碳纳米管含量对Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用真空电弧熔炼炉制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)增强Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金,研究不同CNTs添加量对Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果 表明:向Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金中添加CNTs后有Ti2AlC相析出,Ti2AlC相的含量随着CNTs含量的增加而增加.添加0.3 at％ CNTs后,合金中析出少量的Ti2AlC相;当CNTs含量为0.6 at％时,合金中Ti2 AlC相呈颗粒状沿晶界分布;CNTs含量增加至0.9 at％后,片层组织中出现沿片层分布的Ti2AlC颗粒,同时片层组织中还出现了长条状Ti2 AlC相呈穿片层分布.合金的硬度、抗压强度和压缩率均随CNTs含量的增加呈现上升趋势.当CNTs含量为0.9 at％时,合金的抗压强度,压缩率和硬度最佳,分别为1693.0 MPa,1.31％和429.4 HV,相较于未添加CNTs的Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金分别提高了213.3％,211.9％和12.7％,细晶强化和固溶强化是合金强化的主导作用.     

C元素对Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo-xC合金显微组织的影响(英文)

研究C元素对TiAl基合金(Ti-45Al-3Fe-2Mo)显微组织的影响。随着C元素含量的增加,合金中β相含量的比例降低,而片层晶团尺寸增大。当C含量增加至0.3%和0.5%时,片层间距从267 nm降低至237 nm和155nm,但是进一步增加C含量,片层间距长大至230 nm。这是由C原子的抑制作用及碳化物的析出引起的。800℃时效可以使P-型碳化物析出。随着时效时间的延长,该碳化物主要在晶界处及位错线附近析出并长大,并在不同的入射角(TEM)下有不同的形貌。对其显微组织的变化进行了详细的分析及探讨。     

微量C，B对高铌TiAl合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等设备，以及拉伸和蠕变试验系统研究微量间隙元素C，B对高铌TiAl合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。微量B元素对高铌TiAl合金没有明显的强化作用，但是微量B元素在合金中以条状或点状的TiB2存在，TiB2细化了高铌TiAl合金原始片层团晶粒，对改善高铌TiAl合金片层组织的室温塑性有利。加微量C元素的高铌TiAl合金在长时间的蠕变过程中，大量Ti3AlC沉淀相的析出提高了高铌TiAl合金全片层组织蠕变抗力。     

B和C对铸造TiAl基合金宏观和显微组织的影响

对比研究了B和C含量的变化对铸造TiAl基合金宏观和显微组织的影响。结果表明 ，B或C含量的增加均能细化TiAl基合金的晶粒，但二者的作用特点不同。B含量对宏观组织和晶粒尺寸的影响是渐进的，而C对其影响存在一个临界含量。显微观察表明，微量的B就能使合金析出TiB2，随着合金中B含量的增加，硼化物颗粒呈不同的形貌。对于含C合金，当C含量低于临界含量时，在光学尺度上观察不到碳化物相，而当C含量高于临界含量时，合金中生成大量的Ti2AlC碳化物颗粒。讨论了B和C细化TiAl基合金的机制。     

C元素含量对TiAl合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

通过XRD、SEM观察不同C含量下TiAl合金铸锭的显微组织,并对其进行硬度、抗拉强度测试。研究了C元素含量对TiAl合金显微组织与性能的影响。研究表明:未添加C元素时,TiAl合金晶粒为粗大柱状晶。当C含量为0.3at%时,柱状晶转变为等轴晶。随着C含量的增加,TiAl合金晶粒逐步细化,且层片间距逐渐减小,但并未改变γ相与α2相相间交替层片结构。C含量较少(≤0.3at%)时基体中不会出现第二相;C含量进一步增加,第二相析出明显且不断长大,富集在一起,偏析严重。TiAl合金的力学性能随着C含量增加先增强后减弱,当C含量为0.6at%时,TiAl合金的性能最佳。     

