液滴碰撞亲-疏水交界面的动力学特征

液滴碰撞不同润湿性表面将表现出不同的动态行为。为研究液滴碰撞亲-疏水交界面的动态行为,制备了超疏水-超亲水组合润湿性表面,控制液滴（初始直径D0为1.80 mm）以不同速度碰撞超亲水-超疏水交界面。研究结果表明：液滴轻触交界面时,相邻两极端润湿性表面将产生促使液滴铺展的驱动力,液滴在超亲水区域完全铺展,最大铺展直径可达5.51 mm,铺展系数β可达2.93。液滴以一定速度碰撞亲-疏水交界面时,液滴铺展和液滴弹跳同时发生。液滴铺展系数先增大后骤降,铺展系数曲线存在“尖峰”。最终铺展系数逐渐增大并趋于稳定。碰撞速度越大,铺展前期铺展系数越大。对液滴铺展过程中的能量分析表明,液滴动能和表面能的相互转换是液滴运动和铺展的关键。     

基于流固热耦合的燃料元件包壳结构完整性分析

反应堆系统发生瞬态工况时,冷却剂温度的瞬间大幅度变化会对燃料元件包壳结构完整性造成冲击,危及反应堆安全。本文以某压水堆3×3燃料组件为对象,采用流固热耦合方法对冷水事故下燃料组件的流动换热特性和燃料元件包壳温度、变形及应力进行了三维精细化模拟。结果表明:定位格架能够增强燃料棒表面的对流换热强度;包壳变形时向与刚凸接触的一侧折弯,向与弹簧接触的一侧凸起;包壳与定位格架接触部位的温度和最大等效应力随事故时间不断增大,且最大等效应力超过了包壳材料的屈服强度,将发生强度失效,影响其结构完整性。本文研究可为反应堆燃料元件包壳瞬态工况下的完整性评价提供借鉴。      

液滴碰撞实验与数值模拟研究

通过实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了液滴碰撞现象,分析了液滴铺展和反弹现象,并讨论了液滴半径和表面张力系数对液滴运动过程的影响。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验观察结果吻合较好,振荡强度随液滴半径的增加而减小,随碰撞速度的减小而增强;随表面张力系数的减小,振荡衰减更快,同时振荡频率减小;液滴铺展到最大值所用时间与碰撞速度和表面张力系数有关。     

卡轴事故下事故容错燃料对核反应堆安全潜在影响分析

为分析卡轴工况下事故容错燃料（ATF）对反应堆安全的潜在影响，以中国改进型三环路压水堆（CPR1000）为参考电站，基于系统分析程序NUSOL-SYS进行了二次开发，研究了不同ATF组合在卡轴工况下的表现，并对ATF包壳表面特性变化可能引起的换热系数和临界热流密度（CHF）变化开展了敏感性分析。分析结果表明，在卡轴工况下，ATF包壳表面特性变化导致的换热系数和CHF变化会对芯块最高温度和包壳峰值温度（PCT）产生较大影响，热导率大的ATF芯块能极大地降低芯块温度，比热容大的ATF材料能降低PCT。     

事故容错燃料安全性能初步分析

事故容错燃料（ATF）是通过提高燃料材料热物性或包壳材料抗高温氧化性能来加强核燃料的事故容错能力,从而使核燃料能长期忍受严重事故。使用二次开发适用于ATF的RELAP5程序,对UO₂-FeCrAl、FCM-FeCrAl这两种ATF和传统核燃料UO₂-Zir-4进行大破口失水事故安全分析。对比事故分析结果可知：相较于传统UO₂芯块,稳态运行工况下,热导率高的FCM芯块具有更低的燃料中心温度和更小的燃料径向温度梯度,同时在瞬态事故工况下,FCM芯块具有更低的瞬态初始温度和更小的燃料温度增长速率。相较于传统Zir-4包壳,在瞬态事故工况下,FeCrAl的包壳峰值温度更小,达到的时间更晚,同时由于FeCrAl包壳具有良好的抗高温氧化性能,事故过程中产生的氢气质量更小。     

