基于分组分裂窗算法的MTSAT-1R地表温度反演

以黑河流域上游和中游为研究区,针对MTSAT-1R卫星数据,运用MODTRAN 4.0及晴空状态下的TIGR大气廓线数据,发展了根据地表比辐射率、大气水汽含量、传感器观测角度分组模拟的分裂窗算法,进行地表温度反演。分析了传感器噪声、地表比辐射率和大气水汽含量3个参数对该算法的影响,并结合模拟数据、地面观测数据及MODIS地表温度产品,对反演结果进行分析评价。结果表明:当传感器垂直观测或大气水汽含量小于2.5g/cm2时,反演精度在1K以内;反演结果与地面观测数据对比差异较小,在阿柔站RMSE为3.7 K(日)/1.4 K(夜),在盈科站RMSE为2.4K(日)/2.0K(夜);与MODIS地表温度产品比较,空间分布呈现出一致性。总之,分组分裂窗算法能较好地用于MTSAT-1R卫星数据进行地表温度反演。     

高寒山区地表温度反演算法对比——以疏勒河上游流域为例

针对高寒山区地表温度遥感反演误差较大的问题,对比了三种地表温度算法在疏勒河上游流域的适用性。利用2009~2011年9景Landsat-5TM影像和气象数据,对疏勒河上游高寒山区的地表温度进行了反演。地表实测数据与三种地表温度算法及三种比辐射率计算方案下的反演结果进行对比检验的结果表明:辐射传输方程和普适性单通道算法的反演结果均高于实测值,单窗算法的误差最小,采用单窗地表温度算法结合覃志豪等的比辐射率计算方案反演的地表温度与实测结果的一致性最好。对2010年6月9日的不同下垫面类型的地表温度的空间分布分析结果表明,优化组合的地表温度算法反演的地表温度能够反映疏勒河上游山区不同地物的地表温度差别。     

MODIS数据反演地表温度的参数敏感性分析

在利用MODIS卫星遥感数据进行地表温度反演过程中，有两个基本参数需要确定，即地表比辐射率和大气透过率，尽管采用了比较合理的参数估计方法，但仍会有一些不可避免的因素导致误差的产生。为了进一步研究可能的参数误差对地表温度反演精度的影响，我们对该算法的两个参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明，当31、32两个波段的参数估计都有中等误差时，可能的地表温度误差对大气透过率和地表比辐射率都不敏感，所引起的地表温度误差大约为0．6～0．8℃，算法能够得到较高精度的地表温度反演结果。     

基于劈窗算法的Landsat 8影像地表温度反演

陆地表面温度（LST）是表征地表能量交换和地面特征的重要指标,目前遥感技术逐渐成为区域和全球尺度上LST反演的一种便捷工具,而采样不同算法及不同影像的热红外遥感LST反演研究层出不穷,其中基于Landsat数据的反演成果尤为突出。文章利用劈窗算法对Landsat 8遥感影像进行地表温度反演,对比探讨了根据经验值与借助MODIS热红外数据两种不同方式的LST反演结果,并进行北京市热红外波段辐射亮度温度比较,针对地表温度分级进行统计,分析了当地地表温度分布趋势。结果表明：劈窗算法下Landsat 8数据的反演温度更接近实际温度,精度较高且优于MODIS产品;北京市地表温度空间分布格局受地物结构与反射率所制约,高温区主要集中分布于中东部,中低温区分布与林地及水体分布结构较为吻合。     

多波段微波辐射计反演大气温湿廓线性能分析

为了为星载、机载以及地基微波大气温湿廓线探测仪通道的设置、大气参数反演指标的论证、反演算法的开发以及反演产品的质量评定提供参考依据,基于快速辐射传输模式(RTTOV10)和大气参数廓线库,建立了基于神经网络的微波大气温湿廓线反演性能分析方法,分析了反演方法、通道选择、亮温观测误差和地表比辐射率等因素对大气温湿廓线反演性能的影响。模拟试验分析表明:1神经网络反演算法显著优于线性统计回归反演算法,特别是对亮温观测噪声的敏感性相对较弱;2183.31GHz附近的水汽探测通道能够为大气温度廓线反演提供一定的信息;118.75GHz附近的温度探测通道对整个大气的温度反演均有明显影响,在200hPa附近误差的影响量达0.4K;350~60GHz和118.75GHz附近的温度探测通道对基于183.31GHz附近通道的湿度廓线反演具有重要影响,而且存在一定的互补性;4微波亮温观测误差以及地表比辐射率假定对大气温湿廓线反演有着显著影响。     

基于通用分裂窗算法和Landsat-8数据的地表温度反演研究

基于通用分裂窗算法和Landsat-8数据开展地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)反演研究。首先,使用MODTRAN和SeeBor V5数据库开展辐射传输模拟,建立LST与Landsat-8热红外传感器(Thermal InfraRed Sensor,TIRS)第10(10.9μm)和11波段(12.0μm)观测亮温、地表比辐射率(Land Surface Emissivities,LSEs)、观测角度和总可降水量(Total Precipitable Water,TPW)之间的关系。其次,对模拟数据进行分组,用多元线性回归求解算法系数,并进行敏感性分析。然后,从经过交叉辐射定标的晴空Landsat-8数据反演得到LST,其中LSEs从Landsat-8陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)数据估算,TPW从欧洲中尺度天气预报中心再分析数据提取。最后,用Terra卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪的LST/比辐射率产品(MOD11_L2 V5)对反演结果进行验证。该算法能够较精确地从Landsat-8数据反演LST,主要误差源自LSEs和TPW的不确定性,对LSEs和TPW纠正前后的误差分别为-0.64±0.81K和0.10±0.68K。     

基于Landsat 8数据的3种地表温度反演算法在三河坝流域的对比分析

采用辐射传输方程法(RTE)、单窗算法(MW)和单通道算法(SC)3种算法及相关参数,结合三河坝流域数据对TIRS10/Landsat 8遥感数据反演的地表温度(LST)进行研究和分析,并对MW算法中的参数进行了修正。输出了流域LST灰度图和密度分割图,LST的直方图和交叉验证散点图用于LST反演算法结果的比较。3种算法计算LST的像元值线性拟合程度类似,空间分布一致,其中RTE与SC算法精度接近一致差值在0~0.05K区间范围内,MW算法的LST偏高于其他2种算法差值在0~1.27K区间范围内。对该流域不同土地覆盖类型的地表温度进行比较,反演结果可有效根据不同土地覆盖类型反演出地表热场细部结构,显示地表温度的细节信息。将这3种算法获取的LST值与MODIS LST产品值进行比较,结果表明两者之间显著相关,有较高的一致性。通过3种反演LST算法对TIRS10/Landsat 8遥感数据进行细致和精确的分析,为其他热红外波段卫星数据反演LST的算法提供一定的参考,通过对不同土地覆盖类型LST的评价与比较,也为后续提高LST反演精度提供依据。     

针对MODIS 数据的地表温度非线性迭代反演方法

地表温度是气象、水文、生态等研究领域中的一个重要参数。构建了MODIS31/ 32 波段的热辐射传输方程, 讨论了方程的数值迭代解法, 提出了针对MODIS 数据地表温度的非线性迭代反演方法, 并介绍了大气透过率和地表比辐射率这两个中间参数的估计方法。误差及敏感性分析表明,提出的方法对大气透过率和地表比辐射率都不敏感, 反演精度优于传统的线性分裂窗算法。     

基于Landsat-5 TM数据的河南省白沙灌区地表温度反演研究

地表温度是土壤水分和植被水分状态的指示计,在干旱遥感监测中有重要作用。应用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据和气象资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)区分地表覆盖类型,采用Van de Griend的经验公式法结合典型地表赋值法计算出地表比辐射率。用单窗算法和单通道算法分别对河南省白沙灌区地表温度进行反演,结果表明:两种方法均能较好地将白沙灌区地表温度分布趋势反映出来,单窗算法的反演精度较高,绝对误差为1.1 ℃,更适宜白沙灌区的地表温度反演,进而可以提高灌区旱情遥感监测精度。     

Landsat-8数据地表温度反演单通道修正算法

Jiménez-Mu1oz提出的陆地表面温度(land surface temperature,LST)反演单通道(single-channel,SC)算法因其需要的大气参数少而被广泛应用,但大气水汽含量较高时,SC算法精度会受到影响。该文针对不同的大气模式建立适应于Landsat-8数据且在大气水汽含量为0~4.5g/cm~3时也有较高精度的单通道修正(singlechannel correction,SCC)算法。在1976美国标准大气、热带大气、中纬度冬季和中纬度夏季4种大气模式条件下,SCC算法平均误差/平均绝对误差分别为0.04/0.55K、0.07/0.25K、0.02/0.51K、-0.08/0.24K。通过参数敏感性分析发现,LST反演误差与地表比辐射率、大气水汽含量呈线性相关。地表比辐射率每改变0.01,SCC算法反演得到的LST在不同大气模式下大约改变0.46K、0.49K、0.46K、0.47K。大气水汽含量每改变0.1g/cm~3,SCC算法反演得到的LST在不同大气模式下大约改变0.41K、0.10K、0.06K、0.06K、0.13K。     

Evaluation of 10 year AQUA/MODIS land surface temperature with SURFRAD observations

As the 10 year Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature MODIS LST becomes available, it is significant to perform a comprehensive evaluation on the long-term product before downstream users use it for climate studies and atmospheric models. In this study, a validation is carried out using observations from the US Surface Radiation budget (SURFRAD) network. Strict quality control removes cloud-contaminated samples from MODIS LST collection and decreases noise information from SURFRAD measurements, thereby making the validation more persuasive. With analysis on 19,735 valid samples, Aqua/MODIS LST from a split-window algorithm shows retrieval errors from –14 K to 17 K with a bias of –0.93 K, an RMSE of 2.65 K, and a standard deviation of 2.48 K. The errors also show strong seasonal signals. With correlation tests between LST errors and several other factors, it is disclosed that LST retrieval errors mainly come from atmospheric effects and surface emissivity uncertainties, which are closely related to relative air humidity, absolute air humidity, sensor zenith angle, wind speed, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil moisture. In addition, the impacts from these factors may not be independent. These impact factors suggest a deficiency of the split-window algorithm in dealing with atmospheric and surface complexity and variety.     

Ground measurements for the validation of land surface temperatures derived from AATSR and MODIS data

An experimental site was set up in a large, flat and homogeneous area of rice crops for the validation of satellite derived land surface temperature (LST). Experimental campaigns were held in the summers of 2002-2004, when rice crops show full vegetation cover. LSTs were measured radiometrically along transects covering an area of 1 km². A total number of four thermal radiometers were used, which were calibrated and inter-compared through the campaigns. Radiometric temperatures were corrected for emissivity effects using field emissivity and downwelling sky radiance measurements. A database of ground-based LSTs corresponding to morning, cloud-free overpasses of Envisat/Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is presented. Ground LSTs ranged from 25 to 32 °C, with uncertainties between ± 0.5 and ± 0.9 °C. The largest part of these uncertainties was due to the spatial variability of surface temperature. The database was used for the validation of LSTs derived from the operational AATSR and MODIS split-window algorithms, which are currently used to generate the LST product in the L2 level data. A quadratic, emissivity dependent split-window equation applicable to both AATSR and MODIS data was checked as well. Although the number of cases analyzed is limited (five concurrences for AATSR and eleven for MODIS), it can be concluded that the split-window algorithms work well, provided that the characteristics of the area are adequately prescribed, either through the classification of the land cover type and the vegetation cover, or with the surface emissivity. In this case, the AATSR LSTs yielded an average error or bias of − 0.9 °C (ground minus algorithm), with a standard deviation of 0.9 °C. The MODIS LST product agreed well with the ground LSTs, with differences comparable or smaller than the uncertainties of the ground measurements for most of the days (bias of + 0.1 °C and standard deviation of 0.6 °C, for cloud-free cases and viewing angles smaller than 60°). The quadratic split-window algorithm resulted in small average errors (+ 0.3 °C for AATSR and 0.0 °C for MODIS), with differences not exceeding ± 1.0 °C for most of the days (standard deviation of 0.9 °C for AATSR and 0.5 °C for MODIS).     

Optimized split-window coefficients for deriving surface temperatures from inland water bodies

Large inland water bodies constituting lakes, reservoirs and inland-seas are excellent proxy indicators for climate change. Using thermal infrared satellite data, a recent study found that a global set of inland water bodies showed significant warming in seasonal nighttime Lake Surface Water Temperatures (LSWTs) between 1985 and 2009. Split-window land surface temperature (LST) retrievals are typically tuned for a broad range of land surface emissivities and global atmospheric conditions, and are not optimized for inland water body surfaces, whereas split-window sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are only tuned for a single emissivity (water), but over ocean atmospheres. Over inland water bodies, these two approaches can lead to region dependent errors in LSWTs, spurious trends, and inconsistencies between sensors in the long-term temperature record of inland water bodies. To address this issue, the primary goal of this paper was to develop a methodology for deriving a set of optimized split-window coefficients, individually tuned for the regional atmospheric conditions of 169 globally distributed, saline and freshwater inland water bodies from multiple satellite sensors including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua; Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) including ATSR-1, ATSR-2, AATSR; and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR-3). The new Inland Water-body Surface Temperature (IWbST) v1.0 algorithm was applied to Terra MODIS and Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) data and validated with in situ water temperature data from sites with widely contrasting atmospheric conditions: Lake Tahoe in California/Nevada, a high-elevation cool and dry site, and the Salton Sea in California, a low-elevation warm and humid site. Analysis showed improved accuracy in LSWTs in terms of bias and RMSE when compared to the standard MODIS LST and AATSR SST products. For example, the IWbST RMSE at Salton Sea was reduced by 0.4 K when compared to the operational MODIS product. For the AATSR data, the IWbST RMSE was reduced by 0.36 K at Tahoe and 0.29 K at Salton Sea when compared to results obtained using the operational AATSR split-window coefficients. The IWbST improvements are significant in relation to the current accuracy of water temperature retrievals from space (< 0.5 K), and will enable the derivation of long-term, accurate LSWTs consistently across multiple sensors for climate studies.     

Near-real time retrievals of land surface temperature within the MODIS Rapid Response System

The MODIS Rapid Response (RR) System was developed to meet the near real time needs of the applications community. Generally, its products are available online within hours of the satellite overpass. We recently adapted the standard MODIS land surface temperature (LST) split-window algorithm for use in the RR System. To minimize latency, we eliminated the algorithm's dependency on upstream MODIS products. For example, although the standard MODIS LST requires prior retrieval of air temperature and water vapor from the MODIS scene, the RR LST employs a climatological database of atmospheric values based on a 25-year record of NOAA TOVS observations. The standard and RR algorithms also differ in upstream processing, surface emissivity determination, and use of a cloud mask (RR product does not contain one). Comparison of the MODIS RR and standard LST products suggests that biases are generally less than 0.1 K, and root-mean-square differences are less than 1 K despite the presence of some larger outliers. Initial validation with field data suggests the absolute uncertainty of the RR product is below 1 K. The MODIS RR land surface temperature algorithm is a stand-alone computer code. It has no dependencies on external products or toolkits, and is suitable for Direct Broadcast and other processing systems.     

基于静止气象卫星数据的地表温度遥感估算

基于分裂窗算法和地表温度日周期变化模型,探讨了利用多时相热红外遥感数据反演地表温度的方法。首先,利用分裂窗算法及地表温度日周期变化形式,推导了多时相遥感数据反演地表温度的方法。其次,利用辐射传输模型(MODTRAN),以2006年夏季在禹城观测的3 d地表温度、气温及大气水汽数据做为输入参数、变化观测角及比辐射率,模拟了一日多个时刻与风云二号(F-2D)波谱响应函数一致的亮温数据,基于此,模拟数据库对所提算法进行了检验。最后,利用2010年9月30日FY-2D多时相热红外数据对新疆区域地表温度进行了反演,并与相应时刻的MODIS地表温度产品进行了比较。结果表明：利用模拟遥感数据反演地表温度,模拟值与估算值的相关系数达0.9,均方根误差在1.5 K以内;利用在轨FY-2D热红外数据反演得到的地表温度与MODIS温度产品趋势基本一致,两者的相关性达到了0.5,均方根误差为4.4 K。需要说明的是,此方法仅满足于晴朗无云的条件。     

Algorithms Comparison of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat Series Data：A Case Study in Qiqihar，China

Land Surface Temperature（LST)is considered to be one of the significant indicators of urban environment analysis.Landsat thermal infrared series data is an important data source for retrieving surface temperature.In this paper，the thermal infrared band of the Landsat data in 2002，2008 and 2016 were used to retrieve LST by three different algorithms in municipal area of Qiqihar，China.These algorithms were the Mono-Window algorithm（MW algorithm)，the Single Channel algorithm（SC algorithm) and the Radiation Transport Equation method（RTE algorithm).And the results of the retrieval were compared to each other and verified by MODIS surface temperature products.The LST distribution maps were accomplished according to the retrieval results.The results showed that：(1)The spatial distribution of the LST obtained by the retrieval of the Landsat series by the three algorithms is consistent，and the LSTof the urban center is higher and thetemperature of water is the lowest；(2)Based on ETM+ data，the consistency between SC and RTE algorithm results is good，among which the SC algorithm has the highest precision，and the MW algorithm has large errors in different land cover areas；(3)The retrieval results by MW algorithm based on the TM data has the highest accuracy，RTE algorithm results is second，and the LST form SC algorithm is less consistent with the corresponding MODIS temperature products；(4)Based on the Landsat 8 TIRS data，the SC algorithm has the highest accuracy and the RTE algorithm has a large error.     

A generalized split-window algorithm for land surface temperature estimation from MSG-2/SEVIRI data

This paper aims to determine land surface temperature (LST) using data from a spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat Second Generation 2 (MSG-2) by using the generalized split-window (GSW) algorithm. Coefficients in the GSW algorithm are pre-determined for several overlapping sub-ranges of the LST, land surface emissivity (LSE), and atmospheric water vapour content (WVC) using the data simulated with the atmospheric radiative transfer model MODTRAN 4.0 under various surface and atmospheric conditions for 11 view zenith angles (VZAs) ranging from 0° to 67°. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) varies with VZA and atmospheric WVC and that the RMSEs are within 1.0 K for the sub-ranges in which the VZA is less than 30° and the atmospheric WVC is less than 4.25 g cm^?2. A sensitivity analysis of LSE uncertainty, atmospheric WVC uncertainty, and instrumental noise (NEΔT) is also performed, and the results demonstrate that LSE uncertainty can result in a larger LST error than other uncertainties and that the total error for the LST is approximately 1.21 and 1.45 K for dry atmosphere and 0.86 and 2.91 K for wet atmosphere at VZA = 0° and at VZA = 67°, respectively, if the uncertainty in the LSE is 1% and that in the WVC is 20%. The GSW algorithm is then applied to the MSG-2 – SEVIRI data with the LSE determined using the temperature-independent spectral indices method and the WVC either determined using the measurements in two split-window channels or interpolated temporally and spatially using European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) data. Finally, the SEVIRI LST derived in this paper (SEVIRI LST1) is evaluated through comparisons with the SEVIRI LST provided by the land surface analysis satellite applications facility (LSA SAF) (SEVIRI LST2) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product (MOD11B1 LST product). The results show that more than 80% of the differences between SEVIRI LST1 and SEVIRI LST2 are within 2 K, and approximately 70% of the differences between SEVIRI LST1 and MODIS LST are within 4 K. Furthermore, compared to MODIS LST, for four specific areas with different land surfaces, our GSW algorithm overestimates the LST by up to 1.0 K for vegetated surfaces and by 1.3 K for bare soil.     

Generation of Landsat surface temperature product for China, 2000–2010

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in the physics of land surface processes on regional and global scales. Although there are MODIS and Landsat land surface reflectance products, there is no LST product for Landsat data due in part to many challenges in the development of an operational Landsat LST product generating system because Landsat possesses only one thermal infrared channel. The aim of this article is to describe the Landsat LST product generation project launched by the Centre for Earth Observation and Digital Earth (CEODE), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The generalized single-channel (SC) algorithm proposed by Jiménez-Muñoz et al. is used for LST retrieval. It is fully operational, requires minimal input data requirements, and has acceptable precision. Total atmospheric water vapour content is the key input parameter required by the SC algorithm. In this project, the MODIS water vapour product is employed to derive total atmospheric water vapour content. In this way, an operational Landsat LST product generation program was constructed by integration of MODIS and Landsat satellite imagery.     

Comparative Analysis on Three Land Surface Temperature Inversion Algorithm based on Landsat 8 Data over Sanheba Basin

The Land Surface Temperature (LST) of TIRS10 / Landsat 8 remote sensing data is studied and analyzed by combining the data and related parameters of Sanheba basin,and the LST inversion algorithm are used the Radiative Transfer Equation Method (RTE),Mono\|Window algorithm (MW) and Single\|Channel Method (SC).The parameters of the MW algorithm are corrected.The LST gray scale and density segmentation graphs,the histogram of LST and the cross validation flank are used to compare the results of the LST inversion algorithm.The results show that the three kinds of algorithms are similar to the linear fitting degree of LST,and the spatial distribution is consistent.The RTE and SC algorithm are close to each other,the average error of algorithm is 0~0.05 K.the LST of MW algorithm is higher than that of the other two algorithms,the average error of algorithm is 0~1.27 K.The LST of different land cover types in this basin is compared,and the inversion results can effectively reflect the details of the surface thermal field structure according to the different land cover types.The LST values obtained by these three algorithms are compared with the MODIS LST product values.The results show that there is a significant correlation between the LST values and the MODIS LST products.In this paper,3 kinds of the LST inversion algorithms are analyzed detailed accurate on TIRS10/Landsat 8 remote sensing data,provide a reference for other thermal infrared satellite data inversion LST algorithm,but also for the subsequent LST improve the accuracy of inversion basis.     

A practical split‐window algorithm for retrieving land‐surface temperature from MODIS data

This paper presents a practical split‐window algorithm utilized to retrieve land‐surface temperature (LST) from Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, which involves two essential parameters (transmittance and emissivity), and a new method to simplify Planck function has been proposed. The method for linearization of Planck function, how to obtain atmosphere transmittance from MODIS near‐infrared (NIR) bands and the method for estimating of emissivity of ground are discussed with details. Sensitivity analysis of the algorithm has been performed for the evaluation of probable LST estimation error due to the possible errors in water content and emissivity. Analysis indicates that the algorithm is not sensitive to these two parameters. Especially, the average LST error is changed between 0.19–1.1°C when the water content error in the simulation standard atmosphere changes between ?80 and 130%. We confirm the conclusion by retrieving LST from MODIS image data through changing retrieval water content error. Two methods have been used to validate the proposed algorithm. Results from validation and comparison using the standard atmospheric simulation and the comparison with the MODIS LST product demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm. Validation with standard atmospheric simulation indicates that this algorithm can achieve the average accuracy of this algorithm is about 0.32°C in LST retrieval for the case without error in both transmittance and emissivity estimations. The accuracy of this algorithm is about 0.37°C and 0.49°C respectively when the transmittance is computed from the simulation water content by exponent fit and linear fit respectively.