耐火材料及二级窑壳在降低水泥窑表面热损失方面的应用情况

水泥生产过程中主要热量损耗在于窑尾预热器出口废气带走热、窑系统表面向环境通过辐射及对流方式传导热量、窑头熟料冷却机余风带走热和出冷却机熟料带走热损失等.研究水泥窑尾预热器表面耗散热和回转窑筒体热回收技术,是提高水泥厂能量利用率的重要措施.为了在预分解窑更高效的使用能源审计分析.本文从能量平衡的角度分析了预分解窑系统的能源利用及损失情况,研究了耐火材料降低预热器筒热损失及利用二级窑壳回收回转窑表面余热的情况,提高水泥窑系统的能源利用率.     

Rotary cement kiln coating estimator: Integrated modelling of kiln with shell temperature measurement

Coating thickness protection in the burning zone of a rotary cement kiln during operation is important from the viewpoint of the kiln productivity. In this paper, an integrated model is presented to estimate the coating thickness in the burning zone of a rotary cement kiln by using measured process variables and scanned shell temperature. The model can simulate the variations of the system, thus the impact of different process variables and environmental conditions on the coating thickness can be analysed. The presented steady‐state model derived from heat and mass balance equations uses a plug flame model for simulation of gas and/or fuel oil burning. Moreover, the heat transfer value from shell to the outside is improved by a quasi‐dynamic method. Therefore, at first, the model predicts the inside temperature profile along the kiln, then by considering two resistant nodes between temperatures of the inside and outside, the latter measured by shell scanner, it estimates the formed coating thickness in the burning zone. The estimation of the model was studied for three measured data sets taken from a modern commercial cement kiln. The results confirm that the average absolute error for estimating the coating thickness for the cases 1, 2, and 3 are 3.26, 2.82, and 2.21 cm, respectively.     

3300t/d回转窑稳态热分析及优化

应用数值模拟的方法,对中材建设有限公司在阿尔巴尼亚竣工的TITAN项目,建立了3300t/d、φ4.4m×65m新型干法水泥生产线回转窑系统窑皮、耐火砖、浇注料以及筒体等各部分的数学模型,并对它们相互间的热传递过程进行了模拟研究。结果表明,回转窑窑皮越厚,筒体表面温度越低,散失的热量越少;2号轮带两侧筒体表面温度比3号轮带的高,为防止轮带变形及更大的热膨胀,应适当增加该处冷却风机的风量;2号轮带附近靠向窑尾一侧的筒体表面温度较高,建议增加两台冷却风机;当正常连续生产中窑皮厚度相对稳定时,可以适当减少冷却风机的个数,降低电耗,若停开4台筒体冷却风机,可每天节省用电720kWh。     

回转窑大齿圈的安装与找正

根据回转窑大齿圈结构特点,阐述了回转窑大修中两个半齿圈组装、校正及筒体的安装、找正方法,重要工艺过程中的注意事项,在山东铝业公司#2窑大修中取得了良好效果。     

回转窑传热模型与数值模拟

对回转窑内传热过程进行了分析 ,在已有研究基础上归纳了各项换热系数的关联式 ,尤其结合热渗透模型完善了回转壁面与料床之间传热机制的研究 ,并提出通用的计算关联式。进而提出了内热式炉型的一维轴向传热模型 ,并根据已发表的试验数据验证了该模型和各换热系数的适用性。计算表明在窑内低温段 ,物料的受热主要来自其覆盖的回转壁面对其加热 ;而在高温段 ,气体的辐射热量成为加热料床的主要热源。此外 ,由物料进口端沿轴向窑壁散热增大 ,在窑内高温段窑壁的散热甚至高于物料吸热量 ,因此在回转反应器的设计中应充分考虑窑壁散热造成的热效率降低并采取相应措施。     

大型回转窑简体装置有限元分析研究

应用ANSYS软件分析大型回转窑筒体应力分布状况。重点以Ф5．6m×87m日产8000t熟料回转窑为例,进行了筒体各段节的应力分析,在此基础上提出了大型回转窑各筒体段节的优化设计方案,另外通过对Ф5．6m×87m日产5000t熟料的成熟回转窑的分析及比较,提出了简化筒体设计的理论依据。     

Modélisation d'un four de calcination du coke de pétrole: I. Le modèle

In this first of a two-article series, a one-dimensional steady-state mathematical model has been developed to simulate the process of calcination of petroleum coke in a rotary kiln. The model is made of 14 ordinary differential equations describing the conservation of energy and mass in the coke bed and in the freeboard gas. They are solved simultaneously using the 4th-order Adams-Moulton numerical method. The model calculates the various temperature profiles and the mass concentration profiles of the different chemical species. Special emphasis is laid on the usual process variables such as calcined coke recovery factor, and the loss of coke in the form of dust exhausted with the gas. In the second article, a complete simulation will be presented and the results discussed. Also, a comparison with existing models will be made.     