事故容错燃料安全性能初步分析

事故容错燃料(ATF)是通过提高燃料材料热物性或包壳材料抗高温氧化性能来加强核燃料的事故容错能力,从而使核燃料能长期忍受严重事故。使用二次开发适用于ATF的RELAP5程序,对UO_2-FeCrAl、FCM-FeCrAl这两种ATF和传统核燃料UO_2-Zir-4进行大破口失水事故安全分析。对比事故分析结果可知:相较于传统UO_2芯块,稳态运行工况下,热导率高的FCM芯块具有更低的燃料中心温度和更小的燃料径向温度梯度,同时在瞬态事故工况下,FCM芯块具有更低的瞬态初始温度和更小的燃料温度增长速率。相较于传统Zir-4包壳,在瞬态事故工况下,FeCrAl的包壳峰值温度更小,达到的时间更晚,同时由于FeCrAl包壳具有良好的抗高温氧化性能,事故过程中产生的氢气质量更小。     

研究堆燃料元件铝合金包壳表面温度限值研究

为了提高中子注量率水平,在建或在研的先进高通量研究试验堆需要更高的功率密度和热流密度,使得研究堆燃料元件铝合金包壳的使用温度不断提高,已接近其运行限值。本文对正常运行工况(工况1)和预计运行事件(工况2)下铝合金包壳表面温度限值及其确定方法进行研究。分析认为,对于研究堆用铝合金包壳,在工况1下包壳表面温度的主要限制因素是包壳材料的机械性能和保证冷却剂不沸腾;在工况2下按设计总则要求应保证燃料包壳不破损,具体应限制燃料芯体最高温度和包壳应力,不需要直接对包壳表面温度提出限值,但包壳表面温度与前2者仍存在关联性,应给予关注。     

中国先进研究堆燃料板性能试验研究和行为评述

文章介绍中国先进研究堆燃料板及其性能试验结果,并对燃料行为进行了评述.通过对铀密度为4.3 g/cm3的U3Si2-Al 弥散体燃料和包壳材料的热物性测量、包壳的腐蚀试验、燃料板的机械性能测量、热循环和辐照性能试验,可以确认,燃料板在最高温度不超过起泡温度(550 ℃)情况下一般不会破损,裂变产物不会从燃料板泄漏.燃料芯体能够经受温度高达400 ℃的多次热循环,芯体不开裂,不碎化,芯体与包壳之间的结合、U3Si2颗粒与基体铝结合良好.温度直到250 ℃,燃料板不会产生变形.在热流密度直到4.0 MW/m2、芯体最高温度为230 ℃、样品辐照燃耗达71.8%(原子百分数)条件下,燃料板无变形和损伤,燃料板肿胀不明显.     

压力管式超临界水堆极限事故下“无堆芯熔化”概念评估

在自主研发的事故分析程序SCTRAN的基础上,开发并验证了二维导热模型和辐射换热模型,并将改进后的SCTRAN应用于加拿大压力管式超临界水堆在失水事故（LOCA）叠加丧失紧急堆芯冷却系统（LOECC）事故中的堆芯安全评估,并对燃料棒到慢化剂之间的传热效率以及关键的影响因素进行了评估。计算结果表明,在LOCA叠加LOECC工况下,燃料棒到燃料通道的辐射换热和燃料棒到蒸汽的自然对流换热能够有效导出反应堆的衰变余热,最高功率的燃料组件内、外圈燃料棒的最高包壳温度分别为1278℃和1192℃,均低于不锈钢包壳的熔化温度,因此整个事故过程中不会发生堆芯熔化。      

锆-4在冷却水中的骤冷沸腾传热实验研究

为了研究锆-4在冷却水中的骤冷行为与沸腾传热特性,本文采用可视化方法,并测量了锆-4在骤冷过程中的温度变化。基于一维导热反问题求解,计算得到锆-4表面的热流密度和温度。在骤冷过程中锆-4会依次经历膜态沸腾、过渡沸腾、核态沸腾以及单相对流换热4个阶段,并且分析了轴向高度和冷却水过冷度对骤冷行为以及沸腾传热的影响。结果表明,随着过冷度的增大,骤冷时间减小,最小膜态沸腾温度增大,并且核态沸腾与过渡沸腾传热受加热表面局部特性影响显著,并建立了锆-4表面最小膜态沸腾温度的关系式,对反应堆的安全分析具有重要的意义。      

Time-Optimal Power-Change Control for Coupled-Core Reactors

The numerical method used in this study is Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method which is based on moving particles and their interactions. Grids are not necessary. Large deformation of fluids can be calculated without grid tangling. A surface tension calculation model is developed to analyze droplet breakup. This model is verified by the simulation of vibration of an ethanol droplet. Two-dimensional numerical analyses of droplet breakup in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems are carried out. The correlation between the Weber number and the breakup mode observed in the calculations agrees with that in the experiments. Breakup behavior of a droplet surrounded by a vapor film is analyzed. Flow in the vapor film is considered, though boiling of water and solidification of the melt droplets are ignored. It is found that the breakup of a droplet is suppressed by the vapor film. The critical Weber number in the vapor film is obtained as 50. Molten core coolability is considered by using this result. The median diameter of stable droplets of the molten core is expected as 5 mm in a typical condition, which is consistent with FARO experiment. This result shows that in Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) the debris bed up to 40% of the core can be cooled down in the lower head of the reactor pressure vessel.     

Film Boiling Characteristics of Potassium Droplets on Heated Plate

For providing background information on the possible vapor explosion in the event of a core disruptive accident of LMFBRs, an experiment was conducted on the film boiling characteristics of liquid metal potassium in association with the Leidenfrost phenomenon. In a steel container filled with Ar gas, K droplets were put on a joule-heated plate of 316-SS or Ta. The behaviors of droplet were observed by a camera and a color VTR through viewports. The experimental conditions were the Ar pressure 1 bar, the initial K temperature 350~760°C, and the plate temperature 900~1,250°C for 316-SS and 1,100~1,600°C for Ta.

Stable film boiling known as Leidenfrost phenomenon was observed for a high temperature condition of the plate, whereas an instantaneous break-up of droplet with extensive vaporization occurred for a low temperature. The heat transfer characteristics of film and transition boiling regions were obtained by estimating the heat flux from the volumetric reducing rate of droplet due to vaporization. The results in the film boiling region showed an appreciably good agreement with the prediction based on Bromley's expression combined with the theory of Baumeister et al. The minimum film boiling temperature and heat flux were found to be about 1,300°C and 15 W/cm², respectively, for a droplet size of 0.15 cm³.     

液滴撞击干燥倾斜壁面铺展实验研究

通过高速摄影技术及像素分析方法对液滴撞击干燥倾斜壁面进行实验研究，分析了不同倾斜角及韦伯数（We）对液滴飞溅及铺展的影响，结果表明，倾斜角的增加有利于抑制飞溅的产生；We一定时，液滴的前铺展因子随着倾斜角的增加而增加，后铺展因子随着倾斜角的增加而减小；液滴的前后初始铺展速度均大于液滴的撞击速度，且随着倾斜角的增加而减小。      

A mechanistic model of critical heat flux under subcooled flow boiling conditions for application to one- and three-dimensional computer codes

Based on a review of visual observations at or near critical heat flux (CHF) under subcooled flow boiling conditions and consideration of CHF triggering mechanisms, presented in a companion paper [Le Corre, J.M., Yao, S.C., Amon, C.H., 2010. Two-phase flow regimes and mechanisms of critical heat flux under subcooled flow boiling conditions. Nucl. Eng. Des.], a model using a two-dimensional transient thermal analysis of the heater undergoing nucleation was developed to mechanistically predict CHF in the case of a bubbly flow regime. The model simulates the spatial and temporal heater temperature variations during nucleation at the wall, accounting for the stochastic nature of the boiling phenomena. It is postulated that a high local wall superheat occurring underneath a nucleating bubble at the time of bubble departure can prevent wall rewetting at CHF (Leidenfrost effect). The model has also the potential to evaluate the post-DNB heater temperature up to the point of heater melting.Validation of the proposed model was performed using detailed measured wall boiling parameters near CHF, thereby bypassing most needed constitutive relations. It was found that under limiting nucleation conditions; a peak wall temperature at the time of bubble departure can be reached at CHF preventing wall cooling by quenching. The simulations show that the resulting dry patch can survive the surrounding quenching events, preventing further nucleation and leading to a fast heater temperature increase. The model was applied at CHF conditions in simple geometry coupled with one-dimensional and three-dimensional (CFD) codes. It was found that, within the range where CHF occurs under bubbly flow conditions (as defined in Le Corre et al., 2010), the local wall superheat underneath nucleating bubbles is predicted to reach the Leidenfrost temperature. However, a better knowledge of statistical variations in wall boiling parameters would be necessary to correctly capture the CHF trends with mass flux (or Weber number).     

单钩波形板分离器内二次携带机理分析

通过理论分析与三维数值模拟研究了实际运行工况下单钩波形板分离器内二次携带机理。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型对波形板内气相流场进行数值模拟,利用离散相模型结合涡交互模型对水滴运动进行计算,根据壁面水膜运动方程求解水膜的速度与厚度分布;依据理论分析,对可能形成二次水滴的4种方式进行判定。结果表明：波形板内发生气体动力造成的水滴破碎与水滴撞击水膜产生飞溅的可能性较低,但较冷态工况的可能性高;水膜主要集中在波形板的前两级,随入口蒸汽速度或湿度的增加,水膜增厚并向下游移动;将水膜剥落和水膜分离的判别式进行统一,并证实波形板二次携带主要由水膜的剥落和分离造成,且相较水膜剥落,钩峰处的水膜分离更易发生。     

汽膜对熔滴水力学碎化影响的数值模拟

在熔融物与冷却剂相互作用(FCI)过程中,熔滴的水力学碎化对于后续是否产生蒸汽爆炸以及爆炸的强弱程度有着重要影响。传统的熔滴水力学碎化数值研究通常只考虑液液直接接触的两相系统;而堆芯熔化后,熔融物温度在2 500K以上,熔融物周围会迅速产生汽膜,导致熔滴和冷却剂之间的传热和阻力特性发生改变。本文基于PLIC-VOF(piecewise linear interface construction-volume of fluid)界面跟踪方法对有汽膜存在的三相系统中的熔滴水力学碎化过程进行了数值研究,通过分析熔滴在有无汽膜和不同边界速度触发情况下碎化过程中的界面特性,发现熔滴碎化程度随Weber数的增加而加剧,汽膜对熔滴的水力学碎化存在一定的抑制作用。     

Dynamic Characteristic of Droplet Collision at Hydrophilic-hydrophobic Interface

Droplet collision with different wettability surfaces will exhibit different dynamic behaviors. To study the dynamic behavior of droplets collision at the hydrophilic hydrophobic interface, a superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic hybrid wettability surface was prepared. The droplets (the initial diameter D₀ is 1.80 mm) were controlled to collide on the superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic interface at different speeds. The results show that when the droplets collide with the hydrophilic hydrophobic interface, the adjacent two extreme wettability surfaces will generate the driving force for droplet spreading. And the droplets will spread completely in the superhydrophilic region. The maximum spreading diameter can reach 5.51 mm and the droplet spreading coefficient β can be up to 2.93. When the droplet collides with the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface at a certain speed, the droplet spreading and the droplet bounce occur simultaneously. The droplet spreading coefficient first increases, then decreases, and there is a “spike” in the spreading coefficient curve. The final spreading coefficient gradually increases and tends to be stable. The greater the impact speed, the larger the spreading coefficient in the early stage of spreading. The energy analysis during the droplet spreading process shows that the mutual conversion of droplet kinetic energy and surface energy is the key to droplet motion and spreading.     

气流扰动下单液滴撞击单根干燥扁网丝特性数值研究

丝网分离器在工业中有着广泛地应用。本文针对液滴撞击网丝的动态过程,采用CLSVOF方法对单个液滴撞击干燥网丝的问题进行数值模拟,经过合理的简化,建立了气流扰动下单液滴撞击干燥扁网丝面的二维数学模型,分析了液滴撞击角和撞击位置对液滴撞击行为特性的影响。数值计算的结果表明:液滴撞击到干燥网丝上分为铺展和飞溅2个过程,撞击角越小,上铺展半径越大,下铺展半径越小,分离的二次液滴体积越大;液滴撞击网丝的位置离网丝边缘越近,越容易产生二次液滴,二次液滴的总体积越多。