合金元素含量对K487合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Al,Ti,W,Mo,Cr合金元素含量分别在偏上限、中线、下限时K487合金的组织和性能。结果表明,合金元素含量在偏下限时,合金中析出少量的碳化物和γ′相,当提高到偏中线,碳化物和γ′相析出量增加,而提高到偏上限,碳化物和γ′相析出量进一步增加,同时析出大量针状μ相。随着合金元素含量的增加,合金的室温抗拉强度及屈服强度、750℃高温时抗拉强度及屈服强度提高;室温及高温伸长率下降,并且在合金元素含量偏上限时下降明显。综合来看,合金元素含量在偏中线时,K487合金具有较好的综合性能。     

添加TiAl对燃烧合成Ti3AlC2粉体的影响

采用Ti，Al和C粉末为反应物原料，研究了添加金属间化合物TiAl对燃烧合成Ti3AlC2的影响。从动力学和热力学的角度探讨了TiAl对燃烧合成Ti3AlC2的影响机理。实验结果表明，仅以单质粉末Ti，Al和碳黑为原料，按Ti3AlC2化学计量比配料，燃烧产物的主要物相是TiC，只能得到少量Ti3AlC2相，但在保持原料配比不变的情况下，在反应物原料中添加金属间化合物TiAl(20％-35％)(质量百分数)后，燃烧合成产物中Ti，AlC2的含量显著增加，成为燃烧产物的主要物相，而TiC的含量则显著减少。燃烧产物中Ti3AlC2的含量随添加TiAl量的增加而显著增多。     

Ti3AlC2含量对热压制备Cu/Ti3AlC2复合材料的影响

以Ti3AlC2和Cu粉作为原料,原位热压制备一系列Cu/Ti3AlC2复合材料,并研究Ti3AlC2含量对复合材料生成相、显微组织、力学和电学性能的影响。实验结果表明,在1150℃的高温下,不管Ti3AlC2的含量,Al都从Ti3AlC2中溶出进入液相Cu中,反应生成新的复合相。当Ti3AlC2原料的体积分数为40%~60%时,复合材料由Ti3C2相和Cu(Al)合金相组成。Cu/Ti3AlC2复合材料具有高强度及良好的断裂韧性和导电性,归因于Ti3C2聚集薄层与Cu(Al)合金层之间的牢固结合以及Cu(Al)相构成的空间网络结构。当Ti3AlC2原料的体积分数为70%或80%时,复合材料由Ti3C2和Cu9Al4金属间化合物组成,随着Ti3AlC2含量的增加,其强度和断裂韧性减小,硬度和电阻率增大。     

钛合金中碳化物组成及形态的演变机制

采用熔铸法制备自生颗粒增强钛基复合材料。利用SEM，EDA，TEM，XRD等手段，系统研究了增强相形态、尺寸、分布及其形成机制。结果表明，合金基体为α-Ti时，碳化物为单相TiC，其形态随着碳含量的增加依次呈羽毛状或麦穗状、颗粒状或短棒状、粗大的枝晶状；当合金中铝含量增加时，溶体中TiC通过包共晶转变，开始析出Ti3AlC相。碳含量低时形成单相Ti3AlC碳含量增加时，由于Al扩散限制，形成TiC为芯、Ti3AlC为包覆层的双层结构颗粒，形态上呈颗粒状或树枝晶状；当合金中铝含量进一步增加时，碳化物转变为单相片状Ti2AlC。     

Ti含量对低碳钢力学性能的影响

研究了不同Ti含量对微合金钢的力学性能的影响规律,并采用Hall-Petch细晶强化公式和Ashby-Orowan沉淀强化模型分析其变化规律的原因。结果表明:含Ti微合金低碳钢随着钢中Ti含量的增加,钢材的屈服强度、抗拉强度、屈强比都有不同程度的增加,且以Ti含量为0.042%为界,屈服强度和抗拉强度的增长趋势显著增加,主要是因为Ti含量大于0.042%时,富余的Ti与C元素结合析出颗粒细小的Ti C颗粒,起到强烈的沉淀强化作用;伸长率随Ti含量的增加减小,其降低的程度也随Ti含量减小,原因是Ti含量较低时析出的Ti N、Ti4C2S2尺寸较大,引起的脆化效应要远强于Ti C。Ti C颗粒的沉淀强化作用使试验钢强度显著增加,伸长率略有下降。     

