新“三管法”介入治疗胸内食管胃吻合口瘘

目的探讨新“三管法”治疗食管癌术后食管胃吻合口瘘的价值。方法透视下对２７例明确诊断为胸内食管胃吻合口瘘患者,用介入方法经鼻置入空肠营养管,瘘腔引流管,同时保留胸腔引流管。经空肠营养管进行肠内营养支持,瘘腔引流管,胸腔引流管行负压吸引,充分引流瘘腔脓液。结果２７例患者均一次置管成功,瘘口平均愈合时间２３d。结论介入方法经鼻置入空肠营养管,瘘腔引流管,同时保留胸腔引流管的新“三管法”治疗胸内食管胃吻合口瘘安全、有效、经济。     

食管癌术后吻合口瘘的影像表现与临床处理

【摘要】 目的 探讨食管胃吻合口瘘的不同影像表现在介入治疗中的价值。方法 对６８例食管癌术后食管 胃吻合口瘘患者,根据吻合口瘘发生的时间、瘘口部位及周围脓腔大小,采用透视下经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管,再择期置入食管内支架封堵瘘口的治疗方法。结果 经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管位置合适。经复查治愈４０例,治愈率５８．５％（４０／６８）。２８例支架置入治疗吻合口瘘中６例置入７枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,２２例置入２４枚编织型双喇叭覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,脓腔愈合后将引流管拔出。随访期间２５例支架封堵瘘口完全,治愈率８９．３％（２５／２８）。４例３个月后支架上缘再狭窄,再次置入新支架;１例支架置入２个月后因反流性食管炎而取出支架。２例１个月后发生大出血死亡;１例于术后３个月死于严重肺部感染。结论 食管癌术后吻合口瘘的治疗,应根据影像表现的不同,采用脓腔及时、有效的引流,空肠营养管及胃减压管置入,择期食管内支架置入等介入治疗手段,安全、有效、经济。
     

经鼻瘘腔内置引流管治疗食管癌术后吻合口-纵隔瘘6例

【摘要】 目的 回顾性分析X线监视下经鼻瘘腔内置入引流管的方法治疗食管癌术后吻合口-纵隔瘘的可行性。方法 2015年8月至2016年1月， 6例经食管造影及胸部CT证实为食管癌术后吻合口-纵隔瘘的患者，在X线监视下，经鼻在导丝引导下于纵隔瘘腔内置入引流管并持续负压吸引，如患者未放置营养管，则经同一鼻孔置入空肠营养管。结果 6例患者全部成功置入瘘腔引流管及空肠营养管，1例患者在置管后5 d因引流管堵塞，重新置入引流管。在X线监视下置管时间为23～48 min，平均33 min。6例患者均能够耐受，未出现经鼻置管并发症。经过持续负压吸引6～40 d（平均23 d），患者瘘口愈合。结论 X线监视下经鼻瘘腔内置入引流管治疗食管癌术后吻合口-纵隔瘘的方法简便、安全、有效。

     

经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术的临床应用

目的 评估经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术的临床应用，探讨影像导引下置管的技术操作及其适应证、禁忌证和并发症。方法 回顾性分析２００２年５月　－　２０１０年６月在我院实施透视引导下胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术的４０例患者的临床资料。采用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术造痿，成功置入饲养管。分析手术指征，操作过程，技术成功率，手术相关并发症和饲养管留置时间。结果 经皮透视引导下实施胃造瘘术３０例，其中神经系统疾病１３例，反复发作性吸入性肺炎６例，胃肠道功能紊乱引起胃食管反流３例，胃大部切除术２例，食管纵隔瘘１例及食管癌５例。经皮透视引导下实施胃空肠造瘘术１０例， 其中球麻痹３例， 恶性十二指肠梗阻４例及外科胃造口术后并发症３例。所有患者均使用２个锚型固定器。技术成功率１００％。未发生术中置管相关并发症及术后严重并发症，轻微并发症发生率１０％，包括局部软组织感染１例，穿刺部位疼痛１例，胃造瘘管移位１例及胃空肠造瘘管阻塞１例。在随访过程中未出现胃食管反流或吸入性肺炎加重等异常。饲养管留置时间是１１５　～　５８５ ｄ （平均１５０ ｄ）。结论 经皮透视引导下胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术是安全，简单，有效的微创治疗，适用于肠内营养支持和胃肠减压。     

透视下双导丝置管法在食管癌术后吻合口瘘治疗中的应用

目的探讨透视下双导丝置管法在食管癌术后吻合口瘘患者置管及治疗中的应用价值。方法１２例食管癌手术切除术后出现吻合口瘘的患者,在透视下采用双导丝引导经鼻分别置入十二指肠营养管和胃肠减压管,统计其技术成功率、平均置管时间、并发症以及吻合口愈合情况。结果所有患者均成功置入十二指肠营养管和胃肠减压管,技术成功率为１００％。单个患者置管时间为５～８min,平均６min。操作及置管使用过程中未出现心律失常、误插、吸入性肺炎、会厌功能紊乱等并发症。１０例治愈,愈合时间为１７～３７d,平均２８d。２例死亡。结论透视引导下双导丝置管法操作简单、安全、成功率高,置入十二指肠营养管和胃肠减压管可提高食管癌术后吻合口瘘的治愈率。     

暂时性蘑菇状内支架与经鼻经食管脓腔引流管置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘

目的探讨暂时性蘑菇状覆膜内支架与经鼻经食管脓腔引流管置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效.方法对8例食管-胃吻合口瘘患者透视下,经鼻腔和食管向脓腔内置入引流管,负压抽吸脓液,再经食管置入蘑菇状覆膜内支架封堵瘘口.定时经引流管冲洗脓腔,适时复查脓腔造影,及时调整后退引流管的位置,直至引流管完全拔出;在置入术后1个月左右(约在引流管拔出后1周)取出支架.结果 8例蘑菇状覆膜内支架和引流管置入技术操作全部成功,放置位置合适.经鼻经食管脓腔引流14～21 d,脓腔消失,引流管完全拔出.置入术后1个月内以介入技术顺利取出     

全覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口瘘的临床应用

【摘要】 目的 分析全覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口瘘的临床价值。方法 2010年3月—2012年10月收治15例食管癌术后食管-胃吻合口瘘患者,其中吻合口-纵隔瘘5例,吻合口-胸膜瘘8例,吻合口-气管瘘2例,在DSA引导下行全覆膜食管支架置入治疗。结果 15例置入全覆膜食管支架均成功。术后3 ~ 4周,取出食管支架12例,3例支架永久性留置,行纤维内镜和上消化道造影均提示瘘口已愈合。15例术后除了有食管异物感、胸痛、胃食管反流外,未发生严重并发症如食管穿孔、大出血等。结论 全覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口瘘是一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管－气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效。方法６例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘。X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入１枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象。结果本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症。均再次置入较原支架长２０～４０mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利。结论食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管－气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救。     

蘑菇状覆膜内支架的设计和在食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘中的应用

目的设计封堵食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘的覆膜内支架.方法根据食管胃吻合口区的特殊解剖结构和吻合口胸腔瘘的病变特点,设计蘑菇状覆膜内支架.透视下,5例吻合口巨大胸腔瘘患者置入6枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架.结果蘑菇状覆膜内支架能有效封堵食管胃吻合口巨大胸腔瘘,解决了进食问题,改善了营养状况.结论蘑菇状覆膜内支架结构设计合理,操作简单、安全,近期疗效明显,是一项值得推广的新技术.     

经皮穿刺胃造瘘和胃空肠造瘘术

目的探讨透视引导下经皮穿刺胃造瘘术(PG)和胃空肠造瘘术(PGJ)的可行性和安全性.方法23例吞咽困难的患者.上段食管癌10例,中段食管癌1例,咽部癌6例,球麻痹2例,脑转移瘤4例.采用美国Cook公司生产的Marx-cope PGJ套装.先经鼻饲管经鼻或经口途径置入导管后注入气体800～1000 ml,至胃腔明显扩张.然后在透视引导下采用Seldinger技术将PG饲管置入胃腔内,或将PGJ饲管经胃腔、十二指肠置入空肠内.术后严密观察腹部症状和体征.随访饲管使用情况.结果23例患者均成功完成PG术,技术     

Strategies for high-performance supercapacitors for HEV

Our paper highlights the role of supercapacitors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the current response to the worldwide demand for a clean and low fuel-consuming transport. The main strategies for increasing the specific energy of supercapacitors, which are electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems of high-specific power, are discussed, with the focus on electrode material, electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface properties. Particular emphasis is given to the use of ionic liquids (IL), which are attracting much attention as green and solvent-free electrolytes, and to the development of high-voltage, IL-based hybrid supercapacitor with high surface area carbon negative electrode and poly(3-methylthiophene) positive. Based on the results of laboratory cells featuring N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) ILs, the specific energies of hybrid supercapacitor modules are evaluated and compared to those expected for double-layer carbon supercapacitors displaying the same ILs.     

面向2050年的中国电力发展展望

电力转型是我国能源转型的重要环节。本文基于自主开发的适合我国中长期电力发展的源网荷储协调规划模型,将各类电源、骨干电网、需求侧资源与储能等统筹考虑,在计及相关发展目标与约束条件的情况下进行系统整体优化,求解了我国当前至2050年电力系统发展优化方案,可为研判我国电力系统发展路径、制定合理转型政策提供量化参考。     

Rules for paths construction for HENs debottlenecking

This paper is based on the heat exchanger network retrofit techniques, developed by Tjoe and Linnhoff and extended by Asante and Zhu. It considers, under the Network Pinch framework, two important cases — the Retrofit Initialisation and Topology Modification when the direct application of the classic Network Pinch concept and rules is not possible. With the help of a system of simple heuristics, these limitations are overcome which extends the application range of the Network Pinch framework.     

固定床反应器催化剂装填方案的优化

脱砷反应器压降升高会严重影响压缩机的安全运行,同时也制约了装置的加工量。分析认为,压降升高的主要原因是床层空隙率减小,而空隙率减小的主要原因是床层杂质增多,堵塞了颗粒间的空隙。阐述了级配剂和除垢篮在抑制压降升高方面的作用,提出级配剂加除垢篮的组合装填方案,有效解决了固定床反应器的压降问题,使撇头周期达到9个月,并对装填方案的进一步优化提出建议。     

Energy use for subsistence and prospects for development

This paper focuses on the present use of energy in the developing countries in order to estimate the energy required for subsistence-level activities and to see how much surplus is available for economically productive activities, taking into account both commercial and non-commercial (firewood, farmwaste) sources of energy. The energy required for subsistence is estimated to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 tce per capita. The consumption of most low income groups countries is below this level if only commercial energy is considered. Relations are derived to explain the uses of each of these energy forms in terms of economic and demographic variables from a sample of 82 countries. These relations are then employed to show that the dependence on non-commercial energy is likely to continue beyond 2000 AD and that, inspite of the annual rise of commercial energy consumption by 6%, the improvements in per capita consumption are small because of an increase in population and a decrease in per capita non-commercial energy.     

汽轮机低压叶片材料的选择

汽轮机低压叶片的材料选择对于保证整个汽轮发电机组的安全运行至关重要。从几个方面分析讨论了汽轮机低压叶片材料选择时需要注意的问题，并提出了解决办法。     

Strategy for selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement

The present paper points out that the selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers requires a methodology to make a direct comparison of the performances of heat exchanger surfaces with different elements. Methods of comparison used in the past are, in many respects, approximate and hence fail to predict accurately the relative performance of conventional heat exchanger surfaces operated with different heat exchanger elements. Owing to the direct use of the Colburn factor for performance assessment, these methods over-predict the relative performance of heat exchangers. In the present paper, a more consistent comparison method is presented and is demonstrated to work by comparison of the performance of an experimentally investigated pin fin heat exchanger with that of a smooth pipe heat exchanger. The method yields results that belong to the volume goodness factors group. It represents a practical approach, as it is applicable to all kinds of heat exchanger surfaces and does not require the conversion of the experimental data in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor for comparison purposes. The present work demonstrates that the suggested method can also be used for performance comparison of existing heat exchanger surfaces with available heat transfer and pressure loss data.