Mathematical modelling of rotary cement kilns by the zone method

A steady state mathematical model of rotary cement kilns based on the fundamental principles of the physical and chemical processes within the kiln was developed. The zone method of analysis was utilized together with the Monte Carlo method to simulate the radiative interchange within the kiln. Steady state energy balances including the chemical reaction terms for each zone were solved simultaneously to give temperature distributions in gas and solid charge, and composition distribution in solid charge. Predictions of the mathematical model were compared with dry process and wet process rotary cement kiln data.     

基于CFX的多腔回转炉中催化剂颗粒加热的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学软件CFX研究多腔回转炉中催化剂颗粒的加热过程,预测物料在高温段的驻留时间,计算炉内物料、空气和炉壳的轴向温度分布及炉内热量分配. 结果表明,将空气进口速度增大至2.5倍,驻留时间缩短至0.978倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至1.918倍,电能消耗主要由炉外壁向外散热转变为空气升温吸热;将物料进口速度增大至5倍,驻留时间缩短至0.193倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至2.047倍,电能消耗主要由炉外壁向外界散热转变为物料升温吸热;将多腔回转炉的热传导系数增大至4倍,驻留时间延长至1.007倍,多腔回转炉消耗的电能增大至1.147倍,电能消耗主要是炉壳外壁向外界散热. 降低空气进口速度、适当减小催化剂进口速度和提高炉壳热传导系数对多腔回转炉的设计至关重要. 模拟的炉壳温度与测量数据在规律和数值上都符合较好.     

石油焦煅烧回转窑综合传热过程数值模拟

研究了石油焦煅烧回转窑内的物理和化学反应过程对回转窑内传热过程的影响,并在对回转窑内的物料输送过程、传质过程和传热过程具体分析的基础上,建立了石油焦煅烧回转窑的综合传热数学模型. 应用数值计算方法对传热数学模型进行计算求解,预测了窑内气体、物料和窑壁内外表面的轴向温度分布. 结果表明,窑内的高温区域主要集中在挥发分大量燃烧的区段上,三次风的注入会引起窑内气相温度的明显下降,但不会造成料床温度的明显变化;在物料与气体、窑内壁之间热交换过程中,物料与被覆盖的窑内壁表面之间的对流换热和气体与料床表面间的辐射换热为主要的传热机制. 计算预测的结果与测量数据在规律上和数值上都能较好地符合,从而为石油焦煅烧回转窑的优化设计和经济运行提供了指导和依据.     

回转窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形动态检测方法

回转窑的筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形对回转窑的稳定运行有着重要的影响,对窑筒体这二种变形的准确检测将可以判断回转窑的运行状态。文章阐述了测量窑轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形测量的意义,分析了引起回转窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的原因,介绍了一种可以在动态条件下测量窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的方法,能准确测量窑筒体轴向弯曲变形和表面圆柱变形的大小。     

Improving Pulverized Coal and Biomass Co‐Combustion in a Cement Rotary Kiln by Computational Fluid Dynamics

The cement industry is one of the largest pollutant emitters. One way to cope with high pollutant emissions is to co‐combust biomass with pulverized coal. A mathematical model was developed, which is detailed enough to consider the complex physical and chemical behavior of the co‐combustion process but simple enough to perform simulations with a real geometry of cement rotary kiln within reasonable time. Numerical simulation with a 20‐% share of pulverized biomass of total fuel heating value was performed. An industrial rotary kiln geometry was simulated; temperature and velocity fields along with mass fractions of released volatiles and combustion products were analyzed. The model allows better insights in the co‐firing process with the main goal to reduce CO₂ emissions by optimizing the combustion process inside the rotary kiln.     

椰壳、椰壳渣与脱灰椰壳渣热解及热解动力学

用热重技术分析了椰壳类活性炭原料的热解过程，采用Coats-Redfern积分法求解了热解反应动力学模型。椰壳渣及脱灰椰壳渣热解失重过程主要集中在280~370℃之间，在热失重速率曲线上呈单峰，而椰壳热解失重主要集中在230~300℃和300~350℃两个温度范围，在热失重速率曲线上呈双峰。在低温段三者热解反应表观活化能差别较大，高温段差别较小，且最大反应速率均出现高温段。     

"等质量等能量"控制在锌钡白回转窑的应用

回转窑的控制问题一直是缠绕控制界的难点,针对某厂锌钡白干燥煅烧回转窑生产系统,提出了一种基于"等质量等能量"思想的控制方法。首先简述锌钡白干燥煅烧回转窑的控制难点,然后在参考Arrhenius方程的基础上,建立基于Arrhenius方程的能量式子,并进一步阐述"等质量等能量"控制的实现。实际的控制效果表明,对回转窑的控制具有很大的参考价值。     

Liquid phase equilibrium of phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis using thermodynamic models

Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03% (coconut shell) and 45% (coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.     

Modélisation d'un four de calcination du coke de pétrole: II. Simulation du procédé

A one-dimensional steady-state mathematical model has been developed to simulate the process of calcination of petroleum coke in a rotary kiln. A simulation is made to reproduce the operating conditions prevailing during a normal working day, in order to validate the model, and to study the effects of the main process control variables. It has been found that of the energy provided by combustion, 59.5 % comes from hydrogen, 14.6 % from the carbon of the coke bed, 13.8 % from coke dust, 11.3 % from methane and 0.8 % from tar. A comparison with existing models is made to identify eventual similarities between the various kilns under study. It appears that maximum coke temperature occurs at 45 to 55 % of kiln length, while volatile matters evolution takes place between 5 and 60 % of kiln length, measured from feed end.     

水泥回转窑筒体表面余热回收供暖系统的设计

介绍了山东某水泥厂2 500t/d回转窑筒体表面辐射热回收供暖系统。根据供暖系统负荷,计算了所需的回转窑辐射热的取热量,设计了供暖系统的取热装置、热量存储和输送系统以及控制系统。按窑实际年运转300d计算,可以从窑筒体提取热量136 800 0kWh,大约相当于168 000kg标准煤,实现了节能减排和资源综合利用的目的。     

铬铁矿回转窑氧体积分数分布的模拟仿真

针对铬铁矿氧化焙烧过程中氧对窑内温度分布的影响和对提高铬氧化率的重要作用,利用数值仿真（CFD） 方法研究了回转窑内氧体积分数的分布情况。主要分析了空气焙烧过程中回转窑内氧体积分数分布的一般规律,讨论了空气过剩系数和一、二次风中氧体积分数的变化对焙烧温度、氧体积分数的影响。结果表明,空气过剩系数为1.7时,窑内壁附近氧体积分数沿窑长方向不断减小,在高温氧化带之后窑内氧分布趋于均匀,窑尾烟气中氧体积分数约为7.5%;空气过剩系数为1.7左右时较为合理;随着一、二次风中氧体积分数的增加,窑内温度先是明显升高,后略有降低。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on unburned coal char burnout in a pilot-scale rotary kiln

Oxidation reactivity studies are imperative for improving carbon re-burn technologies and valuing the heat content of unburned carbon within coal combustion ashes. Non-isothermal, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to examine the oxidation kinetics of unburned carbon in coal combustion fly ashes having different particle size distributions; TGA results were related to combustion efficiencies as measured in a bench-scale rotary kiln. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined for the chemically-controlled reaction regime; the transition temperatures between chemically-controlled and partially diffusion-controlled combustion regimes were obtained for unburned carbon particles of different sizes. After the oxidation reaction rates were evaluated, the residence time distribution (RTD) of fly ashes in the rotary kiln were experimentally measured and the mean residence times related to process parameters, including the rotating velocity and kiln inclination. By comparing these results with an advective-dispersive model, the axial dispersion coefficient of fly ashes was determined. The reaction rates obtained by thermal analyses and the RTDs were used to predict combustion efficiencies within the kiln and oxidation conditions of unburned carbon using various processing options.