulated by the formate produced by Strep. thermophilus, and Strep. thermophilus is stimulated by free amino acids and peptides liberated from milk proteins by L. bulgaricus in symbiotic fermentation. We found that acid production by starter culture LB81 composed of L. bulgaricus 2038 and Strep. thermophilus 1131 was greatly accelerated by decreasing dissolved oxygen (DO) to almost 0 mg/kg in the yogurt mix (reduced dissolved oxygen fermentation) and that DO interferes with the symbiotic relationship between L. bulgaricus 2038 and Strep. thermophilus 1131. We attributed the acceleration of acid production of LB81 by reduced dissolved oxygen fermentation mainly to the acceleration of formate production and the suppression of acid production of LB81 by DO mainly to the suppression of formate production.     

Commercially important characteristics of Turkish origin domestic strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

Thirty native (Turkish origin) strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and 24 strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus were isolated and identified. These strains were examined for their technologically important properties such as acidification, proteolysis, acetaldehyde production and antimicrobial activity. By taking into consideration their phage resistant properties, two strains of S. thermophilus (St.7.7, and St.26.2) and one of L. bulgaricus, numbered as 2004, were found to have the potential to be starters for yogurt production.     

一种分离和检测酸乳中乳酸菌的有效方法

嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌是酸乳生产常用的发酵菌种,二者由于存在共生关系,较难分离。文中采用改进的Elliker培养基和酸化MRS培养基,将试管法与平板法作比较,并将试管法应用于酸乳发酵过程中乳酸菌的检测。研究表明,使用试管法代替目前常用的平板倾倒法,能够很好分离2种共生菌;试管法比起平板法具有操作简便,结果准确,染杂菌危险小等优点。该法测得结果的重复性好,而且菌落总数检出率较平板法高,是1种高效简便的乳酸菌活菌计数方法。本法也可广泛应用于其他兼性厌氧菌的分离检测工作。     

凝固型鹰嘴豆酸乳的发酵工艺研究

以鹰嘴豆和复原乳为主要原料,通过保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵得到鹰嘴豆酸奶。结果表明:膨胀鹰嘴豆以6倍质量的水进行磨浆,再与复原乳以1∶1混合,通过保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌1∶1混合发酵,接种量6%,加糖量5%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间6～7 h。     

Reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation product-scavenging ability of yogurt organisms.

The antioxidative activity of the intracellular extracts of yogurt organisms was investigated. All 11 strains tested, including five strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and six strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, demonstrated an antioxidative effect on the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. The antioxidative effect of intracellular extracts of 10(8) cells of yogurt organisms was equivalent to 25 to 96 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene, which indicated that all strains demonstrated excellent antioxidative activity. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide was studied for intracellular extracts of yogurt organisms. All strains showed reactive oxygen species-scavenging ability. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Lb demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability at 234 microM. Streptococcus thermophilus MC and 821 and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 448 and 449 scavenged the most hydrogen peroxide at approximately 50 microM. The scavenging ability of lipid peroxidation products, t-butylhydroperoxide and malondialdehyde, was also evaluated. Results showed that the extracts were not able to scavenge the t-butylhydroperoxide. Nevertheless, malondialdehyde was scavenged well by most strains.     

Improved media for differentiation of rods and cocci in yogurt

Selected yogurt starters and commercial samples grew on Elliker's lactic agar supplemented with .1% Tween 80 and 50 micrograms/ml of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to produce small, red Streptococcus thermophilus colonies and larger, white Lactobacillus bulgaricus colonies. The distinction was somewhat strain dependent but was satisfactory in most cases. Addition of 7% skim milk (11% solids) to lactic agar in place of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride allowed good rod-coccus differentiation, regardless of strain or yogurt brand. On this medium, called yogurt lactic agar, L. bulgaricus appeared as large white colonies surrounded by a cloudy zone and S. thermophilus as smaller white colonies devoid of a surrounding halo. Casein precipitation was responsible for the halo effect around the more acidogenic L. bulgaricus colonies. Yogurt lactic agar compared favorably with S. thermophilus and Lactobacillus agar media for the recovery of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus in single and mixed cultures.     

三种乳酸菌混合培养的研究

在5L罐中对保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌进行了单独培养及混合培养研究。实验结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌及嗜热链球菌会抑制保加利亚乳杆菌的生长,保加亚利乳杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌可能对嗜热链球菌的生长具有促进作用,嗜热链球菌对嗜酸乳杆菌具有促进作用,保加利亚乳杆菌对嗜酸乳杆菌的生长没有促进作用。这种实验结果为混合培养益生菌提供的实验参考。     

Influence of temperature on associative growth of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Compatibility of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus during associative growth as dependent on optimum growth temperature was determined. Optimum growth temperatures for 9 strains of S. thermophilus and 10 strains of L. bulgaricus ranged from 35 to 42 degrees C for S. thermophilus and 43 to 46 degrees C for L. bulgaricus. Streptococcus thermophilus and L. bulgaricus strains exhibiting similar to divergent optimum growth temperatures were combined (1:1 vol/vol) and incubated in milk at 37, 42, and 45 degrees C until pH 4.2 was reached. Initial and postincubation cell numbers were determined by plate count method. Streptococcus thermophilus strains reached greater cell numbers than L. bulgaricus at 37, 42, and 45 degrees C in 93.3% of the mixed culture trials. Average rod-coccus ratios obtained at 37, 42, and 45 degrees C were 1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:2.4, respectively. Optimum growth temperatures had no influence on growth of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus in mixed culture. Rather, temperature appeared to influence compatibility by determining the concentration or type of stimulatory factor(s) produced by L. bulgaricus. All strains of S. thermophilus exhibited an uncoupling of growth from acid production. Optimum temperature for acid production ranged from 2 to 8 degrees C above optimum growth temperature. These findings warrant consideration in the manufacture of yogurt and other fermented milk products.