Relationship between tensile and primary creep properties of near γ-TiAl intermetallics

This paper presents the tensile and primary creep behaviour of fully lamellar microstructures for three near γ-TiAl compositions: binary TiAl, ternary TiAl+W and TiAl+NbMnWMoSi. Reducing the lamellar interface spacing or aging to precipitate β along interfaces increases the 760 °C tensile strength. Primary creep at stresses from 140 to 276 MPa and 760 °C is characterized in terms of the instantaneous strain occurring during creep loading and a subsequent primary transient. The presence of interface β precipitates reduces the instantaneous strain and increases the time to 0.5% creep strain. Reducing lamellar interface spacing does not influence the instantaneous strain, but decreases the strain rate during the primary transient. Correlating the creep response with deformation structures after primary creep suggests that the instantaneous strain depends on the mobility of interface dislocations and the primary transient depends on dislocation mobility in both the lamellar interfaces and γ lamellae.     

微量Zr对铸造TiAl合金高温力学性能的影响

在Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金中添加0.2at.％Zr以研究微量Zr对铸造形成的定向层片组织高温力学性能的作用.结果表明,添加0.2at.％Zr显著提高了该合金的持久寿命,但未对其高温拉伸强度产生明显影响.根据两种合金持久试验前后组织对比观察的结果提出,添加微量Zr主要是通过增加定向层片组织的热稳定性而使其持久性能得以改善;另外,微量Zr减少了热等静压过程中等轴晶粒的析出,也有助于延长合金的持久寿命.     

Microstructure and properties of a beta-solidifying TiAl-based alloy with different refiners

This study systematically compared the influences of yttrium(Y),boron(B),and carbon(C) on the microstructural refinement and properties of a Ti-43Al-5Nb alloy.The microstructural refinement effect in the TiAl alloy closely depends on the refiner used.The refinement effects of the three elements on colony size and lamellar thickness can be arranged as B Y C and Y C B,respectively.Moreover,a microstructure with a small grain size and ultra-fine lamellar spacing can be obtained by adding B and Y or B and C.The mechanical properties of TiAl alloy are also influenced by the refiners.TiAl alloys with proper B and Y contents exhibit favorable hot workability,tensile properties,and fracture toughness,whereas the C-containing alloy displays poor tensile properties and low fracture toughness.These results indicate that Y and B are more suitable microstructure refiners than C.This study may serve as a reference for practical alloying design.     

全层状TiAl合金层片生长及其影响因素

利用光学显微镜(OM)和TEM，研究了全层状TiAl合金的层片间距的影响因素及与各因素的关系。实验结果表明，全层状TiAl合金的层片间距与冷却速度和合金中铝含量有关，层片间距与冷却速度呈反比关系，并随着合金中铝含量的增加而增加。同时，以层片生长的台阶机制为基础，推导出了全层状TiAl合金在连续冷却过程中层片间距的数学表达式，推导结果与实验结果相符。     

CREEP OF POLYCRYSTALLINE NEAR γ-TiAl WITH A LAMELLAR MICROSTRUCTURE

Creep of a polycrystalline near γ-TiAl alloy in two fully lamellar conditions is presented. A lamellar structure with fine interface spacing and planar grain boundaries provides improved creep resistance. The lamellar structure with wide interface spacing and interlocked grain boundaries has <1/2 the creep life, five times the minimum strain rate and greater tertiary strain.Creep strain is accommodated by dislocation motion in soft grains, but the strain rate is controlled by hard grains. The resistance to fracture is controlled by the grain boundary morphology, with planar boundaries causing intergranular fracture.To maximize the creep resistance of near γ-TiAl with a lamellar microstructure requires narrow lamellar interface spacing and interlocked lamellae along grain boundaries.     

Effects of alloying elements on creep of TiAl alloys with a fine lamellar structure

Creep experiments were conducted on five powder-metallurgy TiAl alloys with fine grains (65–80 μm), fine lamellar spacings (0.1–0.16 μm), and different compositions [Ti–47Al (+Cr, Nb, Ta, W, Si)] at temperatures of 760°C and 815°C and stresses from 35 to 723 MPa. Results show that at a given lamellar spacing, replacing 1% Nb (atomic percent) with 1% Ta and replacing 0.2% Ta with 0.2% W induced little effect, but addition of 0.3% Si decreased the creep resistance by a factor of 3–4 under otherwise identical conditions. Field emission TEM was used to characterize the changes of microstructure and alloy element distribution before and after creep. It was found that thinning and dissolution of α₂ lamellae and continuous coarsening of γ lamellae were the main creep processes and the microalloying elements tended to segregate at lamellar interfaces, especially at ledges during creep. The effects of different alloying elements are interpreted in terms of the interaction of alloy segregants with misfit and/or misorientation dislocations at the lamellar interface. That is, the interaction retards the climb of interfacial dislocations and thus the creep process in the case of large segregants (Nb, Ta, W), but facilitates the climb and creep in the case of small segregants (Si).     

全层状TiAl合金室温拉伸性能的影响因素

研究了显微组织和应变速率对全层状Ti-47Al-2Cr(at%)合金室温拉伸性能的影响，结果表明，全层状TiAl基合金的室温拉伸强度和室温延伸率随晶团尺寸和层片间距的减小而提高；其室温拉伸强度随应变速率的加快而提高；而应变速率对其室温延伸率的影响与显微组织相关，低延性全层状TiAl基合金的室温延伸率对应变速率不敏感，而高延性全层状TiAl基合金的室温延伸率对应变速率敏感，并随应变速率的加快而提高。     

The relationships of microstructure and properties of a fully lamellar TiAl alloy

The relationship between the yield strength and microstructure parameters of a fully lamellar TiAl alloy has been studied systematically. The grain size and the lamellar spacing were chosen as microstructure parameters. The experimental results showed that the yield strength increases with the decrease of grain size and more obviously with the decrease of the lamellar spacing. The relationship between yield strength and grain size and lamellar spacing can be approximately described by Hall–Petch relation.     

Effects of discontinuour coarsening of lamellae on creep strength of fully lamellar TiAl alloys

High temperature creep of a binary Ti-42mol%Al alloy with fully lamellar structure was studied to examine effects of lamellar spacing on creep strength. Strain hardening is more significant in a finer lamellar material, resulting in higher creep strength at high stresses. Discontinuous coarsening of lamellae takes place during creep, and is more substantial in the finer lamellar material at low stresses. Because of the microstructural degradation, the strengthening by fine lamellae diminishes at low stresses. Some specimens were annealed at high temperatures to finish the discontinuous coarsening prior to creep testing. In these specimens, the strengthening by fine lamellae becomes effective even at low stresses.     

Microstructural control and mechanical properties of dual-phase TiAl alloys

This paper summarizes our recent work on the effects of microstructural features on the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys prepared by powder and ingot metallurgy. TiAl alloys based on Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb (at%) were alloyed with small amounts of Ta, W, and B additions for control of alloy phases and microstructure. The alloys were processed by hot extrusion above and below T, followed by short- and long-term heat treatments at temperatures to 1350 °C in vacuum. The microstructural features in the lamellar structures were characterized by metallography, SEM and TEM, and the mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests at temperatures to 1000 °C. The tensile elongation at room temperature is mainly controlled by the colony size, showing an increase in ductility with decreasing colony size. The yield strength, on the other hand, is sensitive to the interlamellar spacing. Hall-Petch relationships hold well for both yield strength and tensile elongation at room and elevated temperatures. TiAl alloys with refined colony size and ultrafine lamellar structures possess excellent mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures.