热时效对消除钢结构焊接残余应力的工艺评估

针对钢结构拼焊过程中产生的焊接变形和残余应力,采用热时效工艺对焊接构件进行了消应力处理,然后采用盲孔法对焊接构件焊后和热时效后的残余应力分布及变化进行了测定,定量地评估了热时效消除钢结构焊接残余应力的工艺效果。结果表明：通过热时效处理,可使钢结构的焊接残余应力大大降低,消除应力效果良好。     

残余应力检测与消除方法的研究现状及发展

残余应力的存在会严重影响工件的强度及相关性能,对残余应力的检测及消除方法的研究具有重要的理论意义及工程应用价值。从残余应力的概念及形成原因入手,介绍了钻孔法、X射线衍射法、磁测法、超声波检测法等测量残余应力的手段以及研究发展现状;同时阐述了热处理法、振动时效法、超声波冲击法等消除残余应力的方法。     

发动机铸铁气缸盖热处理前后的残余应力对比

采用压痕应变法、全释放应变法和深孔(DHD)法分别检测两种材料4种型号的发动机铸铁气缸盖在热处理前后的残余应力,分析了热处理消除气缸盖残余应力的效果。结果表明：通过压痕应变法和全释放应变法测得热处理前后气缸盖表面的残余应力基本为压应力,两种方法测得的残余应力水平相当,除3号气缸盖外,其余气缸盖热处理后的表面压应力峰值基本没有下降;通过DHD法测得气缸盖深度方向存在拉应力,热处理工艺没有降低气缸盖深度方向的拉应力峰值;3号气缸盖可以采用热处理工艺消除表面残余应力,其余气缸盖热处理前残余应力的水平较低,无需进行热处理。     

新的铝合金锻件应力消除法

NKK公司发展了一种新的残余应力消除工艺,用以消除大型复杂铝合金锻件的应力腐蚀开裂和残余应力。通常,残余应力的消除方法是在固溶热处理后于室温下用锻压法使零件产生1～5％的永久压缩变形。但是,这只能用于形状简单的零件,而且工件的厚度必须小于最大的允许热处理厚度。     

消应力热处理对塑性变形后10CrNi5MoV钢性能与组织的影响

研究了10CrNi5MoV钢原始态试样、无塑性变形消应力热处理试样、塑性变形量为6.6%试样和塑性变形量为6.6%消应力热处理试样4种状态的组织与性能。结果表明,消应力热处理后,塑性变形量为6.6%试样较热处理前压缩屈服强度明显升高,包申格效应得到消除;试样的-20℃KV2、-84℃KV2较热处理前分别降低39 J、42 J,出现了脆化现象;消应力热处理后,塑性变形试样较热处理前金相组织和晶粒度未出现明显改变;消应力热处理后,塑性变形试样中生成了板条间条状碳化物,并发生了P、Ni等元素在晶界的偏聚;条状碳化物的出现、P等元素在晶界的偏聚是塑性变形试样经消应力热处理后脆化的原因。     

喷丸起落架外筒焊接热影响区的残余应力测定

本文用X射线法测定了喷丸起落架外筒焊缝影响区的残余应力,并从残余应力角度考察了起落架外筒现行工艺路线的优劣。测定结果表明,在相同构件上虽然所测方向和部位不同,但残余应力的分布、大小及符号基本相同。与前起外筒相比,喷丸处理在主起外筒上形成的残余压应力值较低。分析认为消除焊接残余拉应力的合理工序,是两种外筒均应采用焊后热处理,但应防止表面脱碳。     

模拟焊后热处理温度对Q345R钢板焊接接头的焊接残余应力及力学性能的影响

通过热处理试验、残余应力测试、拉伸试验、弯曲试验、硬度试验等方法,分析了模拟焊后热处理温度对Q345R钢板焊接接头的残余应力及力学性能的影响.结果表明:随模拟焊后热处理温度由400℃提高至620℃,Q345R钢板焊接接头的残余应力逐渐减小,经620℃热处理后,可基本消除其焊接残余应力;随着模拟焊后热处理温度的提高,Q3...     

爆炸法消除金属焊接残余应力

前言金属构件焊接时,构件局部加热而随之不均冷却,导至焊接区周围有残留应力。当金属构件处于交变载荷、低温及腐蚀介质中时,产生不利的影响。为了消除残余应力,过去广泛采用退火,但对大型构件如桥梁,舰船、大型输油管道等很难进行整体退火。因此必须寻找其它方法来消除或调整焊接构件的残余应力,     

ANAND粘塑性本构模型在热处理消除焊接残余应力效果定量评价中的应用

将ANAND粘塑性本构关系引入列焊后热处理消除残余应力的有限元计算中。计算结果表明，ANAND本构关系可以较好的模拟焊接件在热处理条件下的力学行为，采用该本构关系所计算出来的残余应力消除效果明显，Y方向的残余应力减小幅度在30％以上，而且表面的残余应力还由处理前的拉应力变为压应力。此外，该本构关系还可以进一步应用到热处理条件的优化中。     

Q420高强度等边角钢轴压构件整体稳定性能设计方法研究

为研究Q420高强度等边角钢轴压构件的整体稳定受力性能与设计方法, 该文采用有限元软件ANSYS建立数值模型, 并经与试验结果对比验证后进行了大量参数分析, 研究了构件几何初始缺陷、残余应力和钢材屈强比对该类轴压构件整体稳定性能的影响, 分析了已有设计方法的适用性。结果表明, 构件初始缺陷对其稳定性能的影响与构件长细比及失稳模态有关, 残余应力的影响与构件长细比有关, 钢材屈强比的影响较小。基于数值计算结果建议了Q420高强度等边角钢轴压构件考虑板件局部屈曲相关作用的整体稳定设计方法, 为补充和完善我国钢结构设计规范提供了参考, 同时也有利于促进高强度钢材在我国钢结构工程中的应用。     

Effect of stress relief at 350 °C and 550 °C on the impact properties of duplex stainless steels

The production of massive duplex stainless steel castings weighting over 2 t, with thicknesses exceeding 5 in. represents a major challenge for the foundry industry. The difficulty in manufacturing such castings lies in the fact that thick sections experiment low cooling rates during the solidification process and during the solution annealing and water quenching heat treatment.As a result, intermetallic phases such as sigma phase (σ), Chi phase (χ), G phase, R phase, and complex carbides may precipitate, causing the material to be extremely brittle [Martins M, Casteletti LC. Effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of ASTM A890 grade 6A super duplex stainless steel. J ASTM Int 2005;2(1) [January]. [1]].After solution annealing and water quenching, the steel is, in principle, free of intermetallic precipitates, but will contain residual stresses resulting from rapid cooling on quenching. During and after machining, these stresses may produce dimensional distortions in the casting, which can be avoided or at least reduced with stress relief heat treatments at intermediary temperatures, taking care to prevent the loss of mechanical properties, mainly impact toughness.The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of CD4MCu and CD4MCuN duplex stainless steels in impact tests under the conditions of solution annealing and water quenching and stress relief at 350 °C for 4 h and at 550 °C for 2 h. Compared to CD4MCu the high nitrogen content of CD4MCuN stainless steel has a more balanced microstructure with similar ferrite and austenite contents, providing it with higher energy-absorbing capacity in impact tests. CD4MCuN fracture surfaces have predominantly fibrous structures typical of high toughness materials, while the CD4MCu steel's fracture surface shows cleavage facets typical of low toughness materials. The stress relief heat treatments reduced the impact toughness of the CD4MCu alloy but did not affect the CD4MCuN alloy.     

Application of low Ms temperature consumable to dissimilar welded joint

Abstract

The welding of dissimilar joints is very common in systems used in oil exploration and production in deep sea waters. Commonly involves welding of low carbon steel pipes with low alloy steel forgings both with inner Inconel clad. The forged steel part undergoes a process of buttering with Inconel or carbon steel electrode before the weld of the joint. The buttering process is followed by a process of residual stresses relief. The conventional way of reducing the level of residual stresses in welded joints is to apply post welding heat treatments. Depending on the size and complexity of the parts to be joined, this can become a serious problem. An alternative technique for reducing residual stresses is to use an electrode that during the cooling process undergoes a displacive transformation at a relatively low temperature so that the deformation resulting from the transformation compensates the contraction during the cooling process, and, although many papers have been published in this direction using Fe–Cr–Ni alloys, most of them report a loss of toughness in the weld metal. Maraging steel is a family of materials with M_s temperature below 200°C and even without the final heat treatment of aging has superior mechanical properties to low alloy steels used in forgings. In this work, forged piece of AISI 4130 was buttered with Maraging 350 weld consumable and subsequently welded to ASTM A36 steel using Inconel 625 filler metal. In addition, the dissimilar base metal plates were welded together using Maraging 350 steel weld consumable. The levels of residual stress, and the toughness and microstructures of heat affected zone and weld metal were investigated.     

振动时效消除拼焊不锈钢板的残余应力

为了消除超大不锈钢焊接底板的残余应力,研究了采用振动时效(VSR)的方法消除焊接残余应力。应用JB /T5926-91标准对振动时效工艺进行了定性的评价。通过对焊后和振动时效后底板焊缝上残余应力的对比测量,全面地、定量地了解振动时效工艺对残余应力的变化及最终的应力状况的影响,了解了VSR工艺的可行性和有效性,从而实现替代热时效工艺目标。     

新型热处理调控Al-Cu-Mg合金残余应力的工艺和机理

对Al-Cu-Mg合金进行一种能消减残余应力的新型热处理,使用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射等手段分析残余应力并测试力学性能,研究了这种合金的微观组织结构和性能。结果表明:新型热处理使Al-Cu-Mg合金的残余应力消减率达到92.7%(与固溶态铝合金相比),并得到优良的强塑性配合(屈服强度达到463.6 MPa,抗拉强度达到502.5 MPa,伸长率达到12.7%)。微观组织的分析结果表明:在进行新型热处理的合金中S'相比用传统热处理的更为细小、分布更均匀,由S'相析出的共格应力场与淬火残余应力场叠加使合金残余应力大幅度降低,使合金的综合性能较高。     

Die thermische Stabilität von Eigenspannungen in kugelgestrahlten Oberflächen

Thermal Stability of Residual Stresses in Shot Peened Surfaces . In industry shop peening represents a well-known process to improve the fatigue properties of metallic components. However, the beneficial effect of the induced compressive residual stresses can be reduced if a component is subjected to higher temperatures during service. In this work the relief of the residual stresses as a function of time and temperature is calculated for a 12 %-chromium steel. Specifically, the results can be used for the prediction of the stress relief behaviour of gas turbine compressor blades. This model can also be applied to the determination of the mechanisms which are responsible for the residual stress relief. At temperatures above approximately 300 °C in this material the dominating mechanism is diffusion controlled creep whereas at lower temperatures the stress relief is caused by logarithmic creep.     

Stress transmission through Ti-Ni alloy, titanium and stainless steel in impact compression test

Impact stress transmission of Ti-Ni alloy was evaluated for biomedical stress shielding. Transformation temperatures of the alloy were investigated by means of DSC. An impact compression test was carried out with use of split-Hopkinson pressure-bar technique with cylindrical specimens of Ti-Ni alloy, titanium and stainless steel. As a result, the transmitted pulse through Ti-Ni alloy was considerably depressed as compared with those through titanium and stainless steel. The initial stress reduction was large through Ti-Ni alloy and titanium, but the stress reduction through Ti-Ni alloy was more continuous than titanium. The maximum value in the stress difference between incident and transmitted pulses through Ti-Ni alloy or titanium was higher than that through stainless steel, while the stress reduction in the maximum stress through Ti-Ni alloy was statistically larger than that through titanium or stainless steel. Ti-Ni alloy transmitted less impact stress than titanium or stainless steel, which suggested that the loading stress to adjacent tissues could be decreased with use of Ti-Ni alloy as a component material in an implant system. ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Numerical calculations of residual–stress relaxation in quenched plates

Abstract

Methods of thermal stress relief such as stretching and compression are compared for different thermal and mechanical properties during quenching. The heat equation for a simple geometric model, such as an infinite plate, is solved with an experimental surface conductance and a step–by–step method of determining the temperature field in the thickness of the plate. This field is introduced as data for the uncoupled thermal elastic–plastic model for quenching. In the calculation of the plastic–strain path, the thermal and mechanical properties are considered as temperature dependent for a homogeneous and isotropic material. Good agreement is found between the calculated residual stresses and experimental values for an aluminium alloy and a stainless steel. The predicted residual–stress distributions and strain history are then used as data for the numerical simulation of stress–relief methods with an incremental integration of the Prandtl–Reuss equation. This analysis allows the observation of the effects of small variations in mechanical properties during quenching on the residual–stress field after mechanical stress relief and the theoretical comparison of different processes.

MST/6     

大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接变形和应力分析

目的 研究大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接,优化结构设计和工艺设计。方法 建立大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接数值分析模型,通过数值模拟的方法,定量分析大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体焊接变形和应力。结果 零件下部38 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.2 mm;零件下部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为2.0 mm;零件中部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.9 mm;零件上部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.8 mm。填丝激光焊接轴向收缩量为0.55 mm。焊接残余应力最大值在450 MPa左右,应力主要分布在焊缝附近。热处理后,焊接残余应力都有明显降低,最大残余应力从450 MPa左右降低到200 MPa左右,焊接残余应力范围存在一定程度减小;焊接残余变形变化较小,热处理后某些位置的变形略微有所增大。结论 模拟结果表明,大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接变形和应力在可接受范围内,焊后热处理对释放残余应力有重要作用。     

Effect of pressure rolling on the residual stress state of a particulate-reinforced metal matrix composite

The large difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the matrix alloy and the particle in a metal matrix composite gives rise to residual stresses in the material. In the present work, the effect of pressure rolling on the residual stress state of a silicon carbide particle-reinforced 2014 aluminium alloy has been investigated. The three-dimensional stress state measured in both phases-matrix and reinforcement-has been determined using an X-ray diffraction technique. A twofold effect of pressure rolling on the residual stresses was observed. On the one hand, compressive macrostresses as large as - 250 MPa were induced. On the other hand a significant reduction in pseudo-macrostresses was measured where the plastic deformation reaches a maximum. A modified Eshelby model was used to predict quantitatively and qualitatively the residual microstresses after heat treatment and pressure rolling respectively.     

Microstructure and residual stress distribution of similar and dissimilar electron beam welds – Maraging steel to medium alloy medium carbon steel

The influence of parent metal heat treatment condition on the residual stress distribution in dissimilar metal welds of maraging steel to quenched and tempered medium alloy medium carbon steel has been investigated. It has been observed that the residual stress distribution would be more compressive if the maraging steel is in soft condition. This is attributed to stress absorbing nature of highly yielding soft maraging steel.