基于BIM 的建设领域文本信息管理研究

建设项目在其整个生命周期内产生大量的非结构化信息,其中大部分是文本信息,建筑信息模型（BIM）可以支持建设项目全生命周期的信息管理,因此基于BIM 的建设领域文本信息集成管理将大大提高项目管理的效率和质量。介绍了建筑信息模型的概念,实现平台,以及数据交换标准（IFC）,提出了一个系统化的建设领域非结构化文本信息的管理体系框架:以非结构化的文本信息为研究对象,采用文本挖掘的方法,将文本进行结构化处理,用于信息的检索、排序。在此基础上将文本信息按IFC 标准进行分类,并与建筑模型实体相关联,实现文本信息与建筑信息模型的集成。提出的方法可以为提高建设领域文本信息管理能力提供支持。     

Logic for ensuring the data exchange integrity of building information models

Industry domains require distinct data and structures of building information models developed and tailored for their disciplines. To seamlessly exchange the building information models, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is one of neutral formats, has been broadly used in the architecture, engineering and construction, and facility management industries. Model view definition (MVD), which is one of the IFC sub-schemas used by domain experts and BIM software vendors, consists of IFC-mapped data exchange requirements of each domain and helps software vendors develop IFC import and export features that allow project participants share and exchange BIM model information. Because of the heterogeneous translation processes and structures of IFC interfaces according to model views, their validation is imperative to ensure the integrity of BIM data and maintain a consistent data exchange environment. To accomplish this objective, this paper suggests the new approach to evaluating BIM data in accordance with diverse requirements of MVD. Since MVD entails various types of data exchange specifications, this research study examines their embedded checking rule types and categorizes corresponding implementation scenarios. In addition, this paper involves rule logic and IfcDoc-based BIM data validation developed based on the logical rule compositions of identified rules types and checking scenarios. This approach is expected to support sharing consistent BIM data sets and confirming the quality of received data pertaining to a syntax and semantics of a targeted model view.     

Logic for ensuring the data exchange integrity of building information models

Industry domains require distinct data and structures of building information models developed and tailored for their disciplines. To seamlessly exchange the building information models, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is one of neutral formats, has been broadly used the architecture, engineering and construction, and facility management industries. Model views definitions (MVD), which is one of the IFC sub-schemas used by domain experts and BIM software vendors, consists of IFC-mapped data exchange requirements of each domain and helps software vendors develop IFC import and export features that allow project participants share and exchange BIM information. Because of the heterogeneous translation processes and structures of IFC interfaces according to model views, their validation is imperative to ensure the integrity of BIM data and maintain a consistent data exchange environment. To accomplish this objective, this paper suggests a new approach to evaluating BIM data in accordance with diverse requirements of MVD. Since MVD entails various types of data exchange specifications, this research examines their embedded checking rule types and categorizes corresponding implementation scenarios. In addition, this paper involves rule logic and IfcDoc-based BIM data validation developed based on the logical rule compositions of identified rules types and checking scenarios. This approach is expected to support sharing consistent BIM data sets and confirming the quality of received data pertaining to the syntax and semantics of a targeted model view.     

Semantic Enrichment for Building Information Modeling

Significant difficulties remain in exchanging information between building information modeling (BIM) tools. The industry foundation classes (IFC) exchange schema is too generic to capture the full semantic meaning needed for direct use by different construction project stakeholders’ BIM tools. Although BIM standards that prescribe model view definitions (MVD) for domain‐specific exchanges are under development, insufficient semantic definition of exchanges prevents achievement of the full potential of BIM through seamless interoperability. We propose an innovative approach for supplementing an IFC exchange file with semantically useful concepts inferred from the explicit and implicit information contained in the building model. A prototype software was implemented to test the applicability of the approach. It consists of a rule‐processing engine and allows composition of inference rule‐sets that can be tailored for different domains. The tests demonstrate semantic enrichment with precast concrete building models, adding inferred joint, slab aggregation and connection concepts.     

基于BIM和GIS的数据集成在水利工程中的应用框架

为促进BIM技术在水利工程的应用,解决BIM和GIS集成的数据转换问题,基于对BIM的数据特征、IFC格式数据的结构层次、GIS系统的City GML数据格式以及City GML中语义信息和几何信息的细节层次结构进行详细分析的基础上,总结了BIM和GIS集成时IFC和City GML数据转换中存在的几个障碍。基于此,提出了可以实现BIM和GIS集成的IFC和City GML数据转换框架。并探讨了BIM和GIS集成系统在水利工程全生命周期中的应用和前景,为水利工程各个阶段应用BIM和GIS集成系统提供有利的参考建议。     

基于BIM 的项目文本信息集成方法研究

建筑领域文本信息管理难度大、利用效率低,基于建筑信息模型（BIM）的文本信息集成管理可极大地提高建设项目管理的效率。在介绍BIM 的概念和数据交换标准（IFC）的基础上,提出了基于BIM 的中文文本信息集成方法:基于向量空间模型进行建筑文本分类;利用Revit API 提取模型对象的属性信息并生成查询向量,通过计算其与文本向量的相似度,检索出与模型对象相关的文本文档;利用IFC 提供的外部资源引用将文本关联到BIM 模型,实现文本信息与项目模型的集成。运用该方法从Revit 模型中提取了楼板属性信息并在楼板与文本间建立了关联关系,验证了该方法的可行性。该方法可为基于BIM 的建筑文档集成管理系统的开发提供支持。     

基于IFC标准的结构耐久信息模型

结构耐久信息模型是用于建筑结构耐久性分析的信息模型,其包含设计, 施工, 维护等耐久性相关的信息。本文根据耐久性分析理论,提取耐久性影响因素,在已有的结构、施工信息模型的基础上通过扩充耐久信息建立了结构耐久信息模型,并从耐久信息模型方面扩展了现有的IFC标准,从而完善了IFC标准结构信息模型,也促进了结构耐久性评估软件系统的开发。     

BIM与GIS数据集成:IFC与CityGML建筑几何语义信息互操作技术

近年来,建筑信息模型(BIM)与地理信息系统(GIS)的集成应用越来越广泛且深入,不同专业领域通过简单模型转换实现信息交互的方法由于只保留了少量的语义信息从而导致了应用的分散和独立,局限性十分明显。IFC和CityGML分别为BIM和GIS领域内通用的数据模型标准,两者之间的几何和语义信息共享将为BIM和GIS的集成奠定基础。本文基于IFC和CityGML标准,提出IFC几何要素过滤方法以及IFC到CityGML的语义映射规则,为IFC与CityGML建筑模型的几何、语义信息互操作提供一种通用手段,并通过实例进行了验证。     

Mapping between BIM and 3D GIS in different levels of detail using schema mediation and instance comparison

The Building Information Modeling (BIM) domain and the Geographic Information System (GIS) domain share a mutual need for information from each other. Information from GIS can facilitate BIM applications such as site selection and onsite material layout, while BIM models could help generate detailed models in GIS and achieve better utility management. The mapping between the key schemas in the BIM domain and the GIS domain is the most critical step towards interoperability between the two domains. In this study, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) were chosen as the key schemas due to their wide applications in the BIM domain and the GIS domain, respectively. We used an instance-based method to generate the mapping rules between IFC and CityGML based on the inspection of entities representing the same component in the same model. It ensures accurate mapping between the two schemas. The transformation of coordinate systems and geometry are two major issues addressed in the instance-based method. Considering the difference in schema structure and information richness between the two schemas, a reference ontology called Semantic City Model was developed and an instance-based method was adopted. The Semantic City Model captures all the relevant information from BIM models and GIS models during the mapping process. Since CityGML is defined in five levels of detail (LoD), the harmonization among LoDs in CityGML was also developed in order to complete the mapping. The test results show that the developed framework can achieve automatic data mapping between IFC and CityGML in different LoDs. Furthermore, the developed Semantic City Model is extensible and can be the basis for other schema mappings between the BIM domain and the GIS domain.     

IFC4 流程实体在 4D 施工信息模型创建中的应用

针对传统 4D 施工信息模型在应用过程中难以实现耦合进度信息的完整数据交互,引入 BIM 领域最新的国际标准（IFC4 标准）,对 4D-BIM 模型中的进度信息与三维模型信息进行标准化统一描述,并以 Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 为开发平台,采用开源的 xBIM Toolkit 工具包,开发基于 IFC4 的 4D-BIM 施工信息模型创建系统,在进度计划编制过程中完成具体作业与构件间的关联,以提高 4D-BIM 模型创建人员的效率,由此形成的标准化 4D 施工信息模型,不仅增加了 IFC 标准在进度管理领域的应用深度,又可为实现 4D-BIM 在不同软件间的无损数据传递提供新的思路。     

BIM-based framework for automatic scheduling of facility maintenance work orders

Although more than 65% of the total cost in facility management (FM) comes from facility maintenance management (FMM), there is a lack of efficient maintenance strategies and right decision making approaches to reduce FMM costs. Building information modeling (BIM) has been developed as a potential technology for FMM in buildings. This study proposes an FMM framework based on BIM and facility management systems (FMSs), which can provide automatic scheduling of maintenance work orders (MWOs) to enhance good decision making in FMM. In this framework, data are mapped between BIM and FMSs according to the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) extension of maintenance tasks and MWO information in order to achieve data integration. After bi-directional data transmission between the BIM models and FMSs, work order information is visualized in BIM via API to identify components that have failed. Second, geometric and semantic information of the failure components is extracted from the BIM models to calculate the sub-optimal maintenance path in the BIM environment. Third, the MWO schedule is automatically generated using a modified Dijkstra algorithm that considers four factors, namely, problem type, emergency level, distance among components, and location. Illustrative examples are given in the paper to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed framework in indoor and outdoor 3D environments.     

基于IFC标准的BIM数据共享与交换

BIM技术正在全球范围内推动传统建筑行业产生重大变革。对比过去建筑项目采用分散的图纸开展工作的习惯,BIM技术运用面向对象的方法,采用相互关联的建筑对象信息,能够实现建筑工程项目的协同设计、施工和运维管理。由于建筑项目具有多专业多部门的特点,各专业分工不可避免地使用不同的BIM软件。然而,目前不同的BIM软件主要采用自身的内部数据格式,不同的数据格式导致建筑项目BIM应用过程中普遍存在数据交互效率低的问题。鉴于此,该文提出基于IFC标准的BIM数据共享与交换技术路线,并自主研发基于IFC的结构模型服务器IFC-SMS与基于IFC的BIM协同平台SJTUBIM,为解决建筑项目过程中的不可避免的数据交互问题提供一条有效的途径。最后,以上海交大日上江村项目为分析案例,验证该技术路线的可行性。     

Multicriteria Fuzzy Analysis for a GIS‐Based Management of Earthquake Scenarios

Objective of this article is the formulation and the implementation of a decision‐making model for the optimal management of emergencies. It is based on the accurate definition of possible scenarios resulting from prediction and prevention strategies and explicitly takes into account the subjectivity of the judgments of preference. To this end, a multicriteria decision model, based on fuzzy logic, has been implemented in a user‐friendly geographical information system (GIS) platform so as to allow for the automation of choice processes between several alternatives for the spatial location of the investigated scenarios. In particular, we have analyzed the potentialities of the proposed approach in terms of seismic risk reduction, simplifying the decision process leading to the actions to be taken from directors and managers of coordination services. Due to the large number of variables involved in the decision process, it has been proposed a particularly flexible and streamlined method in which the damage scenarios, based on the vulnerability of the territory, have represented the input data to derive a vector of weights to be assigned to different decision alternatives. As an application of the proposed approach, the seismic damage scenario of a region of 400 km², hit by the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila (Italy), has been analyzed.     

IFC技术标准系列文章之三：IFC结构及数据实例分析

协同设计工作在建筑工程中的应用时代已经到来,BIM（建筑信息模型）技术的应用实现了建模软件的信息提升。作为国际标准的IFC,是实现标准化建筑信息模型交换的一个选择,本文将结合IFC标准对模型的数据交换做出分析。     

Clustering of designers based on building information modeling event logs

A network‐enabled event log mining approach is proposed for a deep understanding of the Building Information Modeling (BIM)‐based collaborative design work. It proposes a novel algorithm termed node2vec‐GMM combining a graph embedding algorithm named node2vec and a clustering method named Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to cluster designers within a network into several subgroups, and then makes cluster analysis. Its superiority lies in the efficient feature learning ability to preserve network structure and the powerful clustering ability to tackle uncertainty and visualize results, which can directly return the cluster embedding. As a case study, a directional network with 68 nodes (designers) and 436 ties (design task transmissions) is constructed based on retrieved data from 4GB real BIM event logs. The node2vec learns and projects the network feature representation into a 128‐dimensional vector, which is learned by GMM to discover three possible clusters owning 15, 26, and 27 closely linked designers. Analysis of each cluster is performed from node importance measurement and link prediction to identify information spreading and designers’ roles within clusters. Our new algorithm node2vec‐GMM is proven to better improve clustering quality than other state‐of‐the‐art methods by at least 6.0% Adjusted Rand Index and 13.4% Adjusted Mutual Information. Overall, the designer clustering process provides managers with data‐driven support in both monitoring the whole course of the BIM‐based design and making reliable decisions to increase collaboration opportunities.     

基于IFC标准的BIM技术在大型公共建筑消防的应用探讨

本文总结了建筑消防信息难以在多平台有效互用的原因,探讨了基于IFC标准的BIM技术在大型公共建筑消防设计和管理领域的应用。该技术促进了消防信息在不同机构、不同专业间的交换与互用,对实现大型公共建筑动态化、交互化、扁平化的消防管理模式具有推动作用。     

基于IFC 的水电设备运行维护管理系统设计及原型实现

IFC 标准为BIM 领域通用的数据标准,若将其与水电工程中的设备运行维护管理工作相结合并开发出可视化的设备运行维护管理系统,能够高度集成设备各维度的信息,并避免因数据的异构性而带来的麻烦。分析了水电设备运行维护过程中的信息,提出基于IFC 的可视化管理模式,阐述了系统开发中的关键技术问题;并在此基础上使用C#语言,借助IFCEngine DLL 和MOGRE 引擎,成功将IFC 数据标准应用于水电设备管理工作中,完成了原型系统的设计和开发,为水电设备运行维护管理提供了一个新的方案。     

3D Object Classification Using Geometric Features and Pairwise Relationships

Object classification is a key differentiator of building information modeling (BIM) from three‐dimensional (3D) computer‐aided design (CAD). Incorrect object classification impedes the full exploitation of BIM models. Models prepared using domain‐specific software cannot ensure correct object classification when transferred to other domains, and research on reconstruction of BIM models using spatial survey has not proved a full capability to classify objects. This research proposed an integrated approach to object classification that applied domain experts’ knowledge of shape features and pairwise relationships of 3D objects to effectively classify objects using a tailored matching algorithm. Among its contributions: the algorithms implemented for shape and spatial feature identification could process various complex 3D geometry; the method devised for compilation of the knowledge base considered both rigor and confidence of the inference; the algorithm for matching provides mathematical measurement of the object classification results. The integrated approach has been applied to classify 3D bridge objects in two models: a model prepared using incorrect object types and a model manually reconstructed using point cloud data. All these objects were successfully